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((Short description|Differences in pronunciation between to English standard dialects))
((more citations needed|date=December 2011))
((American and British English differences))
((IPA notice))
One aspect of the [[Comparison of American and British English|differences between American and British English]] is that of specific word pronunciations, as described in [[American and British English pronunciation differences]]. However, there are also differences in some of the basic pronunciation patterns between the [[standard dialect]]s of each country. The standard varieties for each are in fact generalizations: for the U.S., a loosely defined spectrum of [[markedness|unmarked]] varieties called [[General American]] (abbreviated "GA") and, for Britain, a collection of prestigious varieties most common in southeastern England, ranging from upper- to middle-class [[Received Pronunciation]] accents (often classified along a continuum with local [[Estuary English]]),<ref>Moreno Falcón, Manuel. (2016). ''[https://www.academia.edu/26733189/Received_Pronunciation_Estuary_English_and_Cockney_a_study_focused_on_l-vocalisation_th-fronting_and_t-glottaling Received Pronunciation, Estuary English and Cockney]'': a study focused on l-vocalisation, th-fronting and t-glottaling. 10.13140/RG.2.1.2286.7444.</ref> which together here are abbreviated "RP". However, other regional accents in each country also show differences, for which see [[regional accents of English speakers]].

Received Pronunciation has been the subject of many academic studies,<ref name=British-Library>((cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/ |title=Learning: Language & Literature: Sounds Familiar?: Case studies: Received Pronunciation |publisher=[[British Library]] |access-date=25 December 2011 |archive-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722181432/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/ |url-status=dead ))</ref> and is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners.((sfnp|Fowler|1996))((page needed|date=June 2018)) The widely repeated claim that only about two percent of Britons speak RP<ref name=British-Library/> is no more than a rough estimate and has been questioned by several writers, most notably by the phonetician [[Jack Windsor Lewis]].((sfnp|Windsor Lewis|2013))

