You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.201.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 23:54, 31 July 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:55, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:55, 18 April 2025
Your current IP address is 44.201.28.123. The blocked range is 44.201.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((refimprove|date=October 2022))
Domestic violence perpetrated by male athletes upon their intimate partners or family members is one of the most common off-field crimes that affects sports administration.((cn|date=October 2022)) Efforts are undertaken by sporting leagues, governments, and viewers to address domestic violence incidents committed by athletes that come to the sporting public's attention. There have been instances of the [[NFL]], [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA), [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA), and the sport of [[boxing]] employing and promoting athletes who have committed domestic violence, which presented a dilemma when their offending became public knowledge.((cn|date=October 2022))  Most prominent have been instances of domestic violence that are reported as being perpetrated by members of the NFL, due largely to the immense popularity of the sport in the [[United States]] and the role models the sport's participants are expected to be.((cn|date=October 2022)) 

==Background==
[[Domestic violence]] among athletes specifically occurs off the field and is most often perpetrated by collegiate and professional athletes.((cn|date=October 2022)) Women are most often the victims during these perpetrations of violence.((cn|date=October 2022)) [[American football]], a high contact sport, is played and watched by millions of Americans, and is at the center of the discussion surrounding domestic violence and major athletes.((cn|date=October 2022)) Scholars have worked on this phenomenon considering many variables when attempting to correlate the nature of athletes to domestic violence.((cn|date=October 2022)) Scholars (discussed below) have suggested that the violent behavior inherent in the football environment can be a potential accelerator or stimulator of domestic violence.((cn|date=October 2022)) Major sports franchises are increasingly criticized for their lack of action in regard to domestic violence.((cn|date=October 2022))

==American football==

"Domestic abuse among professional athletes is not a new problem, but it became a nationally recognized issue when [[Baltimore Ravens]] football player [[Ray Rice]] assaulted his then-fiancee, now wife, [in 2014] and was only suspended from two [[NFL]] games."<ref name=BoxingHolter /> The incident took place in an elevator in a hotel, in which Rice knocked out his fiancée. The video was released by [[TMZ]]. Prior to the incident, the NFL’s conduct policy stated that players would be disciplined for domestic abuse offense, but gave no specifics, so the league was left scrambling to come up with an appropriate punishment for Rice.<ref name=BoxingHolter /> After receiving a great deal of criticism for the light suspension, NFL commissioner [[Roger Goodell]] created new rules for players who abuse a partner, saying the first offense would lead to a six-game suspension without pay and a second offense would lead to being kicked out of the league for at least a year.<ref name=BoxingHolter />

The criminal behavior of football players has been studied more than that of other players in other sports. Because of the sport's intrinsically violent nature, one might suppose that football players are particularly prone to off-the-field violence. One of the NFL's biggest problems off the field is domestic violence, according to Jon Shuppe from [[NBC News]], over the last 14 years there have been 87 arrests involving 80 football players.<ref>((cite news|last1=Schuppe|first1=Jon|title=Still Playing: 12 NFL Players Have Domestic Violence Arrests|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/nfl-controversy/still-playing-12-nfl-players-have-domestic-violence-arrests-n204831|access-date=22 April 2015|work=NBC News|date=September 17, 2014))</ref> A survey of 252 nationally-reported criminal cases in one year that involved athletes found that about 14% (49) of the athletes involved were professional football players. This compared to about 7% (25) professional [[baseball]] players and about 6%  (twenty-one) of professional [[basketball]] and [[ice hockey]] players.<ref name="1-BlueCollar Crimes/WhiteCollar Criminals" /> While this does not draw any specific causation of the violence, the survey is at least suggestive that professional athletes who play other sports besides football also break the law in significant numbers, amounting to perhaps dozens of high-profile incidents each year.<ref name="1-BlueCollar Crimes/WhiteCollar Criminals">((cite journal|last1=O'Hear|first1=Michael|title=Blue-Collar Crimes/White-Collar Criminals: Sentencing Elite Athletes Who Commit Violent Crimes|journal=Marquette Sports LawReview|date=2001|volume=12|issue=1|page=429))</ref>

