You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 3.236.0.0/16 has been blocked by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 06:21, 30 September 2026. Your current IP address is 3.236.198.232.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
This IP address range has been globally blocked.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis.
The IP address or range 3.236.0.0/16 has been globally blocked by ‪Jon Kolbert‬ for the following reason(s):

Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected

This block will expire on 05:35, 21 February 2029. Your current IP address is 3.236.198.232.

Even while globally blocked, you will usually still be able to edit pages on Meta-Wiki.

If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

Other useful links: Global blocks · Help:I have been blocked

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|none))
[[File:BnF MS Gr510 folio 440 recto - detail - Constantine's Vision and the Battle of the Milvian Bridge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Constantine's vision and the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in a 9th-century Byzantine manuscript.]]
During the reign of the Roman emperor [[Constantine the Great]] (306–337&nbsp;AD), [[Christianity]] began to transition to the dominant religion of the [[Roman Empire]]. Historians remain uncertain about Constantine's reasons for favoring Christianity, and theologians and historians have often argued about which form of [[early Christianity]] he subscribed to. There is no consensus among scholars as to whether he adopted his mother [[Helena, mother of Constantine I|Helena]]'s Christianity in his youth, or, as claimed by [[Eusebius of Caesarea]], encouraged her to convert to the faith he had adopted. 

Constantine ruled the Roman Empire as sole emperor for much of his reign. Some scholars allege that his main objective was to gain unanimous approval and submission to his authority from all classes, and therefore he chose Christianity to conduct his political propaganda, believing that it was the most appropriate religion that could fit with the [[Roman imperial cult|imperial cult]]. Regardless, under the [[Constantinian dynasty]] Christianity expanded throughout the empire, launching the era of the [[state church of the Roman Empire]].<ref name="Doniger">[[Wendy Doniger]] (ed.), "Constantine I", in ''Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions'' ([[Encyclopædia Britannica]], 2006), p. 262.</ref> Whether Constantine sincerely [[converted to Christianity]] or remained loyal to [[paganism]] is a matter of debate among historians.<ref name="Lenski">Noel Lenski (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine'' ([[Cambridge University Press]], 2006), "Introduction". ((ISBN|978-0-521-81838-4)).</ref> His formal conversion in 312 is almost universally acknowledged among historians,<ref name="Doniger" /><ref name=":2">((Cite book|last=Jones|first=Arnold Hugh Martin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mo77FrgvtDkC|title=Constantine and the Conversion of Europe|publisher=University of Toronto Press (reprint 2003) [Macmillan: Teach Yourself History, 1948, Medieval Academy of America: Reprint for Teaching, 1978]|year=1978|isbn=978-0-8020-6369-4|edition=1962|pages=73|author-link=A. H. M. Jones|orig-year=1948))</ref> despite that it was claimed he was baptized only on his deathbed by the [[Arianism|Arian]] bishop [[Eusebius of Nicomedia]] in 337;<ref>Hans A. Pohlsander, ''The Emperor Constantine'' ([[Routledge]], NY 2004), pp. 82–84. ((ISBN|0-415-31938-2)); Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (''The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine''), p. 82.</ref><ref name="Gonzalez 1984 176">((Cite book |last=Gonzalez |first=Justo |title=The Story of Christianity |volume=1 |year=1984|publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=0-060-63315-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian01gonz/page/176 176]|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian01gonz/page/176))</ref><ref>((Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05623b.htm |title=Eusebius of Nicomedia|encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] |access-date=2018-12-18))</ref> the real reasons behind it remain unknown and are debated also.<ref name="Lenski" /><ref name=":2" /> According to Hans Pohlsander, professor emeritus of history at the [[State University of New York at Albany]], Constantine's conversion was a matter of realpolitik, meant to serve his political interest in keeping the empire united under his control:

((quote |text=The prevailing spirit of Constantine's government was one of conservatism. His conversion to and support of Christianity produced fewer innovations than one might have expected; indeed they served an entirely conservative end, the preservation and continuation of the Empire. |author=Hans Pohlsander |source=''The Emperor Constantine''<ref>Pohlsander, ''The Emperor Constantine'', pp. 78–79.</ref>))

Constantine's decision to cease the [[persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire]] was a turning point for early Christianity, sometimes referred to as the Triumph of the Church, the Peace of the Church or the [[Constantinian shift]]. In 313, Constantine and [[Licinius]] issued the [[Edict of Milan]] decriminalizing Christian worship. The emperor became a great patron of the Church and set a precedent for the position of the Christian emperor within the Church and raised the notions of [[orthodoxy]], [[Christendom]], [[Ecumenical council|ecumenical councils]], and the state church of the Roman Empire [[Edict of Thessalonica|declared by edict in 380]]. He is revered as a [[saint]] and [[Equal-to-apostles|isapostolos]] in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox Church]], and various [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] for his example as a Christian monarch.

