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((Short description|Buddhist god))
((Distinguish|Angela Merici))
((Infobox Buddha
| name             = Mārīcī
| image            = 4th to 9th-century CE artwork at the Salihundam Museum, Salihundam archaeological site, Andhra Pradesh - 7.jpg
| caption          = Marici is a Buddhist deity, once popular among the warrior class in China, Korea and Japan; her earliest icons are found in northeast Andhra Pradesh (5th to 7th century, above) and Tibet.  
| sanskrit_name    = मारीची
<br />Mārīcī
 | pali_name       = 
 | burmese_name    =
 | chinese_name    = 摩利支天
<br />([[Pinyin]]: ''Mólìzhītiān'')
 | japanese_name   =  ((ruby-ja|摩利支天|まりしてん))
<br />([[romaji]]: ''Marishiten'')
 | karen_name      =
 | khmer_name      =
 | korean_name     = 마리지천
<br />([[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]]: ''Marijicheon'')
 | mongolian_name  =
 | okinawan_name   =
 | shan_name       =
 | tagalog_name    = Malici
 | thai_name       = มารีจี
 | tibetan_name    = <big><big>འོད་ཟེར་ཅན་མ་</big></big><br><small>Wylie: 'od zer can ma<br>THL: Özerchenma</small>
 | vietnamese_name = Ma Lợi Chi Thiên
 | sinhalese_name  =
 | veneration      = [[Mahāyāna]], [[Vajrayāna]]<br>
*([[Mārīcī Sūtra]])
*([[Mārīcī Dhāraṇī Sūtra]])
))

'''Mārīcī''' (((Lang-sa|मारीची|lit=Ray of Light)); ((Lang-zh|c=摩利支天|p=Mólìzhītiān)); Japanese: ((Transliteration|ja|Marishiten))) is a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] deity ([[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]]), as well as a [[bodhisattva]] associated with light and the [[Sun]]. By most historical accounts Mārīcī is considered a goddess, but in some regions she is depicted as a male god revered among the warrior class in East Asia.<ref name="Hall"/> Mārīcī is typically depicted with multiple arms, riding a charging boar or sow, or on a fiery [[chariot]] pulled by seven horses or seven boars. She has either one head or between three and six, with one shaped like a boar. In parts of East Asia, in her [[Wrathful deities|fiercest forms]], she may wear a [[Mundamala|necklace of skulls]]. In some representations, she sits upon a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]].<ref name="Hall">((cite book | last=Hall | first=D.A. | title=The Buddhist Goddess Marishiten: A Study of the Evolution and Impact of her Cult on the Japanese Warrior | publisher=Brill Academic | year=2013 | isbn=978-90-04-25266-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTZTAQAAQBAJ | pages=1–9, 21–24))</ref><ref name="Shaw">((cite book|last=Shaw|first=M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IOs9DwAAQBAJ|title=Buddhist Goddesses of India|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-691-16854-8|pages=6, 203–218))</ref><ref name="Ludvík">((cite book | last=Ludvík | first=C. | title=Sarasvatī, Riverine Goddess of Knowledge: From the Manuscript-carrying Vīṇā-player to the Weapon-wielding Defender of the Dharma | publisher=Brill Academic | series=Brill's Indological Library | year=2007 | isbn=978-90-04-1-5814-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lsYKIXBOK0C | pages=188–190, 264 with footnotes))</ref>

Some of the earliest iconographies of Marici are found in [[India]] and [[Tibet]], particularly near the ancient port city and Buddhist site [[Salihundam]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], where Māricī is depicted as riding on a chariot pulled by seven horses in a manner similar to [[Surya]] (sun deity with goddesses [[Ushas|Usha]] and Chaya).<ref name="Hall"/> In Mahayana Buddhist texts, Marici is the goddess of dawn, one introduced by the [[The Buddha|Buddha]] at [[Shravasti]]. In some aspects, she is comparable to, and likely a fusion deity derived from the feminine version of, [[Surya]] and, in other ways, to [[Ushas|Usha]], [[Durga]], and [[Vajravārāhī]].<ref name="Hall"/><ref name="Shaw" /> She is one of the goddesses (or gods) invoked in Buddhist [[dharani]]s.<ref name="Ludvík"/>