A contributing factor to domestic violence among football players may be that they are [[Desensitization (psychology)|desensitized]] to physical conduct because it is a part of what they do all the time.<ref name="2 - Abrams">((cite book|last1=Abrams|first1=Mitch|title=Anger Management in Sports|date=2010))</ref> Stanley Teitelbaum, a Ph.D Clinical Psychologist and author of ''Sports Heroes, Fallen Idols and Illusions and Disillusions'', agrees with the previous statement by Mitch Abrams, saying, "They're (elite football players) trained to be very aggressive and somewhat violent on the field, that's the nature of the game and that’s how they become important players. And sometimes it's difficult for athletes to turn that off when they go back to their regular lives."<ref name="3 - Teitelbaum">((cite book|last1=Teitelbaum|first1=Stanley|title=Athletes Who Indulge Their Dark Side|date=2009|publisher=Praeger))</ref> Some players are raised  in an environment where violence is used to resolve conflict. As one is raised in an environment that welcomes violence, their propensity to repeat what they've seen, or what has been done to them may increase.<ref name="3 - Teitelbaum" /> [[Adrian Peterson]] has said that he disciplined his son the way he was disciplined as a child, then went on to say that he will, "Never use a switch again" (in reference to accusations of disciplining his 4-year old with a whip.)<ref name="4 - usatodayonswitch">((cite news|last1=Pelissero|first1=Tom|title=A Dad First|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/vikings/2014/11/20/adrian-peterson-roger-goodell-child-abuse-switch-minnesota-vikings/70025476/|access-date=31 March 2015|agency=USAToday))</ref> In almost every case, the domestic violence involves male athletes who play violent sports physically abusing wives or girlfriends.<ref name="5 - Rwoods" /> In 2010, starting running back [[Steve Jackson (running back)|Steve Jackson]] of the [[St. Louis Rams]] was accused of beating up his girlfriend while she was nine months pregnant with his child.<ref name="5 - Rwoods" /> His former girlfriend, Supriya Harris, said that Jackson “forcibly grabbed my arm, flung me against the door and repeatedly pushed me to the ground.”<ref name="5 - Rwoods" /> Jackson took Harris to the hospital and told her to tell the doctors she had fallen in the shower. Ten days later, she delivered their child, but the couple separated four months later after he threatened her again.<ref name="5 - Rwoods" />

Yet it is not clear that athletes are any more involved in serious crime than the general population is. In a follow-up study, Blumstein and Benedict (1999) showed that 23% of the males in cities with a population of 250,000 or more are arrested for a serious crime at some point in their life. That compares with the 21.4% of NFL football players who had been arrested for something more serious than a minor crime as reported in Benedict’s earlier study (Benedict and Yaeger 1998). In fact, when Blumstein and Benedict compared NFL players with young men from similar racial backgrounds, they discovered that the arrest rates for NFL players were less than half that of the other group for crimes of domestic violence and nondomestic assaults.<ref name="5 - Rwoods" />

Woods brings attention to issue of [[male entitlement]], a topic that Benedict and Yaeger also shed light on. Some athletes develop a sense of entitlement as their fame grows. Whatever city they’re in, male athletes are surrounded by female groupies. The athletes often treat these women with disdain and yet are still tempted by their offers of sex. [[Wilt Chamberlain]], a former great NBA player, boasted in his autobiography that he had slept with over 20,000 women, which, if true, shows a definite degree of deviance.<ref name="5 - Rwoods" />

==NCAA==
A sensitive topic for many athletes is the apparent rise in violence against women among male athletes. Most men would be quick to say that they respect women and certainly don’t intend women harm. Here are some statistics from the National Coalition Against Violent Athletes on its website at ncava.org: A three-year study showed that while male student-athletes make up 3% of the population on college campuses, they account for 20% of sexual assaults and 35% of domestic assaults on college campuses.<ref name="5 - Rwoods">((cite book|last1=Woods|first1=Ronald|title=Social Issues in Sport|date=2011|isbn=9780736089821|pages=424))</ref> Athletes commit one in three college sexual assaults. The general population has a conviction rate of 80% for sexual assaults, while the rate for athletes is only 38%.<ref name="5 - Rwoods" /> These statistics were gathered from 107 cases of sexual assault reported at 30 Division I schools between 1991 and 1993.<ref name="6 - BenedictMcDonald">((cite journal|last1=Crosset|first1=T. W.|last2=Benedict|first2=J. R.|last3=McDonald|first3=M. A.|title=Male student-athletes reported for sexual assault: A survey of campus police departments and judicial affairs offices.|journal=Journal of Sport & Social Issues|date=1995|volume=19|issue=2|pages=126–140|doi=10.1177/019372395019002002|s2cid=146752259))</ref> Critics of this study say the sample size was relatively small and was not controlled for the use of alcohol, the use of tobacco, and the man’s attitude toward women.<ref name="7 - simmons">((cite journal|last1=Simmons|first1=K|title=Sex Crimes on Campus|journal=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|date=February 17, 2003))</ref> Those three factors are the main predictors of a male’s inclination toward gender violence. More recent studies have corroborated the study by Crosset and colleagues, and one researcher concluded that “a disproportionate number of campus gang rapes involve fraternities or athlete groups.”<ref name="7 - simmons" />

