A corrosion inhibitor or anti-corrosive is a chemical compound added to a liquid or gas to decrease the corrosion rate of a metal that comes into contact with the fluid.[1] The effectiveness of a corrosion inhibitor depends on fluid composition and dynamics. Corrosion inhibitors are common in industry, and also found in over-the-counter products, typically in spray form in combination with a lubricant and sometimes a penetrating oil. They may be added to water to prevent leaching of lead or copper from pipes.[2]

A common mechanism for inhibiting corrosion involves formation of a coating, often a passivation layer, which prevents access of the corrosive substance to the metal. Permanent treatments such as chrome plating are not generally considered inhibitors, however: corrosion inhibitors are additives to the fluids that surround the metal or related object.

Types

Benzotriazole inhibits corrosion of copper by forming an inert layer of this polymer on the metal's surface

The nature of the corrosive inhibitor depends on (i) the material being protected, which are most commonly metal objects, and (ii) on the corrosive agent(s) to be neutralized. The corrosive agents are generally oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is generally removed by reductive inhibitors such as amines and hydrazines:

O2 + N2H4 → 2 H2O + N2

In this example, hydrazine converts oxygen, a common corrosive agent, to water, which is generally benign. Related inhibitors of oxygen corrosion are hexamine, phenylenediamine, and dimethylethanolamine, and their derivatives. Antioxidants such as sulfite and ascorbic acid are sometimes used. Some corrosion inhibitors form a passivating coating on the surface by chemisorption. Benzotriazole is one such species used to protect copper. For lubrication, zinc dithiophosphates are common - they deposit sulfide on surfaces.

The suitability of any given chemical for a task in hand depends on many factors, including their operating temperature.[3]

Applications

Corrosion inhibitors are commonly added to:

Tap water

Corrosion of tap water pipes can be influenced by a number of factors such as the pH, buffering capacity, and hardness.[6] Methods of control include directly adjusting the pH, adding phosphates, silicates as an alternative corrosion inhibitor, or adding bicarbonates for buffer.[2]

Orthophosphates may be added in tap water treatment systems to prevent leaching of lead and copper from water pipes and reduce the ion content in tap water to safer, legal levels.[2] Polyphosphates can be used to control iron and manganese, which cause discoloration, but do not control lead and copper. The water industry commonly uses a blended-phosphates formulation to deal with both issues.[7] Phosphates convert any leached ions into a layer of scale that acts to separate the metal piping from the water.[8]

Phosphate-type inhibitors may cause eutrophication issues downstream or directly encourage algal growth in uncovered, treated water reservoirs. As a result, local water systems may elect to use alternative methods.[9]

In areas with widespread lead and copper piping systems, corrosion control using inhibitors and monitoring techniques is central to water safety. Figures such as the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) can be used to estimate the risk of corrosion at galvanic connections (i.e. desimilar pipe/solder connections, such as a lead-to-iron transition). The 2014 Flint water crisis was caused by a combination of source water change and a lack of corrosion control. The new, higher-CSMR water not only dissolved lead and iron from the pipes themselves, but also broke up previous layers of lead-containing rusty scale in pipes, allowing them to enter the water supply.[8]

Fuel additives

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ Hubert Gräfen, Elmar-Manfred Horn, Hartmut Schlecker, Helmut Schindler "Corrosion" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2002. doi:10.1002/14356007.b01_08
  2. ^ a b c "Optimal Corrosion Control Treatment Evaluation Technical Recommendations for Primacy Agencies and Public Water Systems" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2019.
  3. ^ Ma, I. A. Wonnie; Ammar, Sh.; Kumar, Sachin S. A.; Ramesh, K.; Ramesh, S. (2022-01-01). "A concise review on corrosion inhibitors: types, mechanisms and electrochemical evaluation studies". Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. 19 (1): 241–268. doi:10.1007/s11998-021-00547-0. ISSN 1935-3804. S2CID 244716439.
  4. ^ Octel-Starreon Refinery Fuel Additives Corrosion Inhibitors for hydrocarbon fuels - corrosion inhibitor and corrosion protection to fuel distribution system
  5. ^ M. Finšgarand and I. Milošev "Inhibition of copper corrosion by 1,2,3-benzotriazole: A review" Corrosion Science 2010, Volume 52, Pages 2737-2749 doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2010.05.002
  6. ^ "Drinking Water Pipe Systems | Engineering | Community Water Fluoridation | Division of Oral Health | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 5 November 2018.
  7. ^ "Why do water systems add phosphate to drinking water? What are the health effects of drinking water containing phosphates?". EPA.gov. 2 March 2023.
  8. ^ a b Pieper, Kelsey J.; Tang, Min; Edwards, Marc A. (21 February 2017). "Flint Water Crisis Caused By Interrupted Corrosion Control: Investigating "Ground Zero" Home". Environmental Science & Technology. 51 (4): 2007–2014. Bibcode:2017EnST...51.2007P. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b04034. PMID 28145123. S2CID 26186807.
  9. ^ The Cadmus Group, Inc. (July 22, 2004). "Investigation of Potential Environmental Impacts due to the use of Phosphate-based Corrosion Inhibitors in the District of Columbia" (PDF). archive.epa.gov.

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