In Tibetan Buddhism, she is depicted as the goddess of dawn or light, a healer, or the one who seeks enlightenment of all beings. In Japanese Buddhism, she is depicted as a warrior goddess – the protector of the ''bushi'' or [[Samurai]] and their passion for justice. Alternatively, she is also a healer from the wrong state to the right state of existence.<ref name="Hall" /><ref name="Shaw" />

In [[Chinese Buddhism]], she is among the lists as one of the guardian devas, specifically the ''[[Twenty-Four Protective Deities|Sixteen Devas]]'' (((Lang-zh|c=十六諸天|p=Shíliù Zhūtiān))), the ''[[Twenty-Four Protective Deities|Twenty Devas]]'' (((Lang-zh|c=二十諸天|p=Èrshí Zhūtiān))) and the ''[[Twenty-Four Protective Deities|Twenty-Four Devas]]'' (Chinese: ((Lang-zh|c=二十四諸天|p=Èrshísì Zhūtiān))). In [[Taoism]] and [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Doumu]] (((zh|s=斗母元君|p=Dǒumǔ Yuánjūn))) is considered to be synonymous with Mārīcī within [[Chinese Esoteric Buddhism]].

Upon her discovery by the western world, colonial-era writers such as Giorgi conjectured on phonetic grounds that she might have been copied from or inspired by the Christian concept of the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] after the earliest Spanish travelers reached the [[Philippines]]. However, this conjecture was rejected following the discoveries of numerous older artworks and texts.<ref name="Hall"/>

==Origins==
The origins of Mārīcī are obscure. She appears to be an amalgamation of [[Historical Vedic religion|Indic]], [[Iranian religions|Iranian]], and non-[[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] solar goddesses.<ref>Hall, David Avalon (1990). Marishiten: Buddhism and the warrior Goddess, Ph.D. dissertation, (Ann Arbor: University microfilms), p. 45.</ref>

She is also thought to have originated from the [[Vedas|Vedic]] goddess [[Ushas|Uṣas]], the Vedic goddess of the dawn.<ref>((cite web|title=摩利支天|url=https://www.butuzou-world.com/dictionary/ten/marishiten/|access-date=2019-04-21|website=Butuzou World 仏像ワールド|date=5 June 2018 ))</ref> She also shares some similarities with [[Surya]], the solar god.<sup>[[Wikipedia:Citing sources|[Source?]]]</sup> In her martial or warrior depictions, she shares some similarities with [[Durga]], as both appear with multiple arms carrying various weapons while riding an animal or chariot.<ref name="Hall" /><ref name="Shaw" />

==Iconography==
((More citations needed section|date=November 2007))
[[File:Marishi multiarmed on one boar.jpg|thumb|Mārīcī has been a popular goddess – in some cases a god – in East Asian Buddhism. She is typically depicted as multi-armed and riding a boar, or a chariot pulled by boars.]]
Mārīcī is depicted in [https://teahouse.buddhistdoor.net/marichi-goddess-of-the-dawn/ several ways]. Some examples included:

*As a man or woman on an open [[Padma (attribute)|lotus]], the lotus occasionally is perched on the back of seven sows.
*As a male deity, often with two or six arms, riding a boar.
*Riding a fiery [[chariot]] pulled by seven savage boars or sows.
*As a multi-armed woman with a different weapon in each hand, standing or sitting on the back of a boar.
*As having three faces and six or eight arms.

In Tibetan literature, the [[Bari Gyatsa]] contains five different descriptions of Mārīcī:
*Oḍḍiyāna Mārīcī
*Kalpa Ukta Mārīcī
*Kalpa Ukta Vidhinā Sita Mārīcī
*Aśokakāntā Mārīcī
*Oḍḍiyāna Krama Mārīcī

The [[Drub Tab Gyatso]] has six descriptions:

*White with five faces and ten hands
*Yellow with three faces and eight hands
*Yellow with three faces and eight hands
*Dharmadhātu Īśvarī, red with six faces and twelve hands
*Picumī, yellow with three faces and eight hands
*Red with three faces and twelve hands

The [[Nartang Gyatsa]] and [[Rinjung of Taranata]] describe one form.