==Phonological differences==
* [[Rhoticity in English|Rhoticity]] &ndash; GA is rhotic while RP is [[Rhoticity in English|non-rhotic]]; that is, the phoneme ((IPA|/r/)) is only pronounced in RP when it is immediately followed by a vowel sound.((sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=178, 304)) Where GA pronounces ((IPA|/r/)) before a consonant and at the end of an utterance, RP either has no consonant (if the preceding vowel is ((IPA|/ɔː/)), ((IPA|/ɜ:/)) or ((IPA|/ɑː/)), as in ''bore'', ''burr'' and ''bar'') or has a [[schwa]] instead (the resulting sequences being [[centring diphthong|diphthong]]s or [[triphthong]]s). This leads to several RP [[Rhoticity in English#Mergers characteristic of non-rhotic accents|mergers characteristic of non-rhotic accents]], whereas GA maintains these distinctions. Similarly, where GA has [[r-colored vowel]]s (((IPA|/ər/)) or ((IPA|/ɜr/)), as in "cupb''oar''d" or "b''ir''d"), RP has plain vowels ((IPA|/ə/)) or ((IPA|/ɜː/)). The "[[intrusive R]]" of many RP speakers (in such sequences as "the idea-r-of it") is absent in GA; this is a consequence of the rhotic/non-rhotic distinction.
* The [[Trap-bath split|trap–bath split]] has resulted in RP having the back unrounded open vowel ((IPA|/ɑː/)) in many words where GA has a front open unrounded vowel ((IPA|/æ/)); this RP vowel occurs typically (but not always) when followed by:
**((IPA|/nt/)), ((IPA|/ntʃ/)), ((IPA|/ns/)), ((IPA|/s/)), ((IPA|/f/)), or ((IPA|/θ/)) (e.g. ''aunt, branch, chance, pass, laugh, path'').((sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=304–305))
*((IPA|/æ/)) is usually [[/æ/ raising|tensed]] before ((IPA|/m/)), ((IPA|/n/)), and sometimes ((IPA|/ŋ/)) in GA; in other words, ''rap'' is ((IPA|[ɹæp])) but ''ram'' is ((IPA|[ɹɛəm])).<ref>Boberg, Charles (Spring 2001). "Phonological Status of Western New England". ''American Speech'', Volume 76, Number 1. pp. 3-29 (Article). Duke University Press. p. 11: "The vowel /æ/ is generally tensed and raised [...] only before nasals, a raising environment for most speakers of North American English".</ref>
*Several foreign names and loanwords spelled with ((angbr|a)) use ((IPA|/æ/)) in RP but ((IPA|/ɑː/)) in GA, such as ''kebab'', ''pasta'', ''macho'', and ''taco''.((sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=305)) In a small number of words, these phonemes are exactly reversed in the two dialects, such as ''banana'', ''khaki'', and ''Pakistan''.
* RP has three [[open vowel|open]] [[back vowel|back]] vowels, where GA has only two or even one. GA speakers use ((IPA|/ɑ/)) for both the RP ((IPA|/ɒ/)) (''spot'') and ((IPA|/ɑː/)) (''spa''): the [[Phonological history of the low back vowels#Father–bother merger|father–bother merger]].
** Nearly half of American speakers additionally use the same vowel for the RP ((IPA|/ɔː/)) (the [[cot–caught merger]]).
* While the ''[[Phonological history of the low back vowels#Lot–cloth split|lot–cloth split]]'' is no longer found in  RP, it is found in those GA speakers who do not have the cot–caught merger (which otherwise neutralizes this split). This results in ((IPA|/ɔ/)) in some words which now have ((IPA|/ɒ/)) in RP, particularly before voiceless fricatives and sometimes before ((IPA|/ɡ/)) (where it is always ((IPA|/ɒ/)) in RP, both older and contemporary). This is reflected in the "[[eye dialect]]" spelling "dawg" for ''dog''.
* [[English-language vowel changes before historic /r/#Historic "short o" before intervocalic R|"Long ''o''" and "short ''o''" before intervocalic /r/]] have merged in American English. Thus "moral" and "oral" rhyme in GA (((IPA|/ˈ(m)ɔrəl/))), while in RP they do not rhyme, being pronounced ((IPA|/ˈmɒrəl/)) and ((IPA|/ˈɔːrəl/)), respectively.
* RP has a marked degree of contrast of length between "short" and "long" vowels (the long vowels being the diphthongs plus ((IPA|/iː/)), ((IPA|/uː/)), ((IPA|/ɜː/)), ((IPA|/ɔː/)), and ((IPA|/ɑː/))). In GA this contrast is somewhat less evident and [[phonemic contrast|non-phonemic]], so the IPA length symbol (((IPA|ː))) is often omitted.
* The "long ''o''" (as in ''boat'') is realised differently: GA back first element ((IPA|[oʊ])); RP central first element ((IPA|[əʊ])). However, there is considerable variation in this vowel on both sides of the Atlantic.
* The distinction between unstressed ((IPA|/ɪ/)) and ((IPA|/ə/)) is [[Phonological history of the high front vowels#Weak-vowel merger|lost]] in GA, while in RP it is retained. Thus in RP, ''edition'' ((IPA|/ɪˈdɪʃən/)) and ''addition'' ((IPA|/əˈdɪʃən/)) are not homophones.
* Where GA has ((IPA|/i/)) in an unstressed syllable at the end of a [[morpheme]], [[Received Pronunciation#Historical variation|conservative RP]] has ((IPA|/ɪ/)), not having undergone [[Phonological history of English high front vowels#Happy-tensing|''happy''-tensing]]. For many RP speakers, the vowel does tense word-finally, but this distinction is still retained in inflected forms (e.g. ''candied'' and ''candid'' are [[homophone]]s in RP, but not in GA).
* In GA, [[flapping]] is common: when either a ((IPA|/t/)) or a ((IPA|/d/)) occurs between a [[sonorant]] phoneme and an [[unstressed vowel]] phoneme, it is realized as an [[alveolar flap|alveolar-flap]] [[allophone]] ((IPA|[ɾ])). This sounds like a ((IPA|/d/)) to RP speakers. ((IPA|[ɾ])) is an allophone of ((IPA|/r/)) in conservative RP. The degree of flapping varies considerably among speakers, and is often reduced in more formal settings. It does occur to an extent in nearly all speakers of American English, with ''better'' pronounced with a flap almost ubiquitously regardless of background. Pronouncing the t would be considered overly formal. This does not mean it always completely merges with ''bedder'', as ((IPA|/ɛ/)) in the latter can be somewhat longer than in ''better''.
* [[English consonant-cluster reductions#''Yod''-dropping|''Yod''-dropping]] occurs in GA at the onset of stressed syllables after all [[alveolar consonant]]s, including ((IPA|/t/, /d/, /θ/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/));((sfnp|Wells|1982|p=206–207)) i.e. historic ((IPA|/juː/)) (from spellings ''u'', ''ue'', ''eu'', ''ew''), is pronounced ((IPA|/u/)). In contrast, RP speakers:
** always retain ((IPA|/j/)) after ((IPA|/n/)): e.g. ''new'' is RP ((IPA|/njuː/)), GA ((IPA|/nu/));
** retain or [[English consonant-cluster reductions#''Yod''-coalescence|coalesce]] it after ((IPA|/t/, /d/)): e.g. ''due'' is RP ((IPA|/djuː/)) or ((IPA|/dʒuː/)), GA ((IPA|/du/));
** retain or drop it after ((IPA|/θ/, /l/)): e.g. ''allude'' is RP ((IPA|/əˈljuːd/)) or (as GA) ((IPA|/əˈlud/));
** retain, coalesce in stressed or unstressed syllables, or drop it after ((IPA|/s/, /z/)): e.g. ''assume'' is RP ((IPA|/əˈsjuːm/)), or (as GA) ((IPA|/əˈsum/)).
* RP speakers also drop the ''yod'' especially in ''coupon'' and ''Pulitzer'' as ((IPA|/ˈkuːpɒn/)) and ((IPA|/ˈpʊlɪtsə/)) respectively, but many GA speakers retain it, becoming ((IPA|/ˈkjuːpɒn/)) and ((IPA|/ˈpjuːlɪtsər/)), although ''Pulitzer'' with the ''yod'' is widely incorrect.<ref>((cite web | url=http://allthingsd.com/20111106/a-nation-divided-on-how-to-say-the-word-coupon/ |title=A Nation Divided on How to Say the Word "Coupon" |publisher=Dow Jones & Company Inc. |date=6 November 2011 |website=All Things D |author=Duryee, Tricia))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/faq#q24|title=FAQ|work=The Pulitzer Prizes|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|quote=24. How is 'Pulitzer' pronounced? The correct pronunciation is 'PULL it sir.'))</ref>
*[[English consonant-cluster reductions#''Yod''-coalescence|''Yod''-coalescence]] occur in both GA and RP in unstressed syllables or after a stressed vowel. RP however more often retains the [[yod (linguistics)|yod]], especially in carefully enunciated forms of words. For example, ''issue'' is RP ((IPA|/ˈɪsjuː/)) or (as GA) ((IPA|/ˈɪʃu/)), ''graduate'' may be carefully enunciated in RP as ((IPA|/ˈɡradjʊeɪt/)), but ''nature'' is always coalesced ((IPA|/ˈneɪtʃə(r)/|)).((sfnp|Wells|1997)) In both GA and RP, however, the sounds of word-final ((IPA|/d/)), ((IPA|/s/)), ((IPA|/t/)), and ((IPA|/z/)) (spelled either ''s'' or ''z'') can coalesce with the sound of word-initial ((IPA|/j/)) (spelled ''u'' or ''y'') across word boundaries in casual or rapid speech, becoming ((IPA|/dʒ/)), ((IPA|/ʃ/)), ((IPA|/tʃ/)), and ((IPA|/ʒ/)) respectively, thus ''this year'' (((IPA|/ˈðɪʃɪə(r)/))) can sound like ''thi(s) shear/sheer''. This is also found in other English accents.
* For some GA speakers from any U.S. region whose accents are derived from, or similar to, those that originate especially in [[California English|California]], other [[Western American English|Western states]], and even Midwestern areas, including the [[North-Central American English|Upper Midwest]], the unstressed I in ''-ing'' (((IPA|/ɪŋ/))) is tensed (i.e., raised) and the G is dropped, so that ''-ing'' is enunciated to sound like ''ean'' (as in ''mean''), ''een'', or ''ene'' (as in ''scene''; ((IPA|[in]))),((sfn|Metcalf|2000|p=143|ps=: "Another pronunciation even more widely heard among older teens and adults in California and throughout the West is 'een' for -''ing'', as in 'I'm think-een of go-een camp-een.((' "))))((sfn|Hunter|Johnson|2009|p=92|ps=: "Regional Accents" – "A distinguishing characteristic of the Upper Midwestern accent is the tendency to turn the 'ing' sound into 'een,' with a cheerful 'Good morneen!((' ")))) thus ''coding'' is similar to ''codeine'' (((IPA|/ˈkoʊdin/))), akin to how "in" is typically pronounced by speakers from [[Australian English|Australia]], where the target for ((IPA|/ɪ/)) is closer to cardinal ((IPA|[i])),<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.mq.edu.au/about/about-the-university/our-faculties/medicine-and-health-sciences/departments-and-centres/department-of-linguistics/our-research/phonetics-and-phonology/speech/phonetics-and-phonology/australian-english-monophthongs |title=Australian English monophthongs |author1=Robert Mannell |author2=Felicity Cox |publisher=Macquarie University))</ref> or [[Romance languages]]-speaking countries like [[Franglais|France]] and [[Spanglish|Spain]], whether as a standalone word or a syllable, but shorter than the long vowel of ''bean'' or the traditional RP pronunciation of ''been'' (((IPA|[iːn]))). However, this pronunciation is considered incorrect, but it had already been widespread in American television as early as 1990 and was described in that year's ''Orlando Sentinel'' article as a "corruption of the language"<ref>((cite news |title=NOT EVEN NETWORK STARS PRONOUNCE WORDS CORRECTLY |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1990-11-07-9011070600-story.html |work=Orlando Sentinel |date=7 November 1990))</ref> so that it has been either unconventional or nonexistent in RP.
* For some RP speakers (upper class), unlike in GA, some or all of ''tyre (tire)'', ''tower'', and ''tar'' are homophones; this reflects the [[English-language vowel changes before historic r#aɪər–aʊər–ɑr merger|merger of the relevant vowels]].((sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=238–42, 286, 292–93, 339))
* The voiceless stops /t/, /p/, and /k/ have a stronger aspiration in RP.((cn|date=January 2021))
* Most General American accents, but not British ones, have undergone vowel mergers before /r/: the [[Mirror–nearer merger|''nearer''–''mirror'']] and [[English-language vowel changes before historic r#Hurry–furry merger|''hurry''–''furry'']] mergers, and some variation of the [[Mary–marry–merry merger|''Mary''–''marry''–''merry'']] merger, a total three-way merger being the most common throughout North America.((sfnp|Wells|1982|p=245))
* GA accents usually have some degree of [[weak vowel merger|merging weak vowels]].
* [[Disyllabic laxing]] is more common in American than in British English, with a short vowel in GA and a long vowel in RP in such words as ''era'', ''patent'' and ''lever''.((Cn|date=January 2021))
* [[Trisyllabic laxing]] however is somewhat less common in GA than in RP, for example in ''privacy'', ''vitamin'' and ''spherical''.((cn|date=January 2021))