==Before Constantine==
The first recorded official [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire|persecution of Christians on behalf of the Roman Empire]] was in AD&nbsp;64, when, as reported by the [[Roman historiography|Roman historian]] [[Tacitus]], Emperor [[Nero]] attempted to blame Christians for the [[Great Fire of Rome]]. According to Church tradition, it was during the reign of Nero that [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] were martyred in Rome. However, modern historians debate whether the Roman government [[Jewish Christian|distinguished between Christians and Jews]] prior to [[Nerva]]'s modification of the ''[[Fiscus Judaicus]]'' in 96, from which point practising Jews paid the tax and Christians did not.<ref>Wylen, Stephen M., ''The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction'', Paulist Press (1995), ((ISBN|0-8091-3610-4)), Pp 190-192.; [[James D. G. Dunn|Dunn, James D. G.]], ''Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, A.D. 70 to 135'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999), ((ISBN|0-8028-4498-7)), Pp 33-34.; Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J & Talbert, Richard John Alexander, ''The Romans: From Village to Empire'', Oxford University Press (2004), ((ISBN|0-19-511875-8)), p. 426.</ref>

Christians suffered from sporadic and localized [[Persecution of Christians|persecutions]] over a period of two and a half centuries. Their refusal to participate in the [[Roman imperial cult|imperial cult]] was considered an act of [[treason]] and was thus punishable by execution. The most widespread official persecution was carried out by [[Diocletian]] beginning in 303. During the [[Diocletianic Persecution|Great Persecution]], the emperor ordered Christian buildings and the homes of Christians torn down and their sacred books collected and burned. Christians were arrested, tortured, mutilated, burned, starved, and condemned to [[Gladiator|gladiatorial]] contests to amuse spectators.<ref>Bomgardner, D. L. ''The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre''. New York: Routledge, 2000. p. 142.</ref> The Great Persecution officially ended in April 311, when [[Galerius]], senior emperor of the [[Tetrarchy]], issued an [[edict of toleration]] which granted Christians the right to practice their religion, although it did not restore any property to them.<ref>Lactantius, [https://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/lactant/lactpers.html#XXXIV ''De Mortibus Persecutorum''] ("On the Deaths of the Persecutors") ch. 35–34.</ref> [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]], [[Caesar (title)|caesar]] in the Western Empire, and [[Licinius]], caesar in the East, also were signatories to the edict.<ref>Galerius, "Edict of Toleration", in Documents of the Christian Church, trans. and ed. Henry Bettenson (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), 21.</ref> It has been speculated that Galerius' reversal of his long-standing policy of Christian persecution has been attributable to one or both of these co-caesars.<ref>H. A. Drake, Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 149.</ref>

==Constantine's conversion==
It is possible that Constantine's mother, [[Helena, mother of Constantine I|Helena]], exposed him to Christianity. In any case, he only declared himself a Christian after issuing the [[Edict of Milan]].<ref>
((cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Peter |author-link1=Peter Brown (historian) |title=The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200–1000 |edition=10th Anniversary Revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7jM2FwvLxcC |series=Making of Empire |date=18 December 2012 |volume=3 |publisher=Wiley |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-118-33884-1 |access-date=2012-08-08 |quote=Constantine was not a young convert. He was over 40 and an experienced politician when he finally declared himself a Christian. He had had time to take the measure of the new religion and the difficulties which emperors had experienced in suppressing it. He decided that Christianity was a religion fit for a new empire.))
</ref><ref>Peter Brown, ''The Rise of Christendom'' 2nd edition (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2003) p. 61.
</ref> Writing to Christians, Constantine made clear that he believed that he owed his successes to the protection of the High God alone.<ref name="Peter Brown 2003 p. 60">Peter Brown, ''The Rise of Christendom'' 2nd edition (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2003) p. 60.</ref>