The [[Vajravali]] and [[Mitra Gyatsa]] describe a mandala of Mārīcī that includes twenty-five surrounding figures.<ref>((cite web |title=Buddhist Deity: Marichi |url=https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setid=330 |website=Himalayan Art Resources |access-date=2019-03-02))</ref>

This is not an exhaustive list, and many more depictions of Mārīcī exist throughout the Buddhist world.

== In Tibetan Buddhism ==
((More citations needed section|date=November 2007))

[[File:Marici by Choying Dorje.jpg|thumb|Mārīcī painted 1600–1699, [[Ü-Tsang|Central]] [[Tibet]]. by [[Chöying Dorje, 10th Karmapa|Choying Dorje]].]]

Three texts are preserved in the [[Kriya Tantra]] of the Tibetan [[Kangyur]] in which Mārīcī (Tibetan: Ozer Chenma) is the primary subject:

*''The Incantation of Mārīcī'' (Skt. ''ārya mārīcī nāma dhāraṇī'', Wyl. '' 'phags ma 'od zer can zhes bya ba'i gzungs'', D 564)
*''The Sovereign Practices Extracted from the Tantra of Māyāmārīcī'' (Skt. ''Māyāmārīcījāta tantrād uddhitaṃ kalparājā'', Wyl. ''sgyu ma'i 'od zer can 'byung ba'i rgyud las phyung ba'i rtog pa'i rgyal po’’, D 565)''
*''The Seven Hundred Practices of Mārīcī from the Tantras'' (Skt. ''ārya mārīcī maṇḍalavidhi mārīcījāta dvādaśasahasra uddhitaṃ kalpa hṛdaya saptaśata'', Wyl. ''‘phags ma 'od zer can gyi dkyil 'khor gyi cho ga 'od zer can 'byung ba'i rgyud stong phrag bcu gnyis pa las phyung ba'i rtog pa'i snying po bdun brgya pa’’, D 566)''

Several more texts may be found in the Dergé [[Tengyur]] commentaries.

Ozer Chenma is also sometimes seen as a form of [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]]. In the Nyingma tradition of the 21 Taras, she is the 21st Tara.

A key mantra for her is:<blockquote>Sanskrit: Oṃ mārīcyai svāhā

Tibetan: om ma ri tsyai soha (ཨོཾ་མཱ་རི་ཙྱཻ་སྭཱ་ཧཱ།)</blockquote>

=== Dzogchen ===
Ozer Chenma is particularly important in [[Nyingma]] schools [[Dzogchen]] tradition. Her importance is due to the symbolism of the sun and its rays for Dzogchen thought, as well as the use of the sun as an aid in the Dzogchen practice of [[Tögal|thogal]]. The ''[[Seventeen tantras|Self-Arisen Vidya Tantra]]'' states: "In order to demonstrate the source of light rays, there is the tantra known as the ''Marici Tantra''." In this tradition, her main seed syllable is MUM, and her mantra is "OM MARI ZEYE MUM SVAHA".

== In East Asian Buddhism ==
[[File:The goddess Marici at an Esoteric Buddhist temple in Hong Kong.jpg|258x258px|thumb|Mārīcī with eight-arms and four faces riding on a boar – Hongfashan Temple, Hong Kong]]

In China, Mārīcī is worshiped as both a Buddhist and [[Taoism|Taoist]] deity. She is highly revered in [[Tangmi|Esoteric Buddhism]]. She is often depicted with three eyes on each of her three faces and four arms on each side of her body. Two of her hands are held together, and the other six hold a sun, moon, bell, golden seal, bow, and halberd. She is either standing or sitting on a [[Padma (attribute)|lotus]] or pig, or on a lotus on top of seven pigs. She is celebrated on the 9th day of the 9th lunar month. As one of the [[Twenty-Four Protective Deities|Twenty-Four Devas]]'','' she is usually enshrined along with the other devas in the [[Mahavira Hall]] of most Chinese Buddhist temples, flanking the central altar.
[[File:Dazu 2007 648.jpg|left|thumb|276x276px|Mārīcī wielding various dharma instruments in the [[Dazu Rock Carvings]] in [[Dazu District]], Chongqing, China. Dated to the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279).]]
Mārīcī is sometimes considered an incarnation of the [[Cundi (Buddhism)|Bodhisattva Cundī]], with whom she shares similar iconography.  She is also worshiped as the goddess of light and the guardian of all nations, whom she protects from the fury of war.
<ref name="Chinese Gods">((cite book|title=Chinese Gods: The Unseen World of Spirits and Demons|author=Keith Stevens|publisher=Colins and Brown|year=1997|isbn=1-85028-409-1|page=94))</ref>

