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((Short description|2018 book by David Reich))
((Use dmy dates|date=April 2022))
((good article))
((Infobox book
| name             = ''Who We Are and How We Got Here''
| image            = File:Who_We_Are_and_How_We_Got_Here_cover.jpg
| caption          = First edition
| author           = [[David Reich (geneticist)|David Reich]]
| subject          = Human population genetics
| genre            = Popular science
| publisher        = [[Oxford University Press]]  
| pub_date         = 2018
| ISBN             = 978-0-19-882125-0
))
'''''Who We Are and How We Got Here''''' is a 2018 book on the contribution of [[genome]]-wide [[ancient DNA]] research to human [[population genetics]] by the geneticist [[David Reich (geneticist)|David Reich]]. He describes discoveries made by his group and others, based on analysis and comparison of ancient and modern DNA from human populations around the world. Central to these is the finding that almost all human populations are [[genetic admixture|mixtures]] resulting from multiple population migrations and [[gene flow]].

Several reviewers have praised the book for clearly describing pioneering work in a cutting-edge field of study.<ref name="Cookson2018" /><ref name="Khan2018"/> It has been criticized by numerous scientists and scholars for its handling of race,<ref name="BuzzFeed2018">((cite web |last=Kahn |first=Jonathan, and 66 other signatories |title=How Not To Talk About Race And Genetics |date=30 March 2018 |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/bfopinion/race-genetics-david-reich |access-date=5 May 2018 |publisher=BuzzFeed News))</ref> though other commentators observe that nothing it says should give racists any comfort.<ref name="Forbes2018"/><ref name="Cowen2018"/>

==Context==
David Reich is a geneticist who has studied ancient human genomes, comparing their patterns of mutations to discover which populations migrated and mixed throughout prehistory.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Callaway |first1=Ewen |title=365 days: Nature's 10 ((!)) DAVID REICH: Genome archaeologist |journal=Nature |publisher=Nature Magazine |date=17 December 2015|volume=528 |issue=7583 |pages=459–467 |doi=10.1038/528459a |pmid=26701036 |s2cid=4450003 |doi-access=free ))</ref> He was mentored by the population geneticist [[Luca Cavalli-Sforza]], who from 1960 pioneered the attempt to match the study of human prehistory by archaeology and linguistics, using the limited genetic data available at that time.<ref name="Forbes2018"/>

==Book==
[[File:IE expansion.png|thumb|[[Kurgan hypothesis|Kurgan model]] of [[Indo-European migrations]] from c. 4000 to 1000 BC. Magenta: [[urheimat|origin]]; red: up to 2500 BC; orange: by 1000 BC]]
[[File:Map Corded Ware culture-en.svg|thumb|[[Yamnaya]] culture spread westwards around 3300–2600 BC, documented by [[archaeology]] and [[genomics]], bringing [[Indo-European languages]] with it.]]
[[File:Yamna02.jpg|thumb|Yamnaya [[Corded ware]] culture, including this pot, corresponds to a stage in the westward migration.<ref name="Forbes2018"/>]]

===Publication===
''Who We Are and How We Got Here'' was published by [[Oxford University Press]] in 2018, ((ISBN|978-0-19-882125-0)). It is credited to David Reich alone, but he explains in the acknowledgements that the book grew from a detailed collaboration with his wife, Eugenie Reich.

The book is illustrated with monochrome maps, diagrams, and timelines. There are no photographs.

===Summary===
Since 2010, [[population genetics|population geneticists]] have been able to [[Paleogenetics|sequence ancient human DNA]], recovering complete [[genome]]s,<ref name="Forbes2018"/> in contrast to earlier approaches which relied on the far more abundant (and hence more easily recovered) [[mitochondrial DNA]], which is present in many copies in each cell, and transmitted only via the maternal line. That early work gave what Reich calls the "exciting" result that all modern humans are related to "[[Mitochondrial Eve]]", a woman who lived in Africa only about 160,000 years ago.<ref name="Diamond2018"/>((sfn|Reich|2018|pp=4–5))

The whole genome recovery technique, using the especially hard bone from the inner ear of ancient skeletons — along with the genomes of modern people from different parts of the world, including especially some isolated populations — has made it possible to reconstruct [[prehistory|prehistoric]] migrations and mixing of populations in the past 5,000 years, and to make reliable inferences about mixtures from much further back in time.<ref name="Forbes2018"/> The new knowledge from [[genomics]] has overthrown many old assumptions about human origins.<ref name="Forbes2018"/>