=== Vision of Apollo ===
[[File:Constantin 1er multiple d'or 39,79 g.jpg|thumb|[[Jugate]] gold multiple issued by Constantine at [[Ticinum]] in 313, showing the emperor and the god [[Sol (Roman mythology)|Sol]], with Sol also depicted in his ''[[quadriga]]'' on Constantine's shield.<ref>((Cite book |last=Holloway |first=R. Ross |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MjdI8JewmlAC&pg=RA1-PA14 |title=Constantine & Rome |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-300-10043-3 |pages=14 |language=en))</ref>]]
[[File:Follis-Constantine-lyons RIC VI 309.jpg|thumb|''[[Follis]]'' issued by Constantine at [[Lugdunum]] ((circa|309–310)), with Sol holding a globe and wearing a [[radiant crown]]. Constantine is described as ((Lang-la|SOLI INVICTO COMITI|lit=Companion of ''Sol Invictus''|label=none))]]
In 310 a [[panegyric]], preserved in the ''[[Panegyrici Latini]]'' collection and delivered at [[Trier]] for the joint occasion of the city's birthday and Constantine's [[wikt:quinquennalia|quinquennalia]], recounted a vision apparently seen by the emperor while journeying between [[Marseille]] and Trier.<ref name=":0">((Cite book |last1=Bardill |first1=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUK5cQW2EUwC |title=Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age |last2=Bardill |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-521-76423-0 |pages=159–170))</ref> The panegyricist recounts that the god [[Apollo]] appeared to Constantine in company with [[Victoria (mythology)|Victoria]] and together presented him with three wreaths representing thirty years of power.<ref name=":0" /> This vision was perhaps in a dream experienced by the emperor while practising [[Incubation (ritual)|incubation]] at the shrine of [[Grannus|Apollo Grannus]] in [[Grand, Vosges]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Eusebius]] was aware of this vision, or reports of it, and refers in his own ''Panegyric of Constantine'' of 336 to "tricennial crowns"<ref>Eusebius, ''In Praise of Constantine'', 6.1</ref> bestowed by the hand of [[God in Christianity]] on Constantine, "augmenting the sway of his kingdom by long years".<ref>Eusebius, ''In Praise of Constantine'', 10.7</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Battle of Milvian Bridge ===
((Main|Battle of the Milvian Bridge))

Eusebius of Caesarea and other Christian sources record that Constantine experienced a dramatic series of events sometime between his father [[Constantius Chlorus]]'s death in 306 and the [[Battle of the Milvian Bridge]] on 28 October 312.<ref name=":0" /> The battle secured Constantine's claim to the title of ''[[Augustus (title)|augustus]]'' in the West, which he had assumed unilaterally when his father died.<ref name=":0" /> According to the Eusebius' ''Life of Constantine'', Constantine saw a [[Vision (spirituality)|vision]] of "a cross-shaped trophy formed from light" above the sun at midday.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Constantine's conversion.jpg|right|thumb|''The Emblem of Christ Appearing to Constantine'', as imagined by [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]] (1622). Constantine's army sees a ''chi-rho'' in the daytime sky.]]((Quote|text=About the time of the midday sun, when the day was just turning, he said he saw with his own eyes up in the sky and resting over the sun, a cross-shaped trophy formed from light, and a text attached to it which said, "By this conquer." (((lang-grc|τούτῳ νίκα|label=none))) Amazement at the spectacle seized both him and the whole company of soldiers which was then accompanying him on a campaign he was conducting somewhere, and witnessed the miracle.|author=Eusebius of Caesarea|title=''Vita Constantini''|source=1.28.2))

The Greek words ''((lang|grc|Ἐν Τούτῳ Νίκα))'' 'in this sign, conquer' are often rendered in Latin as ''[[in hoc signo vinces]]'' 'in this sign, you will conquer'.<ref name="Gerbending 2004 55">R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz, ''Medieval Worlds'' (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) p. 55.</ref> According to Eusebius, Constantine also had a dream that same night.<ref name=":0" /> In the dream,

((Quote|text=the Christ of God appeared to him with the sign which had appeared in the sky, and urged him to make himself a copy of the sign which had appeared in the sky, and to use this as a protection against the attacks of the enemy.|author=Eusebius of Caesarea|title=''Vita Constantini''|source=1.29))

Writing his ''Church History'' shortly after 313, Eusebius makes no mention of this story in that work and does not recount it until composing his posthumous biography of Constantine decades afterwards.<ref name=":0" /> ''Life of Constantine'' was written by Eusebius after Constantine had died, and Eusebius admitted that he had heard the story from Constantine long after it had happened. [[Lactantius]], writing 313–315 and around twenty years before Eusebius's ''Life'', also does not mention a vision in the sky.<ref name=":0" /> Instead, Lactantius mentions only that Constantine's dream took place on the eve of the climactic battle on the [[Ponte Milvio]] across the [[Tiber]], with the crucial detail that the "sign" was marked on the Constantinian soldiers' shields.<ref name=":0" /> According to Lactantius:
[[File:BnF MS Gr510 folio 440 recto - detail - Constantine's Dream.jpg|thumb|Constantine's dream in a 9th-century Byzantine manuscript]]
[[File:Konstantin mit Christogramm.jpeg|thumb|[[Medallion]] issued by Constantine at [[Ticinum]] in 315, with ''chi-rho'' on the emperor's [[Crest (heraldry)|crest]] and [[Romulus and Remus]] and the [[Lupa (mythology)|Lupa]] on his shield.]][[File:Anastasis Pio Christiano Inv31525.jpg|thumb|Late Roman sarcophagus with a combined cross and wreathed ''chi-rho''.]]((Quote|text=Constantine was advised in a dream to mark the heavenly sign of God on the shields of his soldiers and then engage in battle. He did as he was commanded and by means of a letter X turned sideways, with the top of its head bent around (''transversa X littera'', ''summo capite circumflexo''), he marked Christ on their shields (''Christum in scutis notat''). Armed with this sign, the army took up its weapons.|author=Lactantius|title=''[[De mortibus persecutorum|De Mortibus Persecutorum]]''|source=44.5–6))
[[File:As-Constantine-XR RIC vII 019.jpg|thumb|''[[Follis]]'' issued by Constantine at Constantinople in 337, with a ''chi''-''rho'' on a ''[[labarum]]''.]]
It is unclear from these sources what Constantine saw and what was marked on his army's shields.<ref name=":0" /> Eusebius's description of the daytime vision suggests a cross-shaped (either Τ or †) symbol, whereas Lactantius's description suggests a [[staurogram]] (⳨), although the ''crux ansata'' (☥) or the Egyptian [[ankh]] (𓋹) have been proposed as interpretations as well.<ref name=":0" /> All of these symbols were used by Christians in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Eusebius concurs with Lactantius that a new device was added to Constantine's soldiers' shields but does not connect this with the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, saying only that the "sign of the saving trophy" was marked, but not specifying when.<ref>Eusebius, ''Vita Constantini'', 4.21</ref><ref name=":0" /> Sometime after 317, Eusebius was permitted by Constantine, probably either in 325 or in 335, to see a standard that was made according to the emperor's dreamt instructions during the civil war.<ref name=":0" /> He described it as:

((Quote|text=A tall pole plated with gold had a transverse bar forming the shape of a cross. Up at the extreme top a wreath woven of precious stones and gold had been fastened. On it two letters, imitating by its first characters the name "Christ," formed the monogram of the Saviour's title, ''rho'' being intersected in the middle by ''chi'' ... From the transverse bar, which was bisected by the pole, hung suspended a cloth ... But the upright pole ... carried the golden head-and-shoulders portrait of the Godbeloved Emperor, and likewise of his sons.|author=Eusebius of Caesarea|title=''Vita Constantini''|source=1.31.1–2))

This later description of Eusebius's, written after 324, suggests a more elaborate symbol than does Lactantius's earlier text, involving the Greek letters ''[[rho]]'' (Ρ) and ''[[Chi (letter)|chi]]'' (Χ) [[Ligature (writing)|ligature]]<nowiki/>d as the [[Chi Rho|c''hi rho'']] (☧), a monogram of ((Lang-grc|χριστός|translit=khrīstós|lit=anointed|links=no)), referring to [[Jesus]].<ref name=":0" /> Possibly Eusebius's description refers to a ''chi''-''rho'' inside the loop of an ''ankh''.<ref>((Cite book |last1=Bardill |first1=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUK5cQW2EUwC |title=Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age |last2=Bardill |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76423-0 |pages=192–193))</ref>

Following the battle and the defeat and death of [[Maxentius]], Constantine became the undisputed emperor in the West and performed an ''[[Adventus (ceremony)|adventus]]'', a ceremonial entrance to the city.<ref name=":0" /> Arriving inside Rome's walls he ignored the altars to [[List of Roman deities|the gods]] prepared on the [[Capitoline Hill]] and did not carry out the customary sacrifices to celebrate a general's victorious entry into Rome, instead heading directly to the imperial palace.<ref name="Peter Brown 2003 p. 60" /> This is probably because the traditional [[Roman triumph]], concluding with the sacrifice to [[Capitoline Triad|Jupiter ''Optimus Maximus'']] at his temple on the Capitoline, was traditionally celebrated after victory over Rome's enemies, rather than after the conquest of the city by a claimant in a civil war.<ref name=":1">((Cite book |last1=Bardill |first1=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUK5cQW2EUwC |title=Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age |last2=Bardill |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76423-0 |pages=94–97))</ref> The [[Arch of Constantine]], for which numerous [[relief]]s from earlier monuments depicting prior emperors sacrificing to various gods were re-carved with the face of Constantine, does not have an image of Constantine sacrificing to Jupiter, although he is shown sacrificing to Apollo and to [[Hercules]].<ref name=":1" />

===Edict of Milan===
In 313 Constantine and Licinius announced "that it was proper that the Christians and all others should have liberty to follow that mode of religion which to each of them appeared best,"<ref>Lactantius, [https://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/lactant/lactpers.html#XLVIII ''De Mortibus Persecutorum''] ("On the Deaths of the Persecutors") ch. 48.</ref> thereby granting tolerance to all religions, including Christianity. The Edict of Milan went a step further than the earlier [[Edict of Serdica]] by Galerius in 311, returning confiscated Church property. This edict made the empire officially neutral with regard to religious worship; it neither made the traditional religions illegal nor made Christianity the [[state religion]], as occurred later with the [[Edict of Thessalonica]] of 380. The Edict of Milan did, however, raise the stock of Christianity within the empire and reaffirmed the importance of religious worship to the welfare of the state.<ref>Constantine and Licinius, "The 'Edict of Milan'", in Documents of the Christian Church, trans. and ed. Henry Bettenson (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), 22.</ref> Most influential people in the empire, especially high military officials, had not been converted to Christianity and still participated in [[traditional Roman religion]]; Constantine's rule exhibited at least a willingness to appease these factions. [[Roman currency|Coins]] minted up to eight years after the battle still bore the images of Roman gods.<ref name="Gerbending 2004 55" /> The monuments he first commissioned, such as the Arch of Constantine, contained no reference to Christianity.<ref name="Peter Brown 2003 p. 60" /><ref>J.R. Curran, ''Pagan City and Christian Capital. Rome in the Fourth Century'' (Oxford, 2000) pp. 70–90.</ref>

