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Nau'in kiɗa | |
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Bayanai | |
Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
devotional song (en) ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Farawa | 1450 (Gregorian) |
Suna a harshen gida | قَوّالی, قوّالی, কাওয়ালি da قوّالي |
Ƙasa da aka fara | Pakistan da Indiya |
Instrumentation (en) ![]() |
dholak (en) ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Intangible cultural heritage status (en) ![]() |
National List for Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) (en) ![]() |
Qawwali ( Hindi : क़व्वाली ( Devanagari ); Urdu : قوّالی ( Nasta'liq ) ; Punjabi : ਕ਼ੱਵਾਲੀ ( Gurmukhi ), قوّالی ( Shahmukhi ) ; Bengali : কাওয়ালি ( Bengali-Assamese )) wani nau'in waƙoƙin ibada ne na addinin Sufi, wanda ya samo asali daga yankin Indiya, kuma sananne musamman a yankunan Punjab da Sindh na Pakistan; a Hyderabad, Delhi da sauran sassan Indiya, musamman Arewacin Indiya ; da kuma yankin Dhaka da Chittagong na Bangladesh.
Da farko an yi shi a wuraren bautar Sufi ko dargarori a duk Kudancin Asiya, ya sami babban farin jini da masu sauraron duniya a ƙarshen karni na ashirin 20. Waƙar Qawwali ta karɓi fallasa ƙasashen duniya ta hanyar aikin Aziz Mian, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan da Sabri Brothers galibi saboda fitowar da aka yi akan lakabin Real World, sannan bayyanar da kai tsaye a bukukuwan WOMAD. Sauran shahararrun mawakan Qawwali sun hada da Fareed Ayyaz & Abu Muhammad, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Badar Miandad, Rizwan & Moazzam Duo, marigayi Amjad Sabri, Wadali Brothers, Nizami Bandhu, Bahauddin Qutbuddin, Qutbi Brothers, da sauransu. Yawancin mawaƙan Qawwali na zamani waɗanda suka haɗa da Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan da Fareed Ayyaz & Abu Muhammad suna cikin sananniyar makarantar 'Qawwal Bachon ka Gharana ' ta Qawwali, wacce ke Delhi.
Qawl ( Larabci: قَوْل ) "furci ne (na annabi)", Qawwali shine wanda ya yawaita maimaita (yana rera) Qaul, Qawwali shine abinda Qawwali yake rerawa.
Delhi 's Sufi saint Amir Khusrow na Chisti domin na ' yan sufi ne aka yaba da fusing da Persian, Larabci, Turkish, da kuma Indian hadisai a cikin marigayi 13th karni a Indiya don ƙirƙirar qawwali kamar yadda muka san shi a yau. Kalmar Sama har yanzu ana amfani da ita a Tsakiyar Asiya da Turkiya don nufin juzu'i irin na Qawwali, kuma a Indiya, Pakistan da Bangladesh, sunan da ake amfani da shi don zaman Qawwali shine Mehfil-e-Sama.
Asali, an hana amfani da kayan kida a cikin Qawwali. Da farko an sanya sharuɗɗan masu zuwa akan Qawwali:
Haka kuma, irin waɗannan Waliyyai Sufaye, kamar Nizamuddin Auliya, malamin shahararren mawaƙin Sufi, Amir Khusrow, sun kasance masu ƙima game da haramcin:
Daga ƙarshe duk da haka, amfani da kayan kiɗan ya sami shiga cikin Qawwali kuma masu yin kidan Qawwali na zamani za su baratar da amfani da kayan aikin ta hanyar cewa Waliyan Sufi ba sa hana su lokacin da suke amfani da su kusa da wuraren ibadar su. Kayan aiki irin su Harmoniums, tabla da dholak yanzu sun zama ruwan dare a yawancin bukukuwan Qawwali. Waƙoƙin da suka ƙunshi rera waƙar qawwali sune da farko cikin Farisanci, Urdu, Hindi, da Punjabi. Akwai wasu a cikin Farisanci daga zamanin Mughal ,[ana buƙatar hujja] da buguwa a cikin Saraiki da yarukan arewacin Indiya kamar Braj Bhasha da Awadhi. Hakanan akwai qawwali a wasu yaruka na yanki amma al'adar yaren yanki ba ta da tabbas. Hakanan, sautin yaren qawwali na yanki na iya bambanta gaba ɗaya da na ƙawali na al'ada. Tabbas wannan gaskiya ne ga Chhote Babu Qawwal, wanda salon waƙar sa ya fi kusa da waƙar Bengali Baul fiye da qawwali na Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, misali.