Much of the work has focused on Western Eurasia, where in 1786 [[Sir William Jones]] discovered that [[Sanskrit]] and [[ancient Greek]] were related languages. Linguists came to recognise the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European family of languages]], spanning Germanic, Celtic, Italic, Iranian and northern Indian languages, but without explaining how these came to be. Reich showed that modern populations in Europe and north India derive from mixing of native populations with [[Yamnaya]] people from the [[steppe]]s north of the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Caspian Sea]] some 5,000 years ago, in separate migrations to the west and the east.<ref name="Forbes2018"/><ref name="Haak Lazaridis Patterson Rohland pp. 207–211">((cite journal | last1=Haak | first1=Wolfgang | last2=Lazaridis | first2=Iosif | last3=Patterson | first3=Nick | last4=Rohland | first4=Nadin | last5=Mallick | first5=Swapan | last6=Llamas | first6=Bastien | last7=Brandt | first7=Guido | last8=Nordenfelt | first8=Susanne | last9=Harney | first9=Eadaoin | last10=Stewardson | first10=Kristin | last11=Fu | first11=Qiaomei | last12=Mittnik | first12=Alissa | last13=Bánffy | first13=Eszter | last14=Economou | first14=Christos | last15=Francken | first15=Michael | last16=Friederich | first16=Susanne | last17=Pena | first17=Rafael Garrido | last18=Hallgren | first18=Fredrik | last19=Khartanovich | first19=Valery | last20=Khokhlov | first20=Aleksandr | last21=Kunst | first21=Michael | last22=Kuznetsov | first22=Pavel | last23=Meller | first23=Harald | last24=Mochalov | first24=Oleg | last25=Moiseyev | first25=Vayacheslav | last26=Nicklisch | first26=Nicole | last27=Pichler | first27=Sandra L. | last28=Risch | first28=Roberto | last29=Rojo Guerra | first29=Manuel A. | last30=Roth | first30=Christina | last31=Szécsényi-Nagy | first31=Anna | last32=Wahl | first32=Joachim | last33=Meyer | first33=Matthias | last34=Krause | first34=Johannes | last35=Brown | first35=Dorcas | last36=Anthony | first36=David | last37=Cooper | first37=Alan | last38=Alt | first38=Kurt Werner | last39=Reich | first39=David |author39-link=David Reich (geneticist) | display-authors=5 | title=Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe | journal=Nature | volume=522 | issue=7555 | date=2015-03-02 | doi=10.1038/nature14317 | pages=207–211| pmid=25731166 | pmc=5048219 | arxiv=1502.02783 | bibcode=2015Natur.522..207H ))</ref> [[Corded ware]] culture described by [[archaeology]] corresponds to a stage in the westward migration.<ref name="Forbes2018"/>

Reich observes that similar migrations and population mixtures characterise human prehistory on all continents.<ref name="Forbes2018"/> Reich shows that people in Japan and Korea share some 80% of their DNA, implying migration; Polynesians migrated relatively recently, in just the past few thousand years, from the region of Taiwan. The evidence can upset long-held beliefs: Native American skeletons from 10,000 years ago do not appear to be related to the tribes living in those regions today who have been asking for the ancient bones to be returned to them for burial.<ref name="Diamond2018"/>

The [[Neanderthal]]s are extinct, but part of their genome survives: Reich notes that all present-day non Sub-Saharan Africans have at least 2% of Neanderthal ancestry. Reich explains that somewhere between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago, modern humans mated with Neanderthals, and their descendants carried those genes all over the world. An ancient skeleton from Romania had up to 9% Neanderthal DNA, so natural selection has been removing Neanderthal genes since those matings.<ref name="Diamond2018"/>

==Reception==
[[File:Basor Dalit caste.jpg|thumb|left|Reich notes in the book that some [[caste]]s in India have effectively been [[reproductive isolation|reproductively isolated]] for many centuries by their practice of [[endogamy]].((sfn|Reich|2018|pp=140–146))]]

