American biologist
Robert Allan Weinberg (born November 11, 1942) is a biologist, Daniel K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , director of the Ludwig Center of the MIT , and American Cancer Society Research Professor. His research is in the area of oncogenes and the genetic basis of human cancer.[2] [3] [4]
Robert Weinberg is also affiliated with the Broad Institute and is a founding member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research.[5] Weinberg and Eric Lander , a colleague at M.I.T., are co-founders of Verastem, a biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing drugs to treat cancer by targeting cancer stem cells .[6]
Weinberg earned SB in Biology from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964 and PhD in biology from the same institute in 1969. He was an instructor in biology at Stillman College in Tuscaloosa, Alabama (1965–1966), and a postdoc in Ernest Winocour's lab at the Weizmann Institute of Science (1969–1970) and in Renato Dulbecco 's lab at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies (1970–1972). He joined MIT in 1972.[7]
He is best known for his discoveries of the first human oncogene Ras and the first tumor suppressor gene Rb [8] p. 371-381 , which is partially documented in Natalie Angier ′s book, Natural Obsessions , about her year spent in Weinberg's lab.
In the late 20th century, advances in genetics led to the discovery of over one hundred cancer cell types. Cancer cells were noted for their bewildering diversity. It was hard to identify the principles that cancers had in common.
He and Douglas Hanahan wrote the seminal paper "The Hallmarks of Cancer ", published in January 2000,[9] that gave the six requirements for one renegade cell to cause a deadly cancer:[8] In 2011, they published an updated review article entitled "Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation".[10]
Summary
Capability
Simple analogy
Self-sufficiency in growth signals
"accelerator pedal stuck on"
Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
"brakes don't work"
Evading apoptosis
won't die when the body normally would kill the defective cell
Limitless replicative potential
infinite generations of descendants
Sustained angiogenesis
asking the body to give it a blood supply
Tissue invasion and metastasis
migrating and spreading to other organs and tissues
Weinberg is well known for both his cancer research[11] and for his mentorship of many eminent scientists, including Tyler Jacks , William C. Hahn , Clifford Tabin and Cornelia Bargmann . He is currently studying cancer cell metastasis.[12]
He is also the author of the textbook The Biology of Cancer [1] published by Garland Science , as well as two important accounts intended for a wider audience: One Renegade Cell: How Cancer Begins (1999) (Science Masters Series); and Racing to the Beginning of the Road: The Search for the Origin of Cancer (1996).
As of 2021[update] , Weinberg has an h-index of 209 according to Google Scholar .[13]
In 1985, Weinberg received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement .[14] Weinberg won the National Medal of Science and the Keio Medical Science Prize in 1997. In 1999, he received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in recognition of his valuable and pioneering contributions in the field of Biomedical Sciences and for his productive trajectory related to the genetic and molecular basis of neoplastic disease.[15] He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2000.[16] He obtained the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 2004 (shared with Roger Y. Tsien ), and he is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences . In 2007 he received an honorary doctorate degree in commemoration of Linnaeus from Uppsala University . He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences since 1992.[17]
In 2009 he was presented the Hope Funds Award in Basic Research.[18] In 2013 he was awarded the $3 million Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for his work [19] and in 2021 he received the Japan Prize .[20]
To this day Weinberg has had five research papers retracted where he is listed as a co-author. The retractions include one paper in Cell, one in Cancer Cell, two in Genes & Development and one in Cancer Research.[21] [22] [23] [24]
The reasons given for the retraction of one paper (DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.04) include: "Falsification/Fabrication of Data" and "Manipulation of Results".
^ a b Weinberg, Robert (2007). The Biology of Cancer . Garland Science (published 2006). ISBN 978-0-8153-4076-8 . OCLC 63114199 .
^ Shih, C.; Weinberg, R. A. (1982). "Isolation of a transforming sequence from a human bladder carcinoma cell line". Cell . 29 (1): 161–9. doi :10.1016/0092-8674(82)90100-3 . PMID 6286138 . S2CID 12046552 .
^ Weinberg, R. A.; Hahn, W. C.; Counter, C. M.; Lundberg, A. S.; Beijersbergen, R. L.; Brooks, M. W. (1999). "Creation of human tumour cells with defined genetic elements". Nature . 400 (6743): 464–8. Bibcode :1999Natur.400..464H . doi :10.1038/22780 . PMID 10440377 . S2CID 2377425 .
^ Mani, S. A.; Guo, W.; Liao, M. J.; Eaton, E. N.; Ayyanan, A.; Zhou, A. Y.; Brooks, M.; Reinhard, F.; Zhang, C. C.; Shipitsin, M.; Campbell, L. L.; Polyak, K.; Brisken, C.; Yang, J.; Weinberg, R. A. (2008). "The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Generates Cells with Properties of Stem Cells" . Cell . 133 (4): 704–15. doi :10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.027 . PMC 2728032 . PMID 18485877 .