==Patronage of the Church==
((see also|State church of the Roman Empire))
[[File:Hagia Irene2.jpg|right|thumb|[[Hagia Eirene]] was the first church commissioned by Constantine in [[Constantinople]] and burned down in the [[Nika riots]]. The present structure is 6th century.]]

The accession of Constantine was a turning point for early Christianity. After his victory, Constantine took over the role of patron of the Christian faith. He supported the Church financially, had a number of [[Basilica|basilicas]] built, granted privileges (e.g., exemption from certain taxes) to clergy, promoted Christians to high-ranking offices, returned property confiscated during the Great Persecution of Diocletian,<ref>R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz, ''Medieval Worlds'' (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) pp. 55–56</ref> and endowed the church with land and other wealth.<ref name="MacMullan49">MacMullan 1984:49.</ref> Between 324 and 330, Constantine built a new city, [[New Rome]], at [[Byzantium]] on the [[Bosporus|Bosporos]], which would be named [[Constantinople]] for him. Unlike "old" Rome, the city began to employ overtly Christian architecture, contained churches within the city walls, and had no pre-existing temples from other religions.<ref>R. Gerberding and J. H. Moran Cruz, ''Medieval Worlds'' (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) p. 56</ref>

[[File:Church and Empire in the East under Constantine (Smith, 1915).jpg|thumb|Map of the Church and Empire in the East under Constantine (c. 330 AD).]]
In doing this, however, Constantine required those who had not converted to Christianity to pay for the new city.<ref name="MacMullan49">MacMullan 1984:49.</ref> Christian chroniclers tell that it appeared necessary to Constantine "to teach his subjects to give up their rites ... and to accustom them to despise their temples and the images contained therein,"<ref>quoted after MacMullan 1984:49.</ref> This led to the closure of temples because of a lack of support, their wealth flowing to the imperial treasure;<ref name="MacMullan50">MacMullan 1984:50.</ref> Constantine did not need to use force to implement this.<ref name="MacMullan49">MacMullan 1984:49.</ref> It was the chronicler [[Theophanes the Confessor|Theophanes]] who added centuries later that temples "were annihilated", but this was considered "not true" by contemporary historians.<ref>MacMullan 1984: 141, Note 35 to Chapter V; Theophanes, ''Chron.'' a. 322. pp. 108, 117</ref>

Constantine respected cultivated persons, and his court was composed of older, respected, and honored men. Men from leading Roman families who declined to convert to Christianity were denied positions of power yet still received appointments; even up to the end of his life, two-thirds of his top government were non-Christian.((citation needed|date=October 2016)) Constantine's laws enforced and reflected his Christian attitudes. [[Crucifixion]] was abolished for reasons of Christian piety but was replaced with [[hanging]], to demonstrate the preservation of Roman supremacy. On March 7, 321, Sunday, which was sacred to Christians as the day of Christ's resurrection and to the Roman Sun God [[Sol Invictus]], was declared an official day of rest. On that day markets were banned and public offices were closed,<ref>[[Corpus Juris Civilis]] 3.12.2 https://web.archive.org/web/20130727022718/http://www.freewebs.com/vitaphone1/history/justinianc.html accessed 20 April 2016</ref> except for the purpose of freeing slaves.<ref>Carson, Don A. From Sabbath to Lord's Day. Wipf & Stock Publishers/Zondervan. pp. 252–98. ((ISBN|978-1579103071)).</ref> There were, however, no restrictions on performing farming work on Sundays, which was the work of the great majority of the population.<ref>MacMullen 1969; ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'', 1908; ''Theodosian Code''.</ref>

Some laws made during his reign were even humane in the modern sense and supported tolerance, possibly inspired by his Christianity:<ref>Norwich, John Julius, ''A Short History of Byzantium''. Alfred A. Knopf, 1997, p. 8. ((ISBN|0-679-77269-3)).</ref> a prisoner was no longer to be kept in total darkness but must be given the outdoors and daylight; a condemned man was allowed to die in the arena, but he could not be branded on his "heavenly beautified" face, since God was supposed to have made man in his image, but only on the feet.<ref>Miles, Margaret Ruth, ''The Word Made Flesh: A History of Christian Thought''. Blackwell Publishing, 2004, p. 70, ((ISBN|1-4051-0846-0)).</ref> Publicly displayed gladiatorial games were ordered to be eliminated in 325.
[[File:Glittica romana, costantino e la tyche di costantinopoli, sardonice IV sec.JPG|thumb|4th-century [[sardonyx]] [[Cameo (carving)|cameo]] of Constantine crowned by the [[Tyche of Constantinople]]]]
[[File:Solidus multiple-Constantine-thessalonica RIC vII 163v.jpg|thumb|Gold 1½ [[Solidus (coin)|solidus]] multiple issued by Constantine at [[Thessaloniki]] in 327, with Constantine looking skywards

and an armoured emperor carrying spear and a ''[[tropaion]]'' with bound captives]]