Author and intellectual [[Jared Diamond]], in the ''[[New York Times]]'', notes that geneticists can now go far beyond studying the personal ancestries of participants in [[National Geographic]]'s Genographic Project, which looked at small sections of their parents' DNA, namely their mother's [[mitochondrial DNA]] and their father's [[Y chromosome]]. By looking at DNA from ancient bones, Reich can recover whole genomes. Diamond warns readers not to expect an oversimplified story:<ref name="Diamond2018">((cite news |last1=Diamond |first1=Jared |author-link1=Jared Diamond |title=A Brand-New Version of Our Origin Story ((!)) 'WHO WE ARE AND HOW WE GOT HERE' Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past By David Reich |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/20/books/review/david-reich-who-we-are-how-we-got-here.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 April 2018))</ref>

((blockquote|Population genetics is a complicated, fast-moving field with many uncertainties of interpretation. To tell that story to the broad public, and not just to scientists reading specialty journals, is a big challenge. Reich explains these complications as well as any geneticist could; others rarely even try.<ref name="Diamond2018"/>))

Peter Forbes, in ''[[The Guardian]]'', calls the book "thrilling in its clarity and its scope."<ref name="Forbes2018">((cite news |last1=Forbes |first1=Peter |title=Who We Are and How We Got Here by David Reich review – new findings from ancient DNA |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/mar/29/who-we-are-how-got-here-david-reich-ancient-dna-review |access-date=6 May 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=29 March 2018))</ref> In Forbes's view, Reich handles [[racism|racist]] abuses of human origin stories, such as [[Nazi ideology]], "commendably". Forbes writes that Reich explains how ancient DNA teaches a single general lesson, that the human population of any particular place has repeatedly changed since the last [[ice age]]. Any supposed "mystical, longstanding" link between some people and a place based on some kind of racial purity (as reflected in the Nazi slogan of "[[blood and soil]]"), is in Reich's words "flying in the face of hard science".<ref name="Forbes2018"/>

Clive Cookson, in the ''[[Financial Times]]'', writes that one of the first and most surprising impacts of genomics is in human prehistory, and Reich is the first leading practitioner to write a popular book about this. Cookson calls the book<ref name="Cookson2018">((cite news |last1=Cookson |first1=Clive |title=Who We Are and How We Got Here by David Reich — out of Africa and back again? ((!)) How ancient DNA is showing early human migrations to be more complex than once thought |url=https://www.ft.com/content/824635cc-2c60-11e8-a34a-7e7563b0b0f4 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=23 March 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180324035455/https://www.ft.com/content/824635cc-2c60-11e8-a34a-7e7563b0b0f4 |archive-date=2018-03-24 |access-date=2018-05-07 ))((subscription required|date=September 2020))</ref>

((blockquote|a marvelous synthesis of the field: the technology for purifying and decoding DNA from old bones; what the findings tell us about the origins and movements of people on every inhabited continent; and the ethical and political implications of the research.<ref name="Cookson2018"/>))

Cookson notes that Reich dismisses worries that DNA evidence of differences between populations is "racism in genetic clothing",<ref name="Cookson2018"/> and that on the contrary, the "unsuspected degree of mixing"<ref name="Cookson2018"/> in every part of human history makes old ideas of racial purity "absurd".<ref name="Cookson2018"/>

[[File:Beakerculture.jpg|thumb|upright|Bell-shaped [[Beaker people|Beaker]] pots, found in Western Europe c. 2900–1800 BC]]

The archaeologist and geneticist [[Turi King]], in ''[[Nature (magazine)|Nature]]'', writes that Reich's laboratory "has developed some of the most sophisticated statistical and bioinformatics techniques available. Using computers, they painstakingly reconstruct genomic information from fragments of DNA from ancient individuals. They then drill down in search of a new understanding of human history." King notes that Reich's group helped to show that "[[Neanderthal]]s interbred with the ancestors of all modern humans descended from Europeans, Asians and other non-Africans." Their work is showing the "tremendous degree to which populations globally are blended, repeatedly, over generations." King notes, too, that Reich reflects on the dangers of misinterpretation by racists, who "pick and choose results", or others who opt to "sweep [genetic] differences under the carpet". But, King argues, echoing Reich, we do need "a non-loaded way to talk about genetic diversity and similarities in populations", and Reich has begun to do that.<ref name="King2018">((cite journal |last1=King |first1=Turi |title=Sex, power and ancient DNA ((!)) Turi King hails David Reich's thrilling account of mapping humans through time and place |journal=[[Nature (magazine)|Nature]] |date=13 March 2018 |volume=555 |issue=7696 |pages=307–308 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-02964-5 |pmid=32094709 |url=https://www.nature.com/magazine-assets/d41586-018-02964-5/d41586-018-02964-5.pdf|doi-access=free ))</ref>