^ "The Deadly Side of Cancer: How Cancer Spreads with Robert Weinberg – DF/HCC" . www.dfhcc.harvard.edu .
^ "News Release - Novel Drugs Targeting Cancer Stem Cells" . phx.corporate-ir.net . Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2022 .
^ "CV (Robert A. Weinberg)" (PDF) . Paris Sciences et Lettres University. Retrieved September 15, 2020 .
^ a b Siddhartha Mukherjee (2010). The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer . Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-0795-9 . OCLC 464593321 .
^ Hanahan, Douglas; Weinberg, RA (January 7, 2000). "The Hallmarks of Cancer" . Cell . 100 (1): 57–70. doi :10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9 . ISSN 0092-8674 . PMID 10647931 . S2CID 1478778 .
^ Hanahan, D.; Weinberg, R. A. (2011). "Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation" . Cell . 144 (5): 646–674. doi :10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 . PMID 21376230 .
^ Tabin, C. J. ; Bradley, S. M.; Bargmann, C. I.; Weinberg, R. A.; Papageorge, A. G.; Scolnick, E. M.; Dhar, R.; Lowy, D. R.; Chang, E. H. (1982). "Mechanism of activation of a human oncogene". Nature . 300 (5888): 143–9. Bibcode :1982Natur.300..143T . doi :10.1038/300143a0 . PMID 6290897 . S2CID 4253259 .
^ Christine L. Chaffer; Robert A. Weinberg (March 25, 2011). "A perspective on Cancer Cell Metastasis". Science . 331 (6024): 1559–1564. Bibcode :2011Sci...331.1559C . doi :10.1126/science.1203543 . PMID 21436443 . S2CID 10550070 .
^ Robert Weinberg publications indexed by Google Scholar
^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement" . www.achievement.org . American Academy of Achievement .
^ "Albert Einstein World Award of Science 1999" . Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved August 13, 2013 .
^ "APS Member History" . search.amphilsoc.org . Retrieved July 15, 2021 .
^ "The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: Robert Weinberg" . Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2009 .
^ "2009 Honorees" . hope-funds.org . January 2, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2020 .
^ "LAUREATES 2013" . Breakthrough Prize in Lifesciences. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2013 .
^ "The Japan Prize Foundation" . The Japan Prize Foundation .
^ "Papers from MIT Cancer Biologist's Laboratory Retracted" . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 29, 2015.
^ "Three Retractions for Highly Cited Author" . Archived from the original on May 23, 2015.
^ "Cancer Research retraction is fifth for Robert Weinberg, fourth for his former student" . July 6, 2015. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015.
^ Weinberg, Robert A.; Richardson, Andrea L.; Brock, Jane E.; Wang, Zhigang C.; Szász, Attila M.; Calogrias, Diana; Benaich, Nathan; Reinhardt, Ferenc; Valastyan, Scott (June 12, 2009). "Retraction of Cell paper by Robert Weinberg" . Cell . 137 (6): 1032–1046. doi :10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.047 . PMC 2766609 . PMID 19524507 . (Retracted, see doi :10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.047 , PMID 25879117 , Retraction Watch . If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace ((retracted |...))
with ((retracted |...|intentional=yes))
. )
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Behavioral and social science
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Biological sciences
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Chemistry
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Engineering sciences
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Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
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Physical sciences
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Mathematics Fundamental physics
Nima Arkani-Hamed , Alan Guth , Alexei Kitaev , Maxim Kontsevich , Andrei Linde , Juan Maldacena , Nathan Seiberg , Ashoke Sen , Edward Witten (2012)
Special : Stephen Hawking , Peter Jenni , Fabiola Gianotti (ATLAS), Michel Della Negra , Tejinder Virdee , Guido Tonelli , Joseph Incandela (CMS) and Lyn Evans (LHC) (2013)
Alexander Polyakov (2013)
Michael Green and John Henry Schwarz (2014)
Saul Perlmutter and members of the Supernova Cosmology Project ; Brian Schmidt , Adam Riess and members of the High-Z Supernova Team (2015)
Special : Ronald Drever , Kip Thorne , Rainer Weiss and contributors to LIGO project (2016)
