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((short description|NASA concept to support the International Space Station))
((about|the specific NASA project|the general topic|spaceplane|various programmes|list of spaceplanes))
((multiple issues|
((More citations needed|date=February 2009))
((Missing information|broader aspects of the entire OSP program rather than merely the crew-carrying OSP, which is mostly what the article covers as of early March 2011|date=March 2011))
))
[[Image:Orbital Space Plane Concepts.jpg|thumb|300px|Conceptual drawings of the Orbital Space Plane]]
The '''Orbital Space Plane (OSP) program''' was a [[NASA]] [[spaceplane]] concept in the early 2000s designed to support the [[International Space Station]] requirements for crew rescue, crew transport and contingency cargo transport. It was part of the [[Space Launch Initiative]].

When NASA began the [[Constellation program]] in 2004, NASA transferred the knowledge gained on the OSP to the development of the [[Crew Exploration Vehicle]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://appropriations.senate.gov/hearmarkups/record.cfm?id=219003 |title=VA-HUD and Independent Agencies Subcommittee Hearing of FY05 Budget Request for NASA: Testimony of Sean O'Keefe, Administrator, NASA |access-date=2007-01-29 |date=2004-03-11 |work=Hearings & Testimony |publisher=U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061227185143/http://appropriations.senate.gov/hearmarkups/record.cfm?id=219003 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2006-12-27))</ref>

==Origin==
A small, low-cost '[[Crew return vehicle|Assured Crew Return Vehicle]]' (ACRV) had been envisaged for the [[International Space Station]], serving as an emergency evacuation capability. The [[X-38]] was the prototype.<ref>((cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.astronautix.com/craft/nasaacrv.htm | title=NASA ACRV | access-date=2011-03-18 | author=Lindroos, Marcus | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Astronautica | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210225941/http://astronautix.com/craft/nasaacrv.htm | archive-date=2006-12-10 ))</ref> This evolved into the Orbital Space Plane concept: rather than being only a lifeboat, the OSP would serve as a crew transport vehicle to and from the ISS. This had been expected to enter service by 2010.<ref>((cite web |url=http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/news/2003/news-OSP.asp |title=Orbital Space Plane--Commuting To Space |access-date=2007-01-29 |author=Bray, Becky |author2=Meyer, Patrick |date=2003-06-17 |publisher=[[Marshall Space Flight Center]] |work=Liftoff to Space Exploration |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061211013321/http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/news/2003/news-OSP.asp <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2006-12-11))</ref>

The Space Launch Initiative program began with the award of reusable launch vehicle study contracts in 2000.<ref>((Cite web|url= http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/background/facts/slifactstext02.html |publisher=NASA |title= Space Launch Initiative fact sheet |date=April 2002))</ref> In November 2002 it was evolved into the Orbital Space Plane Program and the Next Generation Launch Technology Program.<ref>((cite web|title=NASA's Space Launch Initiative: The Next Generation Launch Technology Program|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/pdf/172379main_ngltfacts.pdf |date=May 2003|publisher=NASA|access-date=November 29, 2022))</ref>

==Function==
Future versions of the Orbital Space Plane would have been launched on an existing [[Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle]] (EELV) rocket to carry crews to the International Space Station. It was envisaged that the OSP would operate alongside the [[Space Shuttle]] with the OSP responsible for crew flights and the shuttle handling construction and cargo flights. At the time, the shuttle program was not yet set for retirement and was thought to be technically viable up until the 2030s. Thus it was expected that the two spacecraft would complement each other throughout the lifespan of the ISS. One advantage of this approach would have been assured human access to space; the lack of this capability was to be highlighted starkly with the loss of [[Space Shuttle Columbia]].((citation needed|date=December 2010))

Top level requirements for the Orbital Space Plane and its related systems were approved in February 2003.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/background/facts/ospfacts.html |title=Beginning a New Era of Space Flight: The Orbital Space Plane |access-date=2007-01-29 |date=May 2003 |publisher=[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]))</ref> In March 2003, the program began evaluating system operations to ensure the alignment of systems design between the NASA mission and the contractor design.((citation needed|date=December 2010))

==Transfer to the CEV program==
The [[Crew Exploration Vehicle]] program was based on four groups of concepts considered for the physical design of the space plane itself — or the vehicle architecture: a capsule, a lifting body, a sharp body with wings and a blunt body with wings.((citation needed|date=December 2010))

After the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|Columbia accident]] investigation, the capsule design with a separate escape system was considered the optimal design for crew safety.((citation needed|date=December 2010))((when|date=October 2014))

==Other program components==
Other components of the OSP program were the X-37 and the DART.<ref>[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20030106071_2003122250.pdf Orbital Space Plane (OSP) Program at Lockheed Martin (Sept. 2003)]</ref>

The [[Boeing X-37|X-37]] vehicle was designed to flight test advancing technologies to reduce the risk of future reusable launch vehicle systems, including the Orbital Space Plane.((Citation needed|date=February 2011))

The [[DART (satellite)|Demonstration for Autonomous Rendezvous Technology]] or ''DART'', was another flight demonstrator vehicle designed to test technologies required to locate and rendezvous with other spacecraft. Using onboard guidance sensors, DART would have performed a series of maneuvers around a retired satellite.  However, after a successful launch, unknown problems with the guidance system caused the vehicle to run out of thruster fuel prematurely, ending the mission before all objectives could be carried out.((citation needed|date=December 2010))

In 2010, [[Orbital Sciences Corporation]] reused some work done under OSP program contracts for its [[Prometheus (spacecraft)|Prometheus]] spacecraft proposal to NASA under phase 2 of the [[Commercial Crew Development]] program.<ref name=osc20101214>
((cite web |title=Orbital Submits Proposal for NASA's Commercial Crew Development Program |url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/release.asp?prid=756 |work=Press Release |publisher=Orbital Sciences Corporation |date=2010-12-14 |access-date=2011-03-08))</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hermes (spacecraft)|Hermes]]
*[[Dream Chaser]]

==References==
((reflist))

((US human spaceflight programs))

((Use American English|date=January 2014))

[[Category:Spaceplanes]]
[[Category:Crewed spacecraft]]
[[Category:NASA vehicles]]
[[Category:NASA programs]]
[[Category:Proposed spacecraft]]

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