You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 54.163.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 17:28, 10 March 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 18:27, 12 November 2023
- Expiry of block: 18:27, 12 November 2028
Your current IP address is 54.163.179.242. The blocked range is 54.163.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((short description|Department in the University of Oxford))
((Distinguish | Sir William Dunn Institute of Biochemistry))
((Use dmy dates|date=March 2021))
((Location map |Oxford (central) |label= |position=right |label_size=120 |mark=Blue pog.svg |marksize=12 |lat=51.7595 |long=-1.2515 |width=280 |float=right |caption=Location of Sir William Dunn School of Pathology within central Oxford ))
The '''Sir William Dunn School of Pathology'''<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.path.ox.ac.uk/|title=Sir William Dunn School of Pathology &#124;|website=www.path.ox.ac.uk))</ref> is a department within the [[University of Oxford]]. Its research programme includes the cellular and molecular biology of pathogens, the immune response, cancer and cardiovascular disease. It teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in the medical sciences.

The school is named for [[Sir William Dunn, 1st Baronet, of Lakenheath]], whose [[Will and testament|will]] provided the initial funding.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.path.ox.ac.uk/content/timeline|title=History of the Dunn School|publisher=Sir William Dunn School of Pathology|access-date=26 July 2015))</ref> It is located towards the east end of [[South Parks Road]], to the north of the city centre.
__TOC__
==History==
((More citations needed section|date=May 2021))
[[File:Sir William Dunn School of Pathology.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, 2021]]
The first course of Pathology teaching in the University of Oxford was given in 1894 by Professor John [[Burdon Sanderson]], Professor of Physiology, (Regius Professor of Medicine from 1895 to 1905), and Dr James Ritchie, who, in 1897, was appointed as the first University Lecturer in Pathology.

The first Department of Pathology was opened in 1901 and functioned until 1927 when it was handed over to Pharmacology on completion of the new purpose-built Sir William Dunn School of Pathology. This had been made possible by a munificent [[benefaction]] of £100,000, made in 1922 by the Trustees set up in the will of [[Sir William Dunn]] who died in 1912.

The first full Professor of Pathology, [[Georges Dreyer]], a Dane, was appointed in 1907 and remained in post until he died in 1934. He had a mathematical bent and carried out some of the earliest quantitative assays on [[immunological]] reactions to infection. His special interest was in the immunology of [[enteric]] infections and [[tuberculosis]] and he was deeply involved in efforts to produce vaccines for these diseases. He was responsible for the design and manufacture of the earliest oxygen masks worn by pilots in WWI.

He was succeeded in 1935 by [[Howard Walter Florey]]<ref>see biography "Howard Florey : the making of a great scientist" by Gwyn Macfarlane. Publisher Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1979. ((ISBN|0-19-858161-0))</ref> an Australian. Florey was a physiologist by training and was dedicated to the application of physiological and chemical methods to pathology. His main interests were in the physiology of the cells in the gut, inflammatory reactions and atherosclerosis. He is, however, best known for the work done under his direction that demonstrated the therapeutic value of penicillin <ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.path.ox.ac.uk/about/Penicillin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410052031/http://www.path.ox.ac.uk/about/Penicillin|url-status=dead|title=Discovery of Penicillin|archivedate=10 April 2008))</ref> and thus ushered in the age of antibiotics. The purification of penicillin was achieved by [[Ernst Chain]], [[Norman Heatley]] and [[Edward Abraham]], with Chain and Abraham eventually developing a theoretical model for its chemical structure, which was later confirmed by [[Dorothy Hodgkin]] using [[X-ray crystallography]].

The textbook, General Pathology,<ref>Lectures on general pathology. Florey, H (Ed.) 1954. Loyd-Luke, London (pub). ((ISBN|978-0-85324-054-9))</ref> based on the preclinical course at the Dunn School, was first published in 1954, and went through four editions. For many years it was the international standard text on the subject.

After penicillin, the work on antibiotics was continued in the Dunn School by Abraham and [[Guy Newton]], who during the 1950s discovered, purified and established the structure of [[cephalosporin C]], the first of the cephalosporin family of antibiotics. This compound and the ring structure on which it was based were patented, and both Newton and Abraham set up trusts out of the royalties that they received. The Edward Penley Abraham Research Fund, the EPA Cephalosporin Fund and the Guy Newton Research Fund are dedicated to the support of medical, biological and chemical research in the Dunn School, Lincoln College and the University of Oxford.