Yifang Wang , Kam-Biu Luk and the Daya Bay team , Atsuto Suzuki and the KamLAND team, Kōichirō Nishikawa and the K2K / T2K team, Arthur B. McDonald and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory team, Takaaki Kajita and Yōichirō Suzuki and the Super-Kamiokande team (2016)
Joseph Polchinski , Andrew Strominger , Cumrun Vafa (2017)
Charles L. Bennett , Gary Hinshaw , Norman Jarosik , Lyman Page Jr. , David Spergel (2018)
Special : Jocelyn Bell Burnell (2018)
Charles Kane and Eugene Mele (2019)
Special : Sergio Ferrara , Daniel Z. Freedman , Peter van Nieuwenhuizen (2019)
The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (2020)
Eric Adelberger , Jens H. Gundlach and Blayne Heckel (2021)
Special : Steven Weinberg (2021)
Hidetoshi Katori and Jun Ye (2022)
Charles H. Bennett , Gilles Brassard , David Deutsch , Peter W. Shor (2023)
John Cardy and Alexander Zamolodchikov (2024)
Life sciences
Cornelia Bargmann , David Botstein , Lewis C. Cantley , Hans Clevers , Titia de Lange , Napoleone Ferrara , Eric Lander , Charles Sawyers , Robert Weinberg , Shinya Yamanaka and Bert Vogelstein (2013)
James P. Allison , Mahlon DeLong , Michael N. Hall , Robert S. Langer , Richard P. Lifton and Alexander Varshavsky (2014)
Alim Louis Benabid , Charles David Allis , Victor Ambros , Gary Ruvkun , Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier (2015)
Edward Boyden , Karl Deisseroth , John Hardy , Helen Hobbs and Svante Pääbo (2016)
Stephen J. Elledge , Harry F. Noller , Roeland Nusse , Yoshinori Ohsumi , Huda Zoghbi (2017)
Joanne Chory , Peter Walter , Kazutoshi Mori , Kim Nasmyth , Don W. Cleveland (2018)
C. Frank Bennett and Adrian R. Krainer , Angelika Amon , Xiaowei Zhuang , Zhijian Chen (2019)
Jeffrey M. Friedman , Franz-Ulrich Hartl , Arthur L. Horwich , David Julius , Virginia Man-Yee Lee (2020)
David Baker , Catherine Dulac , Dennis Lo , Richard J. Youle [de ] (2021)
Jeffery W. Kelly , Katalin Karikó , Drew Weissman , Shankar Balasubramanian , David Klenerman and Pascal Mayer (2022)
Clifford P. Brangwynne , Anthony A. Hyman , Demis Hassabis , John Jumper , Emmanuel Mignot , Masashi Yanagisawa (2023)
Carl June , Michel Sadelain , Sabine Hadida , Paul Negulescu , Fredrick Van Goor, Thomas Gasser, Ellen Sidransky and Andrew Singleton (2024)
Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research
1981: Alberto Sols
1982: Manuel Ballester
1983: Luis Antonio Santaló Sors
1984: Antonio Garcia-Bellido
1985: David Vázquez Martínez and Emilio Rosenblueth
1986: Antonio González González
1987: Jacinto Convit and Pablo Rudomín
1988: Manuel Cardona and Marcos Moshinsky
1989: Guido Münch
1990: Santiago Grisolía and Salvador Moncada
1991: Francisco Bolívar Zapata
1992: Federico García Moliner
1993: Amable Liñán
1994: Manuel Patarroyo
1995: Manuel Losada Villasante and Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad of Costa Rica
1996: Valentín Fuster
1997: Atapuerca research team
1998: Emilio Méndez Pérez and Pedro Miguel Echenique Landiríbar
1999: Ricardo Miledi and Enrique Moreno González
2000: Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier
2001: Craig Venter , John Sulston , Francis Collins , Hamilton Smith , and Jean Weissenbach
2002: Lawrence Roberts , Robert E. Kahn , Vinton Cerf , and Tim Berners-Lee
2003: Jane Goodall
2004: Judah Folkman , Tony Hunter , Joan Massagué , Bert Vogelstein , and Robert Weinberg
2005: Antonio Damasio
2006: Juan Ignacio Cirac
2007: Peter Lawrence and Ginés Morata
2008: Sumio Iijima , Shuji Nakamura , Robert Langer , George M. Whitesides , and Tobin Marks
2009: Martin Cooper and Raymond Tomlinson
2010: David Julius , Baruch Minke , and Linda Watkins
2011: Joseph Altman , Arturo Álvarez-Buylla , and Giacomo Rizzolatti
2012: Gregory Winter and Richard A. Lerner
2013: Peter Higgs , François Englert , and European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN
2014: Avelino Corma Canós , Mark E. Davis , and Galen D. Stucky
Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research
2015: Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna
2016: Hugh Herr
2017: Rainer Weiss , Kip S. Thorne , Barry C. Barish , and the LIGO Scientific Collaboration
2018: Svante Pääbo
2019: Joanne Chory and Sandra Myrna Díaz
2020: Yves Meyer , Ingrid Daubechies , Terence Tao , and Emmanuel Candès
2021: Katalin Karikó , Drew Weissman , Philip Felgner , Uğur Şahin , Özlem Türeci , Derrick Rossi , and Sarah Gilbert
2022: Geoffrey Hinton , Yann LeCun , Yoshua Bengio , and Demis Hassabis
2023: Jeffrey I. Gordon , Everett Peter Greenberg , and Bonnie Bassler
2024: Daniel J. Drucker , Jeffrey M. Friedman , Joel F. Habener , Jens Juul Holst , and Svetlana Mojsov
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