You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 3.236.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 06:21, 30 September 2026.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 05:35, 21 February 2024
- Expiry of block: 05:35, 21 February 2029
Your current IP address is 3.236.201.96. The blocked range is 3.236.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((short description|Masonry structural division))
((About|a structure built by humans|a geological formation in Australia|Stone Wall (disambiguation)((!))Stonewall|other possible meanings|Stonewall (disambiguation)))
((More citations needed|date=July 2007))
[[File:Stone wall, Co Cork.jpg|thumb|Stone wall, Ireland]]
[[Image:City wall close.jpg|right|thumb|City wall in [[Worms, Germany]]]]
[[Image:Royal Military College of Canada fence.jpg|right|thumb|Limestone wall at [[Royal Military College of Canada]]]]
[[Image:Belgorod ua.jpg|right|thumb|Defensive stone wall and [[moat]] in Fortress of Akkerman in [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi]], [[Ukraine]]]]
[[Image:Kumamoto_Castle_02n3200.jpg|thumb|Stone wall of [[Kumamoto Castle]]]]
'''Stone walls''' are a kind of [[masonry]] construction that has been used for thousands of years.  The first stone walls were constructed by farmers and primitive people by piling loose field stones into a [[dry stone wall]]. Later, [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]] and [[plaster]] were used, especially in the construction of [[city wall]]s, [[castle]]s, and other [[fortification]]s before and during the [[Middle Ages]]. These stone walls are spread throughout the world in different forms. One of the best example is the [[Cyclopean masonry|Cyclopean Wall]] in Rajgir, India.<ref>((Cite news|url=http://travelnewsindia.com/cyclopean-wall-rajgir/|title=The Cyclopean Wall Rajgir|date=2017-03-07|work=Travel News India|access-date=2017-03-09|language=en-US))</ref>

==Materials==
Stone walls are usually made of local materials varying from [[limestone]] and [[flint]] to [[granite]] and [[sandstone]]. However, the quality of building stone varies greatly, both in its endurance to [[weathering]], resistance to [[water]] penetration and in its ability to be worked into regular shapes before construction. Worked stone is usually known as [[ashlar]], and is often used for corners in stone buildings. [[Granite]] is very resistant to weathering, while some limestones are very weak. Other limestones, such as [[Portland stone]], are more weather-resistant.

==Dimensions==
Large structures are typically constructed with thick walls, such as those found in castles and cathedrals, which can reach up to 12 feet in thickness. These walls generally consist of a layered stone exterior and [[rubble]] infill.

==Examples==
* The Great Wall of China, China. A grandiose 5,000 km long structure - 4,000 km across mountains, prairie and desert.
* Hadrian's Wall, Great Britain. When in 117 AD the Picts who inhabited Scotland defeated the famous XI Spanish legion, Emperor Hadrian decided to fence off his malevolent neighbours. This is how Hadrian's Wall (122-126) and then Antoninus' Wall (142-144) were first erected. The dimensions of both structures are impressive - 120 and 63 km respectively. Built of peat and stone, they are not as well preserved as many other buildings of the era.
* Aurelian's Wall, Rome, Italy.<ref>((Cite encyclopedia|title=Aurelian Wall|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aurelian-Wall|accessdate=2022-10-10|encyclopedia=britannica.com))</ref> With this wall, Emperor Aurelian wanted to protect the city from invading barbarians. He was in a great hurry and the monumental structure, 19 km in circumference, 8 m high and 3.4 m thick, was built in only 5 years (271-275).
* Avila, Spain. The 12 m high and 3 m thick stone walls, 9 gates and 88 towers represent a well-preserved medieval fortress. It was built between the 11th and 14th centuries on the site of Arab and Roman fortifications.
* Essaouira, Morocco. An 18th century international design: with the help of European engineers and architects, Sultan Mohammed III Ben Abdallah created a "beautifully designed fortress", which is how the name Es-Saouira translates.
* Greater Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. The ancient and largest sub-Saharan African city, it was built from the 11th to the 14th century and at its peak it was inhabited by some 18,000 people.
* The ramparts of Old Quebec, Canada. Europeans established their first settlement here in 1535 - it was called "canada" (in the language of the natives, "village", "settlement"). The city of Quebec came later, in 1608, but today its fortress walls are the oldest in North America.<ref>((Cite web|title=The Definitive Guide to the Quebec City Fortification Wall: The Historic Ramparts of Quebec City|url=https://justinpluslauren.com/fortification-wall-of-quebec-city/|accessdate=2022-10-10|work=justinpluslauren.com|date=13 April 2020 ))</ref>
* Sacsayhuaman, Cusco, Peru. The ancient city of Cusco resembles a puma (the sacred animal of the ruling dynasty) in outline and the six-metre high fortress walls are its "teeth".
* Castillo San Felipe de Barajas, Cartagena, Colombia. One of Colombia's Seven Wonders, the 16th century fortress is known for its walls, thick at the base and tapering at the top.

==See also==
*((annotated link|Dry-stone wall))
*((annotated link|Defensive wall))
*((annotated link|Earth structure))
*((annotated link|Fieldstone))
*((annotated link|NIST stone test wall))
*((annotated link|Stonemasonry))

==References==
((Reflist))

((commons category|Stone walls))
((Stonemasonry))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Stone Wall))
[[Category:Types of wall]]
[[Category:Stonemasonry]]
[[Category:Stone buildings]]
[[Category:Fortification (architectural elements)]]
[[Category:Masonry]]
[[Category:Natural materials]]


((Garden-stub))
((Architecturalelement-stub))

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Defensive wall (edit)
Dry-stone wall (edit)
Dry stone (edit)
Earth structure (edit)
Fieldstone (edit)
NIST stone test wall (edit)
Stone wall (edit)
Stonemasonry (edit)
Template:About (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Annotated link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Architecturalelement-stub (edit)
Template:Asbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Asbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite encyclopedia (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Commons category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Garden-stub (edit)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Replace (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Stonemasonry (edit)
Module:About (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Annotated link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Asbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Buffer (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:GetShortDescription (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Stone wall.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_wall"