Florey was succeeded as Professor in 1963 by [[Henry Harris (scientist)|Henry Harris]], another expatriate Australian, who had arrived in Oxford in 1952 to do a DPhil under Florey's supervision. Harris's main interest was in cell biology and especially what was later to become the science of somatic cell genetics. With John Watkins he developed the technique of cell fusion for the study of the physiology and genetics of higher cells. They demonstrated that cell fusion provided a general method for the amalgamation of different cell types across the barriers imposed by species differences and by the process of differentiation.<ref>Hybrid Cells Derived from Mouse and Man : Artificial Heterokaryons of Mammalian Cells from Different Species HENRY HARRIS & J. F. WATKINS Nature 205, 640 - 646 (1965).</ref> This technique was one of the main roots of somatic cell genetics and, in due course, resulted in the production of monoclonal antibodies.

It was also by means of cell fusion that Harris and Goss devised the first systematic method for determining the order of genes along the human chromosome and the distances between them. In 1969 Harris, collaborating with George Klein in Stockholm, showed that when a wide range of malignant tumour cells were fused with normal fibroblasts, the resulting hybrids were not malignant and had the morphological character of fibroblasts.<ref>Nature 223, 363 - 368 (26 July 1969); ((doi|10.1038/223363a0)) Suppression of Malignancy by Cell Fusion HENRY HARRIS, O. J. MILLER, G. KLEIN, P. WORST & T. TACHIBANA</ref> This meant that there were normal genes that had the ability to suppress malignancy. These genes are now known as tumour suppressor genes and work on them has become a world-wide industry. Harris's research was supported mainly by what is now Cancer Research UK, (originally The British Empire Cancer Campaign, BECC, and then The Cancer Research Campaign, CRC.)

In 1977 [[James L. Gowans|Gowans]], see below, was replaced as Honorary Director of the MRC Cellular Immunology Research Unit by [[Alan F. Williams]], yet another Australian. Williams was mainly concerned with the structural and biochemical aspects of immunological reactions and developed the concept of the immunoglobulin superfamily. In 1992 Williams was elected to succeed Harris as Professor of Pathology but died before he was able to take up the chair.

The former Head of department, [[Herman Waldmann]], was appointed in 1994. Waldmann's principal interest is in the study of immunological tolerance and application of immunology to the clinic. 
Professor Matthew Freeman, FRS, became Head of Department in January 2013.

In 2007 Florey's laboratory was proclaimed by the Australian Government as one of the first three sites on the [[List of Overseas Places of Historic Significance to Australia]].