An fahimci waƙoƙin a sarari cewa na ruhaniya ne a cikin ma’anarsa, kodayake waƙoƙin na iya yin sauti a wasu lokutan ba tare da son rai ba, ko gabaɗaya. Jigon jigo na qawwali shine soyayya, sadaukarwa da dogon buri (na mutum don Allahntaka)
Ƙungiyar mawaƙan qawwali, waɗanda ake kira ƙungiya (ko Humnawa a cikin Urdu )yawanci sun ƙunshi maza takwas ko tara ciki har da mawaƙin jagora, mawaƙa na gefe ɗaya ko biyu, jituwa ɗaya ko biyu (wanda mawaƙin jagora, mawaƙin gefe ko wani daban) da raɗaɗi. Idan akwai ƙwaƙƙwafi guda ɗaya kawai, yana wasa tabla da dholak, galibi tabla da mafi rinjayen hannu da ɗolak tare da ɗayan (watau mai kida na hagu zai buga tabla da hannun hagunsa) Sau da yawa za a sami masu yin kida guda biyu, a cikin wannan yanayin ɗayan na iya kunna tabla ɗayan kuma dholak. Hakanan akwai ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta maza huɗu ko biyar waɗanda ke maimaita ayoyi masu mahimmanci, kuma waɗanda ke taimakawa bugun tafin hannu.
The nunawa zauna giciye kananan kafafu, a kan ƙasa a biyu layuka — gubar singer, gefen mawaƙa da harmonium 'yan wasa a gaban jere, da kuma ƙungiyar mawaƙa kuma percussionists a mayar da jere.
Kafin gabatarwar kwangilar kwanan nan, ƙawalis galibi yana tare da sarangi . Dole ne a sake sarangi tsakanin waƙoƙi; harmonium bai yi ba, kuma ba da daɗewa ba aka fifita shi.
A baya an cire mata daga kida na gargajiya na Musulmi, tunda a gargajiyance an hana su yin waka a gaban maza. Wadannan hadisai sun canza, duk da haka, kamar yadda shahara (da yarda) ta mawaƙa mata kamar Abida Parveen ta bayyana. Koyaya, qawwali ya ci gaba da kasancewa sana'ar namiji. Har yanzu babu wasu manyan mata na mata. Duk da mawakiyar kafi Abida Parveen ta ƙara shigar da dabarun ƙawali cikin ayyukan ta, amma har yanzu ba a ɗauke ta a matsayin mawaƙiyar qawwali ba.
Qawwalis yawanci tsakanin mintuna shabiyar 15 zuwa talatin 30. Koyaya, Qawwali mafi tsawo da aka yi rikodin shine ( Yeh Bazm-e-Saqi e Kausar Mein Paee Jati hai ) Na Ustad Rasheed Ahmed Fareedi Qawwal wanda ya fi mintuna dari da ashirin 120 (Awa biyu 2) wanda aka yi rikodinsa a tsakanin shekara ta 1975 zuwa shekara ta 1980. Hakanan kuma wani ƙawali na kasuwanci da aka saki yana gudana sama da mintuna darida shabiyar 115 (Hashr Ke Roz Yeh Poochhunga na Aziz Mian Qawwal )Mawakiyar qawwali Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan tana da aƙalla waƙoƙi biyu waɗanda suka fi mintuna sitting 60 tsayi.
Qawwalis suna fara farawa a hankali kuma suna ginawa akai -akai har zuwa matakin kuzari mai ƙarfi don haifar da jayayya a tsakanin mawaƙa da cikin masu sauraro. Kusan duk Qawwalis sun dogara ne akan Raga daga al'adar kiɗan gargajiya na Hindustani. Ana shirya wakoki kamar haka:
Salon wakar qawwali ya sha bamban da salon wakokin Yamma ta hanyoyi da dama. Misali, a cikin kalmomin da suka fara da "m", mawaƙan Yammacin Turai sun dace don ƙarfafa wasalin da ke bin "m" maimakon "m" da kanta, alhali a cikin qawwali, galibi ana yin "m", yana haifar da sautin murya. . Hakanan a cikin qawwali, babu banbanci tsakanin abin da aka sani da muryar kirji da muryar kai (wurare daban -daban da sautin zai yi tasiri dangane da mitar da aka rera). Maimakon haka, qawwals suna rera waƙa da ƙarfi da ƙarfi, wanda ke ba su damar faɗaɗa muryar kirjin su zuwa madaidaicin madaidaici fiye da waɗanda ake amfani da su a waƙar Yammacin Turai, duk da cewa wannan yawanci yana haifar da hayaniya ko matsin lamba fiye da yadda za a yarda da shi a Yamma.
Islamabad ashekara ta 1988.