Due to the rising accounts of sexual assault on college campuses, the “It’s On Us” campaign was launched in 2014 by President Barack Obama. The campaigns goal is to raise awareness of sexual assault by inspiring people to realize that it is everyone’s responsibility to do something, no matter how big or small. Over 200 universities have partnered with the “It’s On Us” campaign along with sports organizations such as the N.C.A.A. According to an article from the New York Times <ref>[Tracy, M. (2015, April 4). College Teams Add Assault Prevention to the Basic Drills. New York Times, p. D1(L). Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA408139956&v=2.1&u=uiuc_uc&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=995314d1760c4f8469e83b5843a303ab]</ref> "The Big East Conference, which like the N.C.A.A. was a charter partner of ''It's on Us,'' had its lawyers brief the presidents of its 10 universities on developments in law and policy over the summer. At several universities, athletes produced public service announcements; DePaul enlisted the Chicago Police Department's Sexual Assault Task Force for athlete training, according to the conference."((cn|date=October 2022))

==National Basketball Association==
In wake of the September media craze regarding the NFL's domestic violence issue, NBA commissioner [[Adam Silver]] said that his league will "take a fresh look" at its domestic violence procedures in the wake of the NFL's rash of incidents. Underscoring to the NBA Players Association ways to further educate players and provide programs to them and their families. "We learn from other leagues' experiences," Silver said.<ref name="15 nba">((cite web|last1=Brian|first1=Mahoney|title=Silver: NBA will review domestic violence policies|url=http://www.vocativ.com/culture/sport/nfl-arrest-rates/|website=Nba|date=15 September 2014 |access-date=6 May 2015))</ref> "We're studying everything that's been happening in the NFL. We're working with our players' association. We've been talking for several weeks and we're going to take a fresh look at everything we do." The NFL and Commissioner [[Roger Goodell]] has been criticized for punishments that were too slow or lenient for [[Ray Rice]], [[Adrian Peterson]] and other players involved in issues of domestic violence brought to light in September 2014. Goodell aimed to implement new personal conduct policies by the Super Bowl. The NBA's [[collective bargaining agreement]] calls for a minimum 10-game suspension for a first offense of a player convicted of a violent felony, however nothing regarding misdemeanor domestic violence charges. Silver says that the NBA has in place, the appropriate mechanisms for discipline, but also acknowledged that it is his wish to continually revise and revisit the policy if need be.<ref name="15 nba" /> Silver also mentioned that "most importantly, it's education, and it's not just the players, but it's the players' families. That's what we're learning, too. We have to take these programs directly to the players' spouses, directly to their partners so that they're aware of places they can go to express concerns, whether they're anonymous hotlines, team executives, league executives. And we're consulting experts. There's a lot to be learned here. It's a societal problem; it's not one that's unique to sports."<ref name="15 nba" /> This proactive approach by Silver is surely helping the issue, but it does not diminish the fact that from 2010 to present, the NFL had an average arrest rate (for a population of 100,000) of approximately 2,466, followed by the NBA’s 2,157. Comparatively, professional baseball and ice hockey players clocked average arrest rates of 553 and 175, respectively, over the same period.<ref name="14 - vocative">((cite web|last1=Tracy|first1=Abigail|title=NFL, NBA Lead Arrest Rates Across Pro Sports|url=http://www.vocativ.com/culture/sport/nfl-arrest-rates/|website=Vocative|date=15 September 2014 |access-date=6 May 2015))</ref>