==Scientists==
* James Ritchie (1864-1923): first University lecturer in Pathology in Oxford, 1897. Organised the first undergraduate courses in Pathology and Bacteriology. Helped to fund and build first University department of Pathology in Oxford (1901). Edited standard texts in both Bacteriology (with Muir) and Pathology (with Pembrey). Founder member and first Secretary of the Pathological Society of GB and I. Left Oxford to return to Edinburgh in 1906.
* Ernest Ainley-Walker (1871-1955): elected to a fellowship in University College in 1903, the first ‘medical tutor’ in any Oxford College. Published a textbook of Pathology in 1904. Acting Head of Pathology Department when Ritchie left and on several occasions when Dreyer was absent. Also appointed as first Dean of Oxford Medical School from 1922.
* A. Duncan Gardner (1884-1978): invited to Oxford in 1915 to set up MRC Bacteriological Standards laboratory with Dreyer. Remained in Pathology until his retirement in 1958. Regius Professor of Medicine 1948–56.
* Sir [[Peter Medawar]] (1915-1987): graduate student with Howard Florey 1936–9; the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960 "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"
* Sir [[John E. Walker]] (1941-): graduate student with Edward Abraham 1965–9; the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997 "for the elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)". Now Director of the MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit in Cambridge.
* [[George Brownlee]]: Professor of Chemical Pathology (1978-2008). Cloned and expressed human clotting factor IX,<ref>Nature 299, 178 - 180 (1982); ((doi|10.1038/299178a0)) Molecular cloning of the gene for human anti-haemophilic factor IX. K. H. Choo, K. G. Gould, D. J. G. Rees & G. G. Brownlee</ref><ref>Nature 315, 683 - 685 (1985); ((doi|10.1038/315683a0)) Expression of active human clotting factor IX from recombinant DNA clones in mammalian cells.D. S. Anson*, D. E. G. Austen† & G. G. Brownlee*</ref> providing a recombinant source of this protein for Haemophilia B patients who had previously relied on the hazardous blood-derived product. With [[Peter Palese]] and co-workers, developed the first "reverse genetics" system for influenza virus, markedly speeding up the process of developing flu vaccines <ref>J Virol. 1999 Nov;73(11):9679-82. Rescue of influenza A virus from recombinant DNA. Fodor E, Devenish L, Engelhardt OG, Palese P, Brownlee GG, [[Adolfo García-Sastre|García-Sastre A]].</ref>
* [[James L. Gowans]]: Gowans came to Oxford in 1948 and after getting a 1st in the Physiological Sciences Honours School he researched for a DPhil on new antibiotics under Florey. But after a period working in the Pasteur Institute in Paris he decided to pursue immunological research. Florey suggested he should investigate the lymphocyte, a cell whose life history was at that time completely obscure. During the 1950s Gowans pioneering work sorted out the life cycle of that cell, He showed that the small lymphocyte continuously recirculated from the blood to the lymph and back again to the blood.<ref>J. Physiol. 1959 Apr 23;146(1):54-69. The recirculation of lymphocytes from blood to lymph in the rat. GOWANS JL.</ref> He also demonstrated that this cell was at the centre of immunological responses. Shortly after he had been elected to the Henry Dale Professorship of the Royal Society (1962) the Medical Research Council established, in the Dunn School, A Cellular Immunology Research Unit, under the honorary direction of Gowans, and this led to the construction of an additional building, (the Leslie Martin building). Gowans remained the Honorary Director of the Unit until he moved, in 1977, to become the Secretary of the [[Medical Research Council (UK)|Medical Research Council]].
* [[Alan Frederick Williams (immunologist)|Alan Williams]]: Succeeded Gowans as Director of the MRC Cellular Immunology Unit in 1977. With Cesar Milstein in Cambridge, he was the first to use monoclonal antibody technology to analyse molecular composition of the cell surface, and in doing so identified CD4 for the first time.<ref>Cell, Vol 12, 663-673, (1977)Analysis of cell surfaces by xenogeneic myeloma-hybrid antibodies: Differentiation antigens of rat lymphocytes. Alan F. Williams, Giovanni Galfrè and Cesar Milstein</ref>
* [[Elizabeth Robertson (scientist)|Elizabeth Robertson]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society#Fellows|FRS]] is a British scientist based at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, [[University of Oxford]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.path.ox.ac.uk/research/molecular-biology/elizabeth-robertson-group |title=Elizabeth Robertson group &#124; Sir William Dunn School of Pathology |access-date=2013-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020193311/http://www.path.ox.ac.uk/research/molecular-biology/elizabeth-robertson-group |archive-date=2013-10-20 ))</ref>  She is Professor of Developmental Biology<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.stemcells.ox.ac.uk/directory/liz-robertson |title=Liz Robertson — Stem Cells |access-date=2013-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106030518/http://www.stemcells.ox.ac.uk/directory/liz-robertson |archive-date=2013-11-06 ))</ref> and a Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/Funding/Biomedical-science/Funded-projects/Awards-made/Wellcome-Fellows/WTD003260.htm#_R |title=Principal Research Fellowships: people we've funded |publisher=Wellcome |access-date=2018-01-29))</ref> She is best known for her pioneering work in developmental genetics, having demonstrated how genetic mutations could be introduced into the mouse germ line through genetically altered embryonic stem cells.<ref>((cite web |url=http://royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo==%27EC%2F2003%2F32%27%29 |title=Robertson, Elizabeth Jane |year=2003 |work=Citation |publisher=The Royal Society |access-date=21 October 2012))</ref>
* [[Samuel Strober]] (died 2022) was an American physician who was a professor at the [[Stanford University School of Medicine]] and co-founder of the biotechnology company [[Dendreon]] known for his work on eliminating the need for life long [[immune suppressive]] drugs in [[organ transplant]] patients.
* [[Fiona Powrie]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society#Fellows|FRS]] is currently the head of the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology at the University of Oxford. Formerly she was the inaugural Sidney Truelove Professor of Gastroenterology at the University of Oxford and the head of the Experimental Medicine Division of the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine. Powrie is best known for her seminal studies of [[regulatory T cells]] and their role in prevention of immune-mediated pathology, particularly in the context of intestinal inflammation.
* [[Herman Waldmann]] [[Fellow of the Royal Society#Fellows|FRS]] is a British immunologist, currently [[Emeritus Professor]] of [[Pathology]]. Waldmann is known for his work on immune tolerance as they relate to grafts and for development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for clinical application.

==References==
((Reflist))

((coord |51.7595|-1.2515|type:edu_region:GB|display=title))
((University of Oxford))

((authority control))

[[Category:Departments of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Pathology organizations]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Sir William Dunn School of Pathology (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Color (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Coord (view source) (protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Distinguish (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Doi (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:ISBN (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Location map (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:More citations needed section (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Sp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:University of Oxford (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Use dmy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno-yes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/auxiliary (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Coordinates (view source) (protected)
Module:Coordinates/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Distinguish (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:GetParameters (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Location map (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Location map/data/Oxford (central) (edit)
Module:Location map/data/United Kingdom Oxford (central) (edit)
Module:Location map/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:String2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Sir William Dunn School of Pathology.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Dunn_School_of_Pathology"