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((Short description|Annual publication containing astronomical information, especially about the Solar System))
((More citations needed|date=November 2023))
((italic title))
The '''''Astronomical Almanac'''''<ref name=AsA>The ''Astronomical Almanac'' for the Year 2024, © Crown Copyright 2023, ISSN 0737-6421 ((ISBN|978-0-7077-46357)).</ref> is an [[almanac]] published by the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office; it also includes data supplied by many scientists from around the world. On page vii, the listed major contributors to its various Sections are: H.M Nautical Almanac Office, United Kingdom Hydrographic Office; the Nautical Almanac Office, United States Naval Observatory; the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology; the IAU Standards Of Fundamental Astronomy (SOFA) initiative; the Institut de Mécanique Céleste et des Calcul des Éphémerides, Paris Observatory; and the Minor Planet Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts.  It is considered a worldwide resource for fundamental astronomical data, often being the first publication to incorporate new [[International Astronomical Union]] resolutions. The almanac largely contains [[Solar System]] [[ephemerides]] based on the JPL Solar System integration "DE440" (created June 2020), and [[astronomical catalog|catalogs]] of selected stellar and extragalactic objects.  The material appears in sections, each section addressing a specific astronomical category. The book also includes references to the material, explanations, and examples. It used to be available up to one year in advance of its date, however the current 2024 edition became available only one month in advance; in December 2023.

The ''Astronomical Almanac Online'' was a companion to the printed volume.  It was designed to broaden the scope of the publication, not duplicate the data.  In addition to ancillary information, the ''Astronomical Almanac Online'' extended the printed version by providing data best presented in machine-readable form.
The 2024 printed edition of the Almanac states on page iv: "The web companion to ''The Astronomical Almanac'' has been withdrawn as of January 2023." 

== Publication contents ==

;Section A: PHENOMENA: includes information on the seasons, phases of the Moon, configurations of the planets, eclipses, transits of Mercury or Venus, sunrise/set, moonrise/set times, and times for twilight. Preprints of many of these data appear in ''Astronomical Phenomena'',<ref name="APh">''Astronomical Phenomena for the Year 2016'' (United States Naval Observatory/Nautical Almanac Office and Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office, 2014)</ref> another joint publication by USNO and HMNAO.

;Section B: TIME-SCALES AND COORDINATE SYSTEMS: contains calendar information, relationships between time scales, universal and sidereal times, Earth rotation angle, definitions of the various celestial coordinate systems, frame bias, precession, nutation, obliquity, intermediate system, the position and velocity of the Earth, and coordinates of Polaris. Preprints of many of these data also appear in ''Astronomical Phenomena''.<ref name="APh" />

;Section C: SUN; covers detailed positional information on the Sun, including the ecliptic and equatorial coordinates, physical ephemerides, geocentric rectangular coordinates, times of transit, and the equation of time.

;Section D: MOON: contains detailed positional information on the Moon including phases, mean elements of the orbit and rotation, lengths of mean months, ecliptic and equatorial coordinates, librations, and physical ephemerides.

;Section E: PLANETS: consist of detailed positional information on each of the major planets including osculating orbital elements, heliocentric ecliptic and geocentric equatorial coordinates, and physical ephemerides.

;Section F: NATURAL SATELLITES; covers positional information on the satellites of Mars, Jupiter, Saturn (including the rings), Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.

;Section G: DWARF PLANETS AND SMALL SOLAR SYSTEM BODIES: includes positional and physical data on selected dwarf planets, positional information on bright minor planets and periodic comets.

;Section H: STARS AND STELLAR SYSTEMS: contains mean places for bright stars, double stars, UBVRI standards, ubvy and H beta standards, spectrophotometric standards, radial velocity standards, variable stars, exoplanet and host stars, bright galaxies, open clusters, globular clusters, ICRF2 radio source positions, radio flux calibrators, x-ray sources, quasars, pulsars, and gamma ray sources.

;Section J: OBSERVATORIES: was a worldwide index of observatory names, locations, MPC codes, and instrumentation in alphabetical order and by country. This section has now been removed as stated in the printed 2024 edition on page J1: "We are presently reserving Section J for possible new contents in future editions of ''The Astronomical Almanac''." An explanation is given on page iv: "Section J: Observatories:  This section has been removed as it is significantly out-of-date and it is not clear that a static listing of Observatories is a useful service any longer."   

;Section K: TABLES AND DATA: includes Julian dates, selected astronomical constants, relations between time scales, coordinates of the celestial pole, reduction of terrestrial coordinates, interpolations methods, vectors and matrices.

;Section L: NOTES AND REFERENCES: gives notes on the data and references for source material found in the almanac.

;Section M: GLOSSARY: contains terms and definitions for many of the words and phrases, with emphasis on positional astronomy.

==Publication history==
The ''Astronomical Almanac'' is the direct descendant of the British and American [[Nautical almanac|navigational almanacs]]. The British ''Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris'' had been published since 1766, and was renamed ''The Astronomical Ephemeris'' in 1960. ''The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac'' had been published since 1852. In 1981 the British and American publications were combined under the title ''The Astronomical Almanac''."<ref>"[http://aa.usno.navy.mil/publications/docs/asa_history.php History of the Astronomical Almanac] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305231056/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/publications/docs/asa_history.php |date=2009-03-05 ))." United States Naval Observatory.</ref>

==Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac==

The '''''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac''''', currently in its third edition (2013), provides detailed discussion of usage and data reduction methods used by the ''Astronomical Almanac''.<ref name=ESAA2013>S.E. Urban and P. Kenneth Seidelmann (eds), ''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac: Third Edition'' (Mill Valley [CA]: University Science Books, 2013), ((ISBN|978-1-891389-85-6)) – [http://www.uscibooks.com/urban.htm list of errata] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417111400/http://www.uscibooks.com/urban.htm |date=2021-04-17 )).</ref> It covers its history, significance, sources, methods of computation, and use of the data. Because the ''Astronomical Almanac'' prints primarily positional data, this book goes into great detail on techniques to get astronomical positions. Earlier editions of the supplement were published in 1961<ref name=ESAE1961>[https://archive.org/details/astronomicalalmanac1961 ''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris and the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac''] (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1961).</ref> and in 1992.<ref name=ESAA1992>P. Kenneth Seidelmann (ed.), [https://archive.org/details/131123ExplanatorySupplementAstronomicalAlmanac ''Explanatory Supplement to the ''Astronomical Almanac'': A Revision to the Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris and the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac''] (Mill Valley [CA]: University Science Books, 1992) – [http://www.uscibooks.com/seid.htm list of errata] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309150322/http://www.uscibooks.com/seid.htm |date=2021-03-09 )).</ref>

== See also ==

* ''[[American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac]]'' (specific title)
* [[Astronomical Ephemeris]] (generic article)
* [[Almanac]] (generic article)
* [[Nautical almanac]] (generic article)
* ''[[The Nautical Almanac]]'' (familiar name for a specific series of (official British) publications which appeared under a variety of different full titles for the period 1767 to 1959, as well as being a specific official title (jointly UK/US-published) for 1960 onwards)
* [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris]] (used by the ''Astronomical Almanac'')

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
* [https://aa.usno.navy.mil/publications/asa ''The Astronomical Almanac'' (official publication at U.S. Naval Observatory website)]
* [http://asa.hmnao.com/ ''The Astronomical Almanac Online'' (official publication online at Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office website)] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111194311/http://asa.hmnao.com/ |date=2022-11-11 (all of its links are now dead) ))
((Authority control))
[[Category:United States Naval Observatory]]
[[Category:Astronomical almanacs]]
[[Category:Astronomical catalogues]]

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