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((More citations needed|date=February 2010))
((Expand German|Kunststein))
[[File:Betonsteinwerk 02 Hildastrasse Freiburg i. B.JPG|thumb|upright|German doorway in [[cast stone]]]]

'''Artificial stone''' is a name for various synthetic stone products produced from the 18th century onward. Uses include statuary, architectural details, fencing and rails, building construction, [[civil engineering]] work, and industrial applications such as [[grindstone]]s.

== History ==
[[File:Lion on south bank 01.jpg|thumb|The [[South Bank Lion]] in [[Coade stone]], at the south end of [[Westminster Bridge]], London]]
One of the earliest examples of artificial stone was [[Coade stone]] (originally called ''Lithodipyra''), a [[ceramic]] created by [[Eleanor Coade]] (1733–1821), and produced from 1769 to 1833. Later, in 1844, [[Frederick Ransome]] created a Patent Siliceous Stone, which comprised sand and powdered flint in an alkaline solution.<ref>((cite journal|last=Robertson|first=J. C.|authorlink=Joseph Clinton Robertson|year=1845|title=Specifications of Recent English Patents|journal=The Mechanics' Magazine|publisher=James Bounsall|location=London|volume=42|pages=441))</ref> By heating it in an enclosed high-temperature [[steam boiler]] the siliceous particles were bound together and could be moulded or worked into filtering slabs, vases, tombstones, decorative architectural work, emery wheels and grindstones.

This was followed by Victoria stone, which comprises three parts finely-crushed [[Mountsorrel]] ([[Leicestershire]]) [[granite]] to one of [[Portland cement]], mechanically mixed and cast in moulds. When set the moulds are loosened and the blocks placed in a solution of [[sodium silicate#Concrete and general masonry treatment|silicate of soda]] for about two weeks to indurate and harden them.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jsDBAAAQBAJ&q=%22victoria+stone%22|title=The Construction of Roads, Paths and Sea Defences|first=Frank|last=Latham|date=21 August 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108072090|via=Google Books))</ref> Many manufacturers turned out a very non-porous product able to resist corrosive [[sea air]] and industrial and residential air pollution.<ref name=EB1911>((EB1911 |inline=1 |wstitle=Stone |volume=25 |pages=958–960 |first=James |last=Bartlett))</ref>

[[File:Artificial Stone Vulcanite Paving Co placard.jpg|thumb|A plaque set in the concrete of a sidewalk on Columbia Avenue in [[Cape May]], [[New Jersey]], USA. It reads "Artificial Stone Vulcanite Paving Co, Office 1902 Green St, Philada" [Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA]. It probably dates to the late 19th or early 20th centuries. (The concrete that currently surrounds it is not the original sidewalk.)]]
Most later types of artificial stone have consisted of fine-aggregate [[cement]] [[concrete]] placed to set in wooden or iron moulds.<ref name=EB1911 /> It could be made more cheaply and more uniform than natural stone, and was widely used. In engineering projects, it had the advantage that transporting the bulk materials and casting them near the place of use was cheaper than transporting very large pieces of stone.

Modern [[cast stone]] is an architectural concrete building unit manufactured to simulate natural cut stone, used in unit masonry applications. Cast stone is a masonry product, used as an architectural feature, trim, ornament or facing for buildings or other structures. Cast stone can be made from white and/or grey cements, manufactured or natural sands, carefully selected [[crushed stone]] or well graded natural gravels and mineral coloring pigments to achieve the desired colour and appearance while maintaining durable physical properties which exceed most natural cut building stones. Cast stone is an excellent replacement for natural cut [[limestone]], [[brownstone]], [[sandstone]], [[bluestone]], [[granite]], [[slate]], [[coral]] rock, [[travertine]] and other natural building stones.

== Engineered stone ==
((Main|Engineered stone))
Engineered stone is the latest development of artificial stone.  A mix of [[marble]] or [[quartz]] powder, resin, and pigment is cast using vacuum oscillation to form blocks. Slabs are then produced by cutting, grinding, and polishing. Some factories have developed a special, low-viscosity, high-strength polyester resin to improve hardness, strength, and gloss and to reduce water absorption.

Engineered marbles are most commonly used as flooring for large commercial projects, but unlike [[terazzo]] are not cast on site. Engineered quartz is widely used in the developed world for counter tops, window sills, and floor and wall coverings.

The vast majority of engineered stone companies are located in [[Greater China]], [[India]], and its birthplace in [[Italy]].((citation needed|date=September 2019))  One form invented in the early 1980s is [[Bretonstone]].

== See also ==
* [[Types of concrete]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

== Bibliography ==
((Commons category))
* George Ripley, ed., ''The American Cyclopædia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge'', 1873 ''s.v.'' 'concrete'

((Stonemasonry))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Artificial stone| ]]
[[Category:Building materials]]
[[Category:Building stone]]
[[Category:Pavements]]

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