==See also==
*[[Phonological history of the English language]]: [[Phonological history of the English language#After American–British split, up to the 20th century|After the American–British split, up to the 20th century (c. AD 1725–1900)]] and [[Phonological history of the English language#After 1900|After 1900]].
*[[American and British English pronunciation differences]]
*[[General American]]
*[[Received Pronunciation]]

==References==
((reflist))

==Bibliography==
*((cite book
|last1=Collins
|first1=Beverly
|last2=Mees
|first2=Inger M.
|year=2003
|title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch
|edition=5th
|publisher=Brill
|place=Leiden
|isbn=90-04-10340-6
))
*((cite book
|last=Fowler
|first=H.W.
|editor=R.W. Birchfield
|title=Fowler's Modern English Usage
|url=https://archive.org/details/newfowlersmodern00fowl
|url-access=registration
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|year=1996
|isbn=978-0-19-869126-6
))
*((cite web
|last1=Windsor Lewis
|first1=Jack
|title=A Notorious Estimate
|date=14 April 2013
|url=http://www.yek.me.uk/archive45.html#blog443
|website=JWL's Blogs
|access-date=17 January 2017
))
*((Accents of English))
*((cite book
|last1=Wells
|first1=John C.
|editor-last=Medina
|editor-first=Carmelo
|editor-last2=Soto
|editor-first2=Palomo
|title=Il Jornadas de Estudios Ingleses
|chapter=Whatever happened to Received Pronunciation?
|publisher=Universidad de Jaén
|year=1997
|pages=19–28
|chapter-url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/rphappened.htm
|access-date=28 January 2015
))
*((cite book 
|last1=Metcalf 
|first1=Allan 
|title=How We Talk: American Regional English Today 
|date=2000
|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
|chapter=The Far West and beyond
|isbn=0618043624 
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsMUCl5j8X4C&pg=PA143
))
*((cite book 
|last1=Hunter
|first1=Marsha 
|last2=Johnson
|first2=Brian K. 
|title=The Articulate Advocate: New Techniques of Persuasion for Trial Attorneys 
|date=2009
|publisher=Crown King Books
|chapter=Articulators and Articulation 
|isbn=9780979689505 
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OQDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92
))

[[Category:American and British English differences]]
[[Category:English phonology]]

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