Black Week
Part of Hawaiian Rebellions (1887–1895)

USRC Thomas Corwin, whose unexpected arrival caused the incident
DateDecember 14, 1893 – January 11, 1894
Location
Honolulu, Hawaii
21°18′25″N 157°51′30″W / 21.30694°N 157.85833°W / 21.30694; -157.85833
Result

United States political victory

Belligerents
 United States
 United Kingdom		 Hawaii Provisional Government of Hawaii
Commanders and leaders
United States Albert S. Willis
United States John Irwin		 Hawaii Sanford B. Dole
Strength

United States

United Kingdom

The Black Week was a crisis in Honolulu, Hawaii that nearly caused a war between the Hawaiian Provisional Government and the United States of America.[citation needed]

Background

In the wake of the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, President Grover Cleveland of the United States denounced the coup d'état and vowed to reverse the damage done, and to restore the Kingdom.[1][2] Following the Overthrow, Cleveland launched an investigation headed by James Blount (as then United States Minister to Hawaii), known as the Blount Report. After the investigation, the minister to Hawaii was replaced by Albert Willis, who began negotiations with the deposed monarch, Queen Liliʻuokalani, for a US led invasion to restore the monarchy. However, the negotiations fell through due to President Cleveland's unwillingness to use force against the Provisional Government.[3]

Crisis

Cruiser Naniwa

On December 14, 1893, Albert Willis arrived in Honolulu aboard the USRC Corwin unannounced, this caused anticipation of an American invasion to restore the monarchy.[citation needed] During this hysteria, Willis stimulated fears by staging a mock invasion with the USRC Corwin, USS Adams, and USS Philadelphia, directing their guns toward the capital.[4] Willis' goal was to maintain fear of the United States to pressure the Provisional Government into forfeiting the island back to the Queen and to maintain a US invasion as a possibility, whilst remaining officially neutral. Willis stated there were more than 1,000 men of military age in the city that the Provisional Government was arming. Willis ordered Rear Admiral John Irwin to organize a landing operation using troops on the two American ships. He made no attempt to conceal preparations of the operation,[5] as men readied equipment on deck. The next shipment of mail, news, and information was yet to arrive aboard the Alameda, so until then the public was uninformed of the relations between Hawaii and the U.S.[5] Sanford B. Dole, The President of the provisional government of Hawaii attempted to quell the anxiety by assuring the public there would be no invasion. On January 3, 1894 public anxiety became critical, giving the incident its name, the “Black Week”.[how?] As the anticipation of a conflict intensified in Honolulu, Irwin became concerned for American citizens and property in the city, considering he may actually have to land troops to protect them if violence erupted in retaliation for the crisis. The commanders of the Japanese cruiser Naniwa and the British cruiser HMS Champion asked to join the landing operation, in order to protect lives and property of their respective nationalities. On January 11, 1894, Willis revealed to Dole the invasion to be a hoax.[6][7]

An 1893 editorial cartoon with Willis, Queen Liliʻuokalani, and President Sanford B. Dole by the newspaper The Morning Call

Aftermath

Though Willis did not restore the monarchy, he was able to incite doubt in the Hawaiian public over the Provisional Government and communicate that the US was capable of going to war with them.[8] This was one of the factors resulting in the formation of a republic. To Cleveland this was an improvement; avoiding annexation left the potential to restore the monarchy and was more favorable in keeping Hawaii an independent country than as a territory of the United States. Shortly afterward, on 4 July 1894, the Provisional Government renamed itself by declaring the Republic of Hawaii.[9]

References

  1. ^ "Grover Cleveland: Defender of Hawaiian Independence". Columbian College of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  2. ^ Sai, Keanu. "The U.S. Occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom". nea.org. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  3. ^ "Americans overthrow Hawaiian monarchy". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  4. ^ Daley, Jason. "Five Things To Know About Liliʻuokalani, the Last Queen of Hawaiʻi". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  5. ^ a b Report Committee Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Accompanying Testimony, Executive Documents transmitted Congress January 1, 1893, March 10, 1891, p 2044
  6. ^ Report Committee Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Accompanying Testimony, Executive Documents transmitted Congress January 1, 1893, March 10, 1891, p 2144
  7. ^ History of later years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the revolution of 1893 By William De Witt Alexander, p 103
  8. ^ Report Committee Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Accompanying Testimony, Executive Documents transmitted Congress January 1, 1893, March 10, 1891, p 1793
  9. ^ Rowland, Donald (September 1935). "The Establishment of the Republic of Hawaii, 1893-1894". Pacific Historical Review. 4 (3): 201–220. doi:10.2307/3633128. ISSN 0030-8684. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
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