===Early Christian Bibles===
((main article|Fifty Bibles of Constantine))
According to Eusebius, in 331 Constantine had commissioned him to deliver fifty volumes of scriptures for the churches of Constantinople, which were to be bound in leather and easily portable.<ref name=":02">((Cite book|last1=Bardill|first1=Jonathan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUK5cQW2EUwC|title=Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age|last2=Bardill|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-521-76423-0|pages=251–55|language=en))</ref> Only three or four churches are known certainly to have existed in Constantine's reign, but others appear to have been planned or established, for which the scriptures were commissioned.<ref name=":02" /> The volumes were likely [[Gospel Book|gospel books]] containing the Canonical [[Gospel|Gospels]] of the [[Four Evangelists]] rather than complete Bibles with the entire [[Biblical canon]], which were very rare in antiquity.<ref name=":02" />

[[Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius]] (''Apol. Const. 4'') recorded around 340 Alexandrian scribes preparing Bibles for [[Constans]]. Little else is known. It has been speculated that this may have provided motivation for [[Development of the Christian Biblical canon|canon lists]], and that [[Codex Vaticanus]] and [[Codex Sinaiticus]] are examples of these Bibles. Together with the [[Peshitta]] and [[Codex Alexandrinus]], these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles.<ref>''The Canon Debate'', McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, pp. 414–15, for the entire paragraph</ref>

=== Church construction ===
According to [[Socrates of Constantinople|Socrates Scholasticus]], Constantine commissioned the construction of the first Church of [[Hagia Irene]] in Constantinople, on the site now occupied by the [[Justinian I|Justinian]] church of the same name.<ref name=":02" /> It commemorated the peace won by Constantine and [[Crispus]]'s victory over Licinius and [[Licinius II]] at the Battle of Chrysopolis in 324; its name, the Church of the Holy Peace (((Lang-grc|Ἁγία Εἰρήνη|translit=Hagía Eirḗnē|lit=Holy Peace))) recalled the Altar of Peace (((Lang-la|[[Ara Pacis|ara pacis]]))) built by [[Augustus]], the first deified Roman emperor.<ref name=":02" /> Two other large churches were dedicated to Saint [[Mocius]] and to Saint [[Agathius|Acacius]]; both worthies had supposedly been martyred in Byzantium during the Diocletianic Persecution.<ref name=":02" /> The Church of St Mocius was supposed to have included parts of a former temple of Zeus or Hercules, though it is unlikely that such a temple existed on the site, which was without the walls of the Constantinian city as well as of erstwhile [[Severan dynasty|Severan]] Byzantium.<ref name=":02" /> According to Eusebius, Christian liturgies were also performed in Constantine's Mausoleum, the site of which became the [[Church of the Holy Apostles]]; although Eusebius does not mention any Byzantine church by name, he reports that Christian sites were numerous inside the city and around it.<ref name=":02" /> Later tradition ascribed to Constantine the foundations in Constantinople of the Church of [[Menas of Egypt|Saint Menas]], the Church of Saint [[Agathonicus]], the Church of [[Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael]] at nearby [[Anaplous]], and the Church of Hagios Dynamis (((Lang-grc|Άγιος Δύναμις|translit=Hagíos Dynamis|lit=Holy Power))).<ref name=":02" />

== Christian emperorship ==

=== Enforcement of doctrine ===

The reign of Constantine established a precedent for the position of the Christian emperor in the Church. Emperors considered themselves responsible to the gods for the spiritual health of their subjects, and after Constantine they had a duty to help the Church define and maintain orthodoxy.<ref>Richards, Jeffrey. ''The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752'' (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) pp. 14–15.</ref> The Church generally regarded the definition of doctrine as the responsibility of the [[bishop]]s; the emperor's role was to enforce doctrine, root out [[heresy]], and uphold ecclesiastical unity.<ref>Richards, Jeffrey. ''The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752'' (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) p. 15.</ref> The emperor ensured that God was properly worshiped in his empire; what proper worship (orthodoxy) and doctrines and dogma consisted of was for the Church to determine.<ref>Richards, Jeffrey. ''The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476–752'' (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979) p. 16.</ref>