In Taoism, [[Doumu]] remains a popular deity and is often referred to as the ''Queen of Heaven'' (((zh|t=天后|p=Tiān Hòu))) and is widely worshiped as the Goddess of [[Big Dipper|Beidou]] (the Chinese equivalent of [[Ursa Major]] except that it also includes 2 "attendant" stars). She is also revered as the mother of the [[Nine Emperor Gods Festival|Nine Emperor Gods]] who are represented by the nine stars in the Beidou constellation.<ref name="Chinese Gods 2">((cite book|title=Chinese Gods: The Unseen World of Spirits and Demons|author=Keith Stevens|publisher=Colins and Brown|year=1997|isbn=1-85028-409-1|page=105))</ref>  Legend has it that a queen bathed in a pond one spring day. Upon entering the bath, she suddenly felt "moved," and nine lotus buds rose from the pond. Each of these lotus buds opened to reveal a star, which became the Beidou constellation. She is also identified with Cundi and with Mahēśvarī, the wife of Maheśvara, and therefore also has the title Mātrikā (佛母 Fo mǔ), Mother of the Myriad Buddhas.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/275253538|title=A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms : with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index|date=2004|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|others=Lewis Hodous, William Edward Soothill|isbn=0-203-64186-8|location=London|oclc=275253538))</ref>

She is worshiped today in Taoist temples like the [[White Cloud Temple]] and the [[Tou Mu Kung Temple]] which have both Taoist and Buddhist influences.

Doumu is chronicled in three canonical [[Daozang]] texts, from which the above stories have been extracted. These three texts were compiled during the Song-Yuan, according to each entry's preface in the Zhengtong daozang (Numbered according to Schipper, 1975).  They are Dz 45: 'Yùqīng Wúshàng Língbǎo Zìrán Běidǒu Běnshēng Jīng' 玉清無上靈寶自然北斗本生經, True and Unsurpassed Lingbao Scripture from the Yuqing Heaven on the Spontaneous Origin of the Northern Dipper;  Dz 621: Tàishàng Xuánlíng Dǒumǔ Dàshèng Yuánjūn Běnmìng Yánshēng Xīnjīng 太上玄靈斗姆大聖元君本命延生心經, Heart Scripture of Original Destiny and Extending Life of the Great Sagely Goddess Dipper Mother;  and Dz 1452: Xiāntiān Dǒumǔ Qíngào Xuánkē 先天斗姆秦告玄科, Mysterious Rite for Petitioning the Dipper Mother of Former Heavens.((citation needed|date=March 2019))

===Japan===
((Tone|section|date=November 2017))
[[File:Marishiten01 Shinsan Butsuzō Zukan.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Japanese illustration of Mārīcī, holding a heavenly [[Hand fan|fan]] with [[Swastika#East Asia|swastika]]]]Mārīcī, an important deity in the [[Shingon]] and [[Tendai]] schools, was adopted by the [[Samurai]] in the 8th century CE as a protector and [[patron god|patron]].

While devotions to Mārīcī predate [[Zen Buddhism]], they appear to use a similar meditative model.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Delmonte |first=Michael |last2=Kenny |first2=Vincent |date=March 1985 |title=Models of Meditation |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1752-0118.1985.tb00905.x |journal=British Journal of Psychotherapy |language=en |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=197–214 |doi=10.1111/j.1752-0118.1985.tb00905.x |issn=0265-9883))</ref> It was thought that in a meditative state, warriors would lose interest in issues of victory and defeat or life and death, leading them to become better warriors.<ref name=":0">((Cite web |last=Institution |first=Smithsonian |title=The Buddhist goddess Marishiten : a study of the evolution and impact of her cult on the Japanese warrior / by David A. Hall |url=https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_1060634 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Smithsonian Institution |language=en))</ref>

Devotion to Mārīcī was expected to achieve selflessness and compassion through mastery of the self. Some martial arts schools also worshiped Mārīcī as a guardian deity of their lineage. For example, the school of [[Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū]]'s blood pledge chart (Keppan) ordered the disciples to submit to [[Futsunushi|Futsunushi-no-Mikoto]] and accept Mārīcī's punishment if they acted against school rules.