The economist [[Tyler Cowen]] calls the book "truly excellent, readable and informative". Cowen insists it is "a science book, not a 'race book'", stating that although it has engendered "some public controversy", he is confident that no attentive reader could feel "affirmed in racist beliefs".<ref name="Cowen2018">((cite web |last1=Cowen |first1=Tyler |author-link1=Tyler Cowen |title=*Who We Are and How We Got Here*, by David Reich |date=31 March 2018 |url=https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2018/03/got-david-reich.html |access-date=15 November 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204353/https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2018/03/got-david-reich.html |archive-date=26 January 2022))</ref>

[[File:ADMIXTURE plot of Western African Pygmies and their Bantu neighbors.png|thumb|left|Admixture plot of Western African [[Pygmy|Pygmies]] and their [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] neighbours. This shows that Pygmy populations contain substantial amounts of Bantu genetic material, whereas Bantu populations have very little Pygmy ancestry.]]

A review by [[Razib Khan]], who is cited in the book, recommends the book to a wide audience, stating that it "catches [one] up to the state-of-the-art knowledge that we have in terms of human history, deep and prehistoric." He includes experts in that audience: "I’ve talked to plenty of people who work in evolutionary genomics who are not totally up-to-speed on the ancient DNA revolution. They too would benefit from reading ''Who We Are and How We Got Here'' front to back. I know people who work in the field of cultural evolution, who would also benefit from reading ''Who We Are and How We Got Here''. I know behavior geneticists who would benefit from reading ''Who We Are and How We Got Here''. And so forth." Khan concedes that the book "is not rich with the same stylistic flourish and engagement as one might find in a popularization by [[Steven Pinker]] or [[Richard Dawkins]]" but that it is a "serious book that is earnest in focusing on the substance of the science first."<ref name="Khan2018">((cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Razib |title=A preview review of Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past |url=https://www.gnxp.com/WordPress/2018/03/18/a-preview-review-of-who-we-are-and-how-we-got-here-ancient-dna-and-the-new-science-of-the-human-past/ |website=Gene Expression |access-date=26 July 2018 |date=18 March 2018))</ref>

The paleogenomics researcher María C. Ávila Arcos, reviewing the book in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' magazine, writes that "troubling traces of biocolonialism undermine an otherwise eloquent synthesis of ancient genome research."<ref name="AvilaArcos2018">((cite journal |last1=Ávila Arcos |first1=María C. |date=20 April 2018 |orig-date=17 April 2018 |title=Wielding new genomic tools wisely |quote=Troubling traces of biocolonialism undermine an otherwise eloquent synthesis of ancient genome research |doi=10.1126/science.aat3780 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |department=Book review |editor-first=Valerie |editor-last=Thompson |volume=360 |issue=6386 |page=274 |bibcode=2018Sci...360..274A |s2cid=13986313 ))</ref> She calls Reich's account graceful, combining his personal opinions with "hard science"<ref name="AvilaArcos2018" /> (Reich's phrase). She accepts that the book is "scientifically solid and comprehensive",<ref name="AvilaArcos2018"/>  but argues that it "raises some concerns",<ref name="AvilaArcos2018"/>  since in her view Reich overlooks the conflict of interest between the needs of researchers to gather ancient human DNA specimens and the rights of the often marginalised populations that descend from those ancestors.<ref name="AvilaArcos2018"/>