Constantine had become a worshiper of the Christian God, but he found that there were many opinions on that worship and indeed on who and what that God was. In 316, Constantine was asked to adjudicate in a [[Africa (Roman province)|North African]] dispute of the [[Donatism|Donatist]] sect (who began by refusing obedience to any bishops who had yielded in any way to persecution, later regarding all bishops but their own sect as utterly contaminated). More significantly, in 325 he summoned the [[First Council of Nicaea]], effectively the first [[ecumenical council]] (unless the [[Council of Jerusalem]] is so classified).<ref>Pre-Ecumenical councils include the [[Council of Rome (155)]], [[Second Council of Rome]] 193, [[Council of Ephesus (193)]], [[Council of Carthage (251)]], [[Council of Iconium]] 258, [[Council of Antioch (264)]], [[Council of Elvira]] 306, [[Council of Carthage (311)]], [[Council of Ancyra]] 314, [[Council of Arles (314)]] and the [[Synod of Neo-Caesarea|Council of Neo-Caesarea]] 315.</ref> The Council of Nicaea is the first major attempt by Christians to define orthodoxy for the whole state. Until Nicaea, all previous Church councils had been local or regional synods affecting only portions of the Church.

Nicaea dealt primarily with the [[Arianism|Arian]] controversy. Constantine was torn between the Arian and [[Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers|Trinitarian]] camps. After the Nicene council, and against its conclusions, he eventually recalled [[Arius]] from exile and banished Athanasius of Alexandria to [[Trier]].

Just before his death in May 337, it is claimed that Constantine was baptised into Christianity. Up until this time he had been a [[catechumen]] for most of his adult life. He believed that if he waited to get baptized on his death bed he was in less danger of polluting his soul with sin and not getting to heaven.((ref needed|date=March 2024)) He was baptized by his distant relative Arian Bishop [[Eusebius of Nicomedia]] or by [[Pope Sylvester I]] which is maintained by the [[Catholic Church]], the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]], the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch|Antiochian Orthodox Church]], the [[Greek Orthodox Church]], the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]], upon by many other [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]], [[Church of the East|Nestorian Orthodox]], and [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox]] Churches.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/st-sylvester-pope-101|title = St. Sylvester, Pope))</ref><ref>((cite web| url=https://st-takla.org/books/en/church/synaxarium/05-topah/07-toba-silvester.html | title=The Departure of St. Silvester, Pope of Rome | website=St. Takla Haymanout Coptic Orthodox Website | access-date=24 June 2022 ))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.stgeorgeofboston.org/news/saints/archive/saints-2014/stsylvester|title = January 2014 – St. Sylvester, Pope of Rome))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://orthochristian.com/61927.html|title = V. Rev. Fr. Thaddaeus Hardenbrook. Emperor Constantine the Great (306–337). The Importance of His Faith in the History of the Church))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://journal.orthodoxtheologicalschool.org/Hardenbrook_Constantine.html|title = Emperor Constantine the Great (306–337): The Importance of His Faith in the History of the Church))</ref><ref>Velomirovic, Nikolai “St. Constantine, Equal to the Apostles” The Prologue of Ochrid. (Serbian Orthodox Church Diocese of Western America: May 21, 1999)</ref> During Eusebius of Nicomedia's time in the imperial court, the Eastern court and the major positions in the Eastern Church were held by Arians or Arian sympathizers.<ref name="drake-pp395">Drake, "Constantine and the Bishops", pp. 395.</ref> With the exception of a short period of eclipse, Eusebius enjoyed the complete confidence both of Constantine and [[Constantius II]] and was the tutor of Emperor [[Julian (emperor)|Julian the Apostate]].<ref>((CathEncy|wstitle=Eusebius of Nicomedia))</ref> After Constantine's death, his son and successor Constantius II was an Arian, as was Emperor [[Valens]].
[[File:Raphael Baptism Constantine.jpg|thumb|right|Raphael's ''[[The Baptism of Constantine]]''.]]

===Suppression of other religions===
((main article|Religious policies of Constantine the Great))
((see also|Christianization of the late Roman empire))
Constantine's position on the religions traditionally practiced in Rome evolved during his reign. In fact, his coinage and other official motifs, until 325, had affiliated him with the pagan cult of Sol Invictus. At first, Constantine encouraged the construction of new temples<ref name="Gerberding2004p28">Gerberding, R. and J. H. Moran Cruz, ''Medieval Worlds'' (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004) p. 28.</ref> and tolerated [[Religion in ancient Rome#Sacrifice|traditional sacrifices]];<ref name = "Peter Brown 2003 p. 60"/> by the end of his reign, he had begun to order the pillaging and tearing down of [[Roman temple]]s.<ref name="ramsey">R. MacMullen, "Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D. 100–400, Yale University Press, 1984, ((ISBN|0-300-03642-6))</ref><ref name="hughes">"A History of the Church", [[Philip Hughes (historian)|Philip Hughes]], Sheed & Ward, rev ed 1949, vol I chapter 6.[http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/HUGHHIST.TXT] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223191523/http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/HUGHHIST.TXT|date=2018-12-23))</ref><ref name="EusebiusSchaff">Eusebius Pamphilius and [[Philip Schaff|Schaff, Philip]] (Editor) and McGiffert, Rev. Arthur Cushman, Ph.D. (Translator) [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.txt ''NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine''] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417033355/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.txt |date=2018-04-17 )) quote: "he razed to their foundations those of them which had been the chief objects of superstitious reverence".</ref>