[[Samurai]] would invoke Mārīcī at sunrise to achieve victory.<ref name=":0" /> Mārīcī, meaning "light" or [[mirage]], was invoked to escape the notice of one's enemies.((Citation needed|date=November 2007)) But, as the goddess of illusion and invisibility, Marishiten was also particularly revered by the ninja, who recited her mantra to acquire her power of invisibility.<ref>((Cite book |last=Mazuer |first=Axel |title=Bensenshukai |edition=Book 6 |pages=volume 13, chap. 11, art. 2))</ref>

Mārīcī was also worshiped in the later [[Edo period]] as a goddess of wealth and prosperity by the merchant class, alongside [[Daikokuten]] (大黒天) and [[Benzaiten]] (弁財天) as part of a trio of "three deities" (三天 ''Santen''). Her cult peaked in the Edo era but declined after that due to the dismantling of the feudal system, the abolishment of the samurai class, and the rising popularity of [[Benzaiten]], who, in modernity, has largely replaced her as an object of veneration.

=== Gallery ===
<gallery>
File:Chinese shrine to a statue of Marici (摩利支天 Molizhitian) in Zhongtianzhu Fajing Temple ( 中天竺法淨寺) in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.jpg|Marici (摩利支天 Molizhitian) in Zhongtianzhu Fajing Temple, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
File:Ding Guanpeng - Marici (Qing Dynasty).jpg|Marici by 丁觀鵬 Ding Guanpeng (Qing dynasty), 1767
File:Twenty-Four Devas Part 8 - Jade Buddha Temple (Shanghai, China).jpg|Statue of Mārīcī (right) as one of the [[Twenty-Four Protective Deities]] in [[Jade Buddha Temple]], [[Shanghai|Shanghai, China]]
File:Dinastia qing, marichi, dea buddista dell'alba, XVIII sec.JPG|Marichi statue, Qing dynasty, [[Brooklyn Museum]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of solar deities]]
*[[Lunar deity]]
*[[Marichi Thakurani]]
*[[Vajravārāhī]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* Hall, David Avalon. (2013). ''The Buddhist Goddess Marishiten: A Study of the Evolution and Impact of Her Cult on the Japanese Warrior.'' Global International. ((ISBN|978-90-04-25010-9))
* Hall, David Avalon. (1997). "Marishiten: Buddhist Influences on Combative Behavior" in ''Koryu Bujutsu: Classical Warrior Traditions of Japan.'' Koryu Books, pp.&nbsp;87–119. ((ISBN|1-890536-04-0))
* ((cite book |title = Invisible Armor: An Introduction to the Esoteric Dimension of Japan's Classical Warrior Arts |last=Mol|first=Serge|publisher=Eibusha|year = 2008 |isbn=978-90-8133610-9|pages = 1–160))

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130617214929/http://www.artic.edu/taoism/renaissance/h101.php The Taoist Renaissance – Art Institute of Chicago]
*[http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/kankiten-idaten-other-tenbu.html#marishiten Marichi worship in Japan]

((Chinese mythology))
((jmyth navbox long))
((Chinese Buddhist Pantheon))
((Buddhist Pantheon))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Buddhist goddesses]]
[[Category:Buddhism in China]]
[[Category:Chinese goddesses]]
[[Category:Japanese goddesses]]
[[Category:Shingon Buddhism]]
[[Category:Sky and weather goddesses]]
[[Category:Solar goddesses]]
[[Category:Buddhism in the Muromachi period]]
[[Category:Tendai]]
[[Category:Twenty-Four Protective Deities]]

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Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Distinguish (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang-zh (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/r (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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