The anthropologist [[John D. Hawks|John Hawks]], writing in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', observes that Reich was surprised that the "concordance of near-mythological history with genetic fact"<ref name="Hawks 2018">((cite news |last1=Hawks |first1=John |title='Who We Are and How We Got Here' Review: Ghosts in the Genome |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-we-are-and-how-we-got-here-review-ghosts-in-the-genome-1523399111 |work=The [[Wall Street Journal]] |date=10 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210521205714/https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-we-are-and-how-we-got-here-review-ghosts-in-the-genome-1523399111 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=19 November 2018 ))</ref> in the migrations in India was "a potential political bombshell";<ref name="Hawks 2018"/> he notes that Reich avoided it by not talking about "Indo-European invaders at all",<ref name="Hawks 2018"/> writing only that "No group in India can claim genetic purity".<ref name="Hawks 2018"/> In Hawks's view, Reich "seems a contradiction: Rising to the pinnacle of human genetics, he nonetheless exhibits incredible naiveté"<ref name="Hawks 2018"/> in affairs such as when German scientists withdrew from a paper that seemed to them "uncomfortably close to pre-Nazi racial theories",<ref name="Hawks 2018"/> or when Native American specimen donors wished to limit the use of their DNA. Hawks argues that science needs to help people to see the humanity of the dead ancestors, and finds Reich's approach potentially dehumanizing.<ref name="Hawks 2018"/>

The scholar of humanities Barry Wood<!--U. of Houston--> writes that the book is "densely-packed", not sparing on explanations of advanced techniques, but allowing the determined reader to grasp the methods of genomic analysis. He comments that the "tradeoff" for this detail is "a certain lack of continuity". He notes that Reich argues that migration is what his analysis illuminates best, but comments that Reich's discrete studies of human migrations do not yet add up to "a sequential narrative of the peopling of the earth".<ref name="Wood 2019">((cite journal |last=Wood |first=Barry |title=Genotemporality: The DNA Revolution and The Prehistory of Human Migration; A Review of David Reich, Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past |journal=Journal of Big History |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=1 July 2019 |doi=10.22339/jbh.v3i3.3313 |doi-access=free |pages=225–231 |url=https://jbh.journals.villanova.edu/index.php/JBH/article/view/2429/2366))</ref>

The archaeologist Daniela Hofmann<!--U. of Bergen--> describes the book as clear and accessible, but calls Reich "not shy of controversy"; she states that the book is "very much an advertisement for Reich's research agenda" and "unashamedly partial".<ref name="Hofmann 2019">((cite journal |last=Hofmann |first=Daniela |title=David Reich. Who We Are and How We Got Here. Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past |journal=[[European Journal of Archaeology]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |date=24 Jul 2019 |doi=10.1017/eaa.2019.31 |pages=434–437 |s2cid=199931197 ))</ref>

An open letter titled "How Not To Talk About Race And Genetics" by a group of 67 scientists and scholars criticizes Reich's use of the term "race" in this book.<ref name="BuzzFeed2018"/> The group welcomes Reich's challenge to the "misrepresentations about race and genetics"<ref name="BuzzFeed2018"/> made by the science writer [[Nicholas Wade]] and the molecular biologist [[James Watson]], but warns that his skill with genomics "should not be confused with a mastery of the cultural, political, and biological meanings of human groups."<ref name="BuzzFeed2018"/> According to computational biologist Hussein Mohsen, Reich's examples "conflated ancestry with race, relied on the quantitative reductionism of averages, and failed to address the everyday ramifications of pathologizing socially constructed (racial or ancestral) categories to which millions of human beings belong or were historically forced to."<ref name="Mohsen 2020">((cite journal |last=Mohsen |first=Husein |date=27 March 2020 |title=Race and Genetics: Somber History, Troubled Present |journal=Yale Journal of Biological Medicine |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=215–219 |pmid=32226350 |pmc=7087058))</ref> In contrast to Reich's analysis, Mohsen cites the open letter as an accurate representation of "the complexity of the race concept and stark limitations of quantitative genetics to grasp its fluid histories."<ref name="Mohsen 2020"/>

== References ==
((reflist|30em))

== Sources ==
* ((cite book |last=Reich |first=David |author-link=David Reich (geneticist) |title=Who We Are and How We Got Here |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-882125-0 ))

== External links ==
* [http://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2018/05/04/harvard-david-reich David Reich on Radio Boston]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-43701630 Reich interview on BBC]
*[https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/bfopinion/race-genetics-david-reich "How Not To Talk About Race And Genetics"]

[[Category:2018 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Genetics books]]
[[Category:Human evolution]]
[[Category:Human population genetics]]
[[Category:Oxford University Press books]]

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Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikidata (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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