==Boxing==
Neither the World Boxing Federation or the Nevada Athletics Commission have rules forbidding boxers to commit domestic violence or sexual assault.<ref name=BoxingHolter>((cite web|last1=Holter|first1=Lauren|title=Boxing's Disturbing History With Domestic Violence Is Thrust Into The Spotlight By Floyd Mayweather Jr.'s Fight|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/80408-boxings-disturbing-history-with-domestic-violence-is-thrust-into-the-spotlight-by-floyd-mayweather-jrs-fight|website=Bustle|access-date=6 May 2015))</ref> [[Floyd Mayweather Jr.]], the world's highest-paid athlete<ref name="12 - Grantland">((cite web|last1=Thomas|first1=Louisa|title=The Boxer and the Batterer|url=http://grantland.com/features/floyd-mayweather-pacquiao-domestic-violence-allegations/|website=Grantland|access-date=6 May 2015))</ref> is arguably the face of the sport. Mayweather had been charged with domestic violence on more than one occasion, but rarely are they spoken of. Recently during the [[Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Manny Pacquiao]] fight [[ESPN]] and HBO’s [[Michelle Beadle]] and [[CNN]] reporter [[Rachel Nichols (journalist)|Rachel Nichols]], both of whom have covered Mayweather’s history of domestic violence, tweeted that Mayweather’s camp had “banned” them from the [[MGM Grand Arena]], preventing them from covering there for the respective media outlets.<ref name="12 - Grantland" /> The first documented claim of domestic violence occurred in 2001. After Mayweather and Melissa Brim, the mother of his daughter Ayanna, got into an argument over child support, according to court documents, Mayweather swung open a car door that slammed her in the head, then he punched her three times in the face, leaving bruises. 
<ref name="12 - Grantland" /> In 2003, Mayweather was at a nightclub at the [[Luxor Las Vegas|Luxor]] in [[Las Vegas]] when he spotted two friends of Josie Harris, who was the mother of three of his children. According to the testimony, Mayweather hit them both announced after following them outside the club, then. Outside, he allegedly picked up and shook a female security guard; police issued him a citation.<ref name="12 - Grantland" /> A month after beating [[Arturo Gatti]] Mayweather went to trial on a felony battery charge. The previous year, Josie Harris had angrily confronted Mayweather about another woman. In response, Harris told police, he repeatedly punched her, kicked her, and dragged her by her hair, cutting her face. “My babies’ father just beat me up,” she said when she called 911.<ref name="12 - Grantland" /> According to Lauren Holters article, Mayweather then, in 2010 got into another argument with Josie Harris, in which he punched her on the top of and in the back of the head. He allegedly kicked her, pulled her hair, and tried to break her left arm. “I’m going to get someone to pour acid on you,” he also said, according to the police report. Zion, their 9-year-old son, gave police a voluntary statement about what he saw: “He was punching her and kicking her. He was punching her in the head and he was stomping on her sholder [sic].” When Harris yelled for the children to call the police, Mayweather threatened them with violence if they did, and a friend who had come with him blocked the way, according to police. But Zion’s brother Koraun escaped, “jumped the fence,” and made his way to the main security gate, where he told the guard to call the police and an ambulance. A doctor’s examination of Harris afterward showed bruises and a concussion.<ref name="12 - Grantland" /> Floyd Mayweather, who just made roughly 180 million dollars from the [[Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Manny Pacquiao]], his domestic abuse charges however, remain a quieter issue in comparison to his money or his 48-0, undefeated record.<ref name="13 abc">((cite web|last1=Dahlberg|first1=Tim|title=Mayweather Wins Decision in Richest Fight Ever|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/mayweather-wins-decision-richest-fight-30765218|website=Abc|access-date=6 May 2015))</ref>

==Socio-Economics==
The statistics do show that the NFL’s arrest rate for domestic violence is only half of the national average arrest rate. However, the socio-economic factor needs to be considered. While no arrest data broken down by income, BJS survey provided breakdowns for victimization rates. Benjamin Morris, the researcher and writer of FiveThirtyEight, found that the domestic violence victimization rate for people from households making $75,000 or more was 39% of the overall domestic violence victimization rate, and for women ages 20 to 34 it was less than 20%. Although it is impossible to compare directly to the relative NFL arrest rate with precision, at least it gives some benchmark to show that people with higher income levels generally tend to have lower rates of arrest for domestic violence.<ref>((cite web|last1=Morris|first1=Benjamin|title=More On The Rate Of Domestic Violence Arrests Among NFL Players|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/more-on-the-rate-of-domestic-violence-arrests-among-nfl-players/|website=FiveThirtyEight|date=2 October 2014 ))</ref> The rate of domestic violence among NFL players is higher than expected for their income level, which could suggest that these athletes are indeed more prone to domestic violence.<ref name="8 - Live Science">((cite web|last1=Rachel|first1=Rettner|title=Are Athletes Prone to Violence|url=http://www.livescience.com/47949-pro-athletes-domestic-violence.html|website=Live Science|date=23 September 2014 ))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Domestic violence]]
* [[Domestic violence in United States]]
* [[National Football League]]
* [[National Football League player conduct policy]]

==References==
((reflist))

[[Category:Domestic violence in the United States]]
[[Category:Sports scandals in the United States]]
[[Category:National Football League controversies]]
[[Category:National Basketball Association controversies]]
[[Category:Sexual assault in sports]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Athletes and domestic violence in the United States (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Cn (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Refimprove (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Athletes and domestic violence in the United States.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletes_and_domestic_violence_in_the_United_States"