Beyond the ''[[Limes (Roman Empire)|limes]]'', east of the [[Euphrates]], the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] rulers, [[Roman–Persian Wars|perennially at war with Rome]], had usually [[Sasanian Church|tolerated Christianity]]. Constantine is said to have written to [[Shapur II]] in 324 and urged him to protect Christians under his rule.<ref>Eusebius, vita Constantini IV, 8–13</ref> With the establishment of Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire, Christians in Persia would be regarded as allies of Persia's ancient enemy. According to an anonymous Christian account, Shapur II wrote to his generals:<ref>((cite book | author=Moffett, Samuel H. | title=A History of Christianity in Asia: Beginnings to 1500 | year=1992 | page=140))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://gnosis.org/thomasbook/ch13.html|title=After Constantine|website=gnosis.org|access-date=2017-07-11))</ref>

((quote|You will arrest Simon, chief of the Christians. You will keep him until he signs this document and consents to collect for us a double tax and double tribute from the Christians … for we Gods<ref>In general, there is a "silence of the Perso-Arab and classical historians on any claim by Iranian kings to divinity". The Cambridge history of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian ...: Volume 1, p. xxxiii.</ref> have all the trials of war and they have nothing but repose and pleasure. They inhabit our territory and agree with Caesar, our enemy.|Shapur II|A History of Christianity in Asia: Beginnings to 1500))

==Constantinian shift==
[[Constantinian shift]] is a term used by some [[Christian theology|theologians]] and [[Ancient history|historians of antiquity]] to describe the political and theological aspects and outcomes of the [[Christianity in the 4th century|4th-century]] process of Constantine's integration of the imperial government with the Church that began with the First Council of Nicaea.<ref>((cite book|
title=A Peculiar People|publisher=InterVarsity Press|first=Rodney|last=Clapp|year=1996|page=23|quote=What might be called the Constantinian shift began around the year 200 and took more than two hundred years to grow and unfold to full bloom.))</ref> The term was popularized by the [[Mennonites|Mennonite]] theologian [[John Howard Yoder|John H. Yoder]].<ref>e.g. in ((cite book|title=The Future of Theology: Essays in Honor of Jurgen Moltmann|publisher = Eerdmanns|year=1996|editor=Miroslav Volf |editor2=Carmen Krieg |editor3=Thomas Kucharz |first = John H.|last = Yoder|chapter = Is There Such a Thing as Being Ready for Another Millennium?|page=65|quote=The most impressive transitory change underlying our common experience, one that some thought was a permanent lunge forward in salvation history, was the so-called Constantinian shift.))</ref> The claim that there ever was a Constantinian shift has been disputed; [[Peter Leithart]] argues that there was a "brief, ambiguous 'Constantinian moment' in the fourth century," but that there was "no permanent, epochal 'Constantinian shift'."<ref>[[Peter Leithart]], ''[[Defending Constantine: The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom]]'', p. 287.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Constantinianism]]
* [[Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great]]
* [[Christian pacifism]]
* [[Labarum]]
* [[List of rulers who converted to Christianity]]
* [[Philip the Arab and Christianity]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* [[Eusebius of Cesarea|Eusebius]], ''Life of Constantine'', Introduction, translation, and commentary by Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999.
* [[Ramsay MacMullen]], ''Christianizing The Roman Empire A.D. 100–400'', Yale University Press, 1984 ((ISBN|0-300-03642-6)),

==External links==
*[https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/edict-milan.asp The Full Text of the "Edict of Milan"]

((History of the Catholic Church))
((History of Christianity))
((Christianity footer))

((DEFAULTSORT:Constantine The Great And Christianity))
[[Category:Constantine the Great and Christianity| ]]
[[Category:4th-century Christianity]]
[[Category:Ancient Christian controversies]]
[[Category:Christianization]]
[[Category:Religious views by individual]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Constantine the Great and Christianity (edit)
Template:Blockquote (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Blockquote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:CathEncy (view source) (protected)
Template:Christianity footer (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Circa (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite Catholic Encyclopedia (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite encyclopedia (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite wikisource/make link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Comma separated entries (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:First word (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:History of Christianity (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:History of the Catholic Church (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:ISBN (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:If empty (view source) (protected)
Template:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang-grc (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang-la (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Longitem (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main article (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Quote (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ref needed (edit)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:See also (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Trim (view source) (protected)
Template:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno-yes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/aliases (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/c (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/v (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Constantine the Great and Christianity.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity"