You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.195.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 09:46, 11 January 2025.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:55, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:55, 18 January 2025
Your current IP address is 44.195.68.6. The blocked range is 44.195.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Multiple issues|
((Globalize|article|United Kingdom|2name=the United Kingdom|date=January 2019))
((Missing information|theories and application to [[evidence-based policing]]|date=January 2019))
))

'''Crime science''' is the study of [[crime]] in order to find ways to prevent it. It is distinguished from [[criminology]] in that it is focused on how crime is committed and how to reduce it, rather than on who committed it. It is multidisciplinary, notably recruiting scientific methodology rather than relying on social theory.<ref name="Wil09">((cite journal |last1=Willison |first1=Robert |last2=Siponen |first2=Mikko |title=Overcoming the insider: reducing employee computer crime through Situational Crime Prevention |journal=Communications of the ACM |date=1 September 2009 |volume=52 |issue=9 |pages=133–137 |doi=10.1145/1562164.1562198 |s2cid=2987733 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1562164.1562198 |access-date=21 January 2021 |issn=0001-0782 |quote= ... we discuss how recent criminological developments that focus on the criminal act, represent a departure from traditional criminology, which examines the causes of criminality. ... a number of criminologists have criticised their discipline for assuming that the task of explaining the causes of criminality is the same as explaining the criminal act. ... how people develop a criminal disposition is only half the equation. What is also required is an explanation of how crimes are perpetrated. Criminological approaches, which focus on the criminal act, would appear to offer more to ... practitioners than their dispositional counterparts. ...))</ref>

==Definition==
Crime science involves the application of scientific methodologies to prevent or reduce social disorder and find better ways to prevent, detect, and solve crimes.<ref name="Jun12">((cite journal |last1=Junger |first1=Marianne |last2=Laycock |first2=Gloria |last3=Hartel |first3=Pieter |last4=Ratcliffe |first4=Jerry |title=Crime science: editorial statement |journal=Crime Science |date=11 June 2012 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1186/2193-7680-1-1 |issn=2193-7680 |doi-access=free ))</ref><ref name="Har10">((cite journal |last1=Hartel |first1=Pieter H. |last2=Junger |first2=Marianne |last3=Wieringa |first3=Roelf J. |title=Cyber-crime Science = Crime Science + Information Security. |journal=CTIT Technical Report Series |date=October 2010 |issue=10–34 |url=https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/cyber-crime-science-crime-science-information-security |access-date=21 January 2021 |publisher=Centre for Telematics and Information Technology (CTIT) |location=Enschede. |issn=1381-3625))</ref>  Crime science studies crime related events and how those events arise, or can be prevented, by attempting to understand the temptations and opportunities which provoke or allow offending, and which affect someone's choice to offend on a particular occasion, rather than assuming the problem is simply about bad people versus good people.<ref name="Har10" /> It is a empirical approach often involving observational studies or quasi-experiments, as well as using randomised controlled trials, that seek to identify patterns of offending behaviour and factors that influence criminal offending behaviour and crime.<ref name="Har10" /><ref name="Cla97a">((cite book |author1-last=Clarke |author1-first=Ronald V. |editor1-last=Clarke |editor1-first=Ronald V. |title=Situational Crime Prevention Successful Case Studies |date=1997 |publisher=Harrow and Heston |location=Guilderland, New York |isbn=0-911577-38-6 |edition=2 |url=http://www.popcenter.org/library/reading/PDFs/scp2_intro.pdf |chapter=Part One: Introduction|access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626091520/http://www.popcenter.org/library/reading/PDFs/scp2_intro.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2010 ))</ref> The multi-disciplinary approach that involves practitioners from many fields including Policing, Geography, Urban Development, Mathematics, Statistics, Industrial Design, Construction Engineering, Physical Sciences, Medical Sciences, Economics, Computer Science, Psychology, Sociology, Criminology, Forensics, Law, and Public Management.<ref name="Har10" /><ref name="Gue09">((cite journal |last1=Guerette |first1=Rob T. |last2=Bowers |first2=Kate J. |title=Assessing the Extent of Crime Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits: A Review of Situational Crime Prevention Evaluations* |journal=Criminology |date=November 2009 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=1331–1368 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00177.x |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00177.x |access-date=21 January 2021 |language=en |issn=1745-9125 |quote=Abstract: Few criticisms of situational crime‐prevention (SCP) efforts are as frequent or prevalent as claims of displacement. Despite emerging evidence to the contrary, the prevailing sentiment seems to be that crime displacement is inevitable. This study examined 102 evaluations of situationally focused crime‐prevention projects in an effort to determine the extent to which crime displacement was observed. The results indicate that of the 102 studies that examined (or allowed for examination of) displacement and diffusion effects, there were 574 observations. Displacement was observed in 26 percent of those observations. The opposite of displacement, diffusion of benefit, was observed in 27 percent of the observations. Moreover, the analysis of 13 studies, which allowed for assessment of overall outcomes of the prevention project while taking into account spatial displacement and diffusion effects, revealed that when spatial displacement did occur, it tended to be less than the treatment effect, suggesting that the intervention was still beneficial. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.))</ref><ref name"Cox08">((cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Karen |title=The application of crime science to the prevention of medication errors |journal=British Journal of Nursing |date=1 July 2008 |volume=17 |issue=14 |pages=924–927 |doi=10.12968/bjon.2008.17.14.30662 |pmid=18935846 |url=https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/bjon.2008.17.14.30662 |access-date=21 January 2021 |issn=0966-0461 |quote= ... now accepted that human error in healthcare is inevitable ... a punitive response does not facilitate patient safety ... system approach acknowledges that adverse events ... rarely have a single explanation and advocates the review of systemic factors ... Rational choice theory has much in common with the system approach but the emphasis is on understanding the decision making process of those who make errors ... in conjunction with the system approach to ... learn from ... adverse events. ... explore the relationship between rational choice theory and the system approach to error management ... ))</ref>

==History==
Crime science was conceived by the British broadcaster [[Nick Ross]] in the late 1990s (with encouragement from the then Commissioner of the [[Metropolitan Police]], Sir John Stevens and Professor Ken Pease) out of concern that traditional criminology and orthodox political discourse were doing little to influence the ebb and flow of crime (e.g. Ross: Police Foundation Lecture, London, 11 July 2000 (jointly with Sir John Stevens); [[Parliamentary and Scientific Committee]], 22 March 2001; Barlow Lecture, UCL, 6 April 2005).<ref name="Wil09" /><ref name="Til07">((cite book |last1=Tilley |first1=Nick |last2=Laycock |first2=Gloria |editor1-last=Farrell |editor1-first=Graham |editor2-last=Bowers |editor2-first=Kate J. |editor3-last=Johnson |editor3-first=Shane D. |editor4-last=Townsley |editor4-first=Mike |title=Imagination for crime prevention : essays in honour of Ken Pease |date=2007 |publisher=Criminal Justice Press |location=Monsey, New York |isbn=978-1-881798-71-2 |url=https://www.rienner.com/title/Imagination_for_Crime_Prevention_Essays_in_Honour_of_Ken_Pease |chapter=From Crime Prevention to Crime Science|access-date=22 January 2021 |format=Hardcover, Paperback |quote=This paper offers a first history of crime science, a term originally coined by Nick Ross to reflect his concerns at what he saw as the failure of the criminal justice system to respond effectively to crime and the potential of a more scientific approach to its control. We begin by describing more fully what is distinctive about the methods and aspirations of crime science. We then move on to discuss streams of existing research that have provided the main foundations of and rationale for the new discipline. Having looked to its past, we then turn to the developing agenda for crime science. Here we lay out the promising areas that are likely, we think, to prove fruitful in coming years.))</ref><ref name="Pea10">((cite book |last1=Pease |first1=Ken |editor1-last=Shoham |editor1-first=Shlomo Giora |editor2-last=Knepper |editor2-first=Paul |editor3-last=Kett |editor3-first=Martin |title=International Handbook of Criminology |date=22 February 2010 |publisher=Routledge |location=Boca Raton |isbn=978-0-429-25000-2 |edition=1 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/international-handbook-criminology-shlomo-giora-shoham-paul-knepper-martin-kett/e/10.1201/9781420085525 |pages=3–23 |doi=10.1201/9781420085525 |access-date=21 January 2021 |language=en |chapter=Crime science ))</ref> Ross described crime science as, "examining the chain of events that leads to crime in order to cut the weakest link" ([[Royal Institution]] Lecture 9 May 2002).<ref name="Til07" /><ref name="Lay05">((cite book |last1=Laycock |first1=Gloria |editor1-last=Smith |editor1-first=Melissa J. |editor2-last=Tilley |editor2-first=Nick |title=Crime science: new approaches to preventing and detecting crime |date=2005 |publisher=Willan Publishing |location=Uffculme, UK |isbn=1-843-92090-5 |pages=3–24 |edition=1 |series=Crime Science Series|chapter=Chapter 1: Defining Crime Science. |quote=Gloria Laycock is the founding director of the Jill Dando Institute ... has been instrumental in defining the new field of crime science. ... she sets out the case for crime science and covers the essential features of the approach. Her main point is that many cherished social theories about crime – for example, that it is a direct consequence of poverty – do not hold up to empirical scrutiny, while current crime policies are based on assumptions and political considerations rather than evidence. What is needed, according to Laycock, is a scientific, evidence-based approach to crime reduction policy and practice.))</ref>

==Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science==
The first incarnation of crime science was the founding, also by Ross, of the [[Jill Dando Institute]] of Crime Science (JDI) at [[University College London]] in 2001.<ref name="Cla09">((cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Ronald V. |editor1-last=McLaughlin |editor1-first=Eugene |editor2-last=Newburn |editor2-first=Tim |title=The SAGE Handbook of Criminological Theory |date=31 March 2011 |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |isbn=978-1-4129-2038-4 |pages=271–283 |url=https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/hdbk_criminologicaltheory/n15.xml |access-date=22 January 2021 |language=en |format=Print, Online |chapter=Crime Science |doi=10.4135/9781446200926.n15 |quote=Crime science is a very recent addition to the criminological lexicon. It lacks a standard definition, few criminologists use the term routinely and even fewer might think of themselves as crime scientists. ... the term was created by Nick Ross, the presenter of BBC TV's monthly ‘Crimewatch’ program, who incorporated it in the name of the institute The Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science that he founded in 2001 at University College London (UCL) in memory of his murdered colleague. He chose the term crime science, not criminology, because he ...))</ref> In order to reflect its broad disciplinary base, and its departure from the sociological (and often politicised) brand of criminology, the Institute is established in the Engineering Sciences Faculty, with growing ties to the physical sciences such as physics and chemistry but also drawing on the fields of [[statistics]], environmental design, [[psychology]], [[forensics]], policing, [[economics]] and [[geography]].<ref name="Cla09" />

The JDI grew rapidly and spawned a new Department of Security and Crime Science, which itself developed into one of the largest departments of its type in the world. It has established itself as a world-leader in [[crime mapping]] and for training crime analysts (civilian crime profilers who work for the police) and its Centre for the Forensic Sciences has been influential in debunking bad science in criminal detection.((Citation needed|date=January 2021|reason=Where is this information published.)) It established the world's first secure data lab for security and crime pattern analysis and appointed the world's first Professor of Future Crime whose role is to horizon-scan to foresee and forestall tomorrow's crime challenges. The JDI also developed a Security Science Doctoral Research Training Centre (UCL SECReT), which was Europe’s largest centre for doctoral training in security and crime science.((Citation needed|date=January 2021|reason=Where is this information published.))

==Design Against Crime Research Centre==
Another branch of crime science has grown from its combination with [[design science]].((Citation needed|date=January 2021|reason=Where is this information published.)) At the [[Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design]] a research centre was founded with the focus of studying how design could be used as a tool against crime - the [http://www.designagainstcrime.com/ Design against Crime Research Centre].((Incomplete short citation|date=January 2021)) A number of practical theft-aware design practices have emerged there.((Citation needed|date=January 2021|reason=Where is this information published.)) Examples are chairs with a hanger that allows people to keep their bags within their reach for the whole time, or foldable bicycles that can serve as their own safety lock by wrapping around static poles in the environment.

==International Crime Science Network==
An international Crime Science Network was formed in 2003, with support from the [[EPSRC]].((Citation needed|date=January 2021|reason=Where is this information published.)) Since then the term crime science has been variously interpreted, sometimes with a different emphasis from Ross's original description published in 1999, and often favouring [[situational crime]] prevention (redesigning products, services and policies to remove opportunities, temptations and provocations and make detection more certain) rather than other forms of intervention.((Citation needed|reason=Press release or web url|date=January 2019)) However a common feature is a focus on delivering immediate reductions in crime.((Citation needed|reason=Press release or web url|date=January 2019))

New crime science departments have been established at Waikato, Cincinnati, Philadelphia and elsewhere.((Citation needed|reason=Press release or web url|date=January 2019))

==Growth of the Crime Science Field==
The concept of crime science appears to be taking root more broadly with: 
*The establishment of crime science departments at the [[University of Waikato]] in New Zealand,((Citation needed|reason=Press release or web url|date=January 2019)) and [[University of Cincinnati]]<ref>((cite web |title=Institute of Crime Science |url=https://cech.uc.edu/about/centers/ics.html |website=cech.uc.edu |publisher=College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services, University of Cincinnati |access-date=21 January 2021 |language=en-us))</ref> in the US, and elsewhere.
*Crime Science courses at several institutions including [[Northumbria University]] in the UK, at the [[University of Twente]] in the Netherlands.((Citation needed|reason=Press release or web url|date=January 2019)) and [[Temple University]],<ref>((cite web |title=Graduate Certificate: Crime Science |url=https://bulletin.temple.edu/graduate/scd/cla/crime-science-certificate/ |website=bulletin.temple.edu |publisher=Temple University |access-date=21 January 2021 |location=Philadelphia))</ref> [[Philadelphia]] in the US.
*A Crime Science Unit at [[DSTL]], the research division of the UK Ministry of Defence.((Citation needed|reason=Press release or web url|date=January 2019))
*The term crime science increasingly being adopted by situational and experimental criminologists in the US and Australia.((Citation needed|reason=Press release or web url|date=January 2019))
*An annual Crime Science Network gathering in London which draws police and academics from across the world.((Citation needed|reason=Press release or web url|date=January 2019))
*A [[Springer (publisher)|Springer]] [[Open Access]] Interdisciplinary journal devoted to Crime Science.<ref>((cite journal |title=Crime Science |journal=Crime Science |url=https://crimesciencejournal.biomedcentral.com/ |access-date=21 January 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |language=en |format=electronic - open access |issn=2193-7680))</ref> Crime science increasingly being cited in criminology text books and journals papers (sometimes claimed as a new branch of criminology, and sometimes reviled as anti-criminology).((Citation needed|reason=Press release or web url|date=January 2019))
*A move in traditional criminology towards the aims originally set out by Ross in his concern for a more evidence-based, scientific approach to crime reduction.((Citation needed|reason=Press release or web url|date=January 2019))
*Crime science featuring in several learned journals in other disciplines (such as a special issue of the European Journal of Applied Mathematics devoted to "crime modelling").<ref>((cite journal |last1=Felson |first1=Marcus |title=What every mathematician should know about modelling crime |journal=European Journal of Applied Mathematics |date=2010 |volume=21 |issue=4–5 |pages=275–281 |doi=10.1017/S0956792510000070 |s2cid=121777814 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0956792510000070 |access-date=21 January 2021 |language=en |issn=1469-4425))</ref>

==See also==
*[[Broken windows theory]]
*[[Parable of the broken window]]
*[[Crime prevention through environmental design]]
*[[Evidence-based policing]]
*[[Problem-oriented policing]]
*[[Intelligence-led policing]]
*[[Community policing]]
*[[Predictive policing]]
*[[Preventive police]]
*[[Proactive policing]]
*[[Peelian principles]] and [[Peelian principles#Policing by consent|Policing by consent]]
*[[Jill Dando]]
*[[Jill Dando Institute]]
*[[Crime statistics]]
*[[Crime scene|Crime scene investigation]]
*[[Forensic science]]
*[[Police science]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Bibliography==
*((cite journal |last1=Junger |first1=Marianne |last2=Laycock |first2=Gloria |last3=Hartel |first3=Pieter |last4=Ratcliffe |first4=Jerry |title=Crime science: editorial statement |journal=Crime Science |date=11 June 2012 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1.1–1.3 |doi=10.1186/2193-7680-1-1 |issn=2193-7680 |doi-access=free ))
*((cite journal |last1=Hartel |first1=Pieter H. |last2=Junger |first2=Marianne |last3=Wieringa |first3=Roelf J. |title=Cyber-crime Science = Crime Science + Information Security. |journal=CTIT Technical Report Series |date=October 2010 |issue=Technical Report TR-CTIT-10-34 |url=https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/cyber-crime-science-crime-science-information-security |access-date=21 January 2021 |publisher=Centre for Telematics and Information Technology (CTIT), University of Twente |location=Enschede. |issn=1381-3625))
*((cite book |last1=Pease |first1=Ken |editor1-last=Shoham |editor1-first=Shlomo Giora |editor2-last=Knepper |editor2-first=Paul |editor3-last=Kett |editor3-first=Martin |title=International Handbook of Criminology |date=22 February 2010 |publisher=Routledge |location=Boca Raton |isbn=978-0-429-25000-2 |edition=1 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/international-handbook-criminology-shlomo-giora-shoham-paul-knepper-martin-kett/e/10.1201/9781420085525 |pages=3–23 |doi=10.1201/9781420085525 |access-date=21 January 2021 |language=en |chapter=Crime science ))
*((cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Ronald V. |editor1-last=McLaughlin |editor1-first=Eugene |editor2-last=Newburn |editor2-first=Tim |title=The SAGE Handbook of Criminological Theory |date=31 March 2011 |publisher=SAGE Publications Ltd |isbn=978-1-4129-2038-4 |pages=271–283 |url=https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/hdbk_criminologicaltheory/n15.xml |access-date=22 January 2021 |language=en |format=Print, Online |chapter=Crime Science |doi=10.4135/9781446200926.n15 ))
*((cite journal |last1=Guerette |first1=Rob T. |last2=Bowers |first2=Kate J. |title=Assessing the Extent of Crime Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits: A Review of Situational Crime Prevention Evaluations* |journal=Criminology |date=November 2009 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=1331–1368 |doi=10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00177.x |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00177.x |access-date=21 January 2021 |language=en |issn=1745-9125 ))
*((cite journal |last1=Willison |first1=Robert |last2=Siponen |first2=Mikko |title=Overcoming the insider: reducing employee computer crime through Situational Crime Prevention |journal=Communications of the ACM |date=1 September 2009 |volume=52 |issue=9 |pages=133–137 |doi=10.1145/1562164.1562198 |s2cid=2987733 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1562164.1562198 |access-date=21 January 2021 |issn=0001-0782 ))
*((cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Karen |title=The application of crime science to the prevention of medication errors |journal=British Journal of Nursing |date=1 July 2008 |volume=17 |issue=14 |pages=924–927 |doi=10.12968/bjon.2008.17.14.30662 |pmid=18935846 |url=https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/bjon.2008.17.14.30662 |access-date=21 January 2021 |issn=0966-0461 ))
*((cite book |last1=Tilley |first1=Nick |last2=Laycock |first2=Gloria |editor1-last=Farrell |editor1-first=Graham |editor2-last=Bowers |editor2-first=Kate J. |editor3-last=Johnson |editor3-first=Shane D. |editor4-last=Townsley |editor4-first=Mike |title=Imagination for crime prevention : essays in honour of Ken Pease |date=2007 |publisher=Criminal Justice Press |location=Monsey, New York |isbn=978-1-881798-71-2 |url=https://www.rienner.com/title/Imagination_for_Crime_Prevention_Essays_in_Honour_of_Ken_Pease |chapter=From Crime Prevention to Crime Science|access-date=22 January 2021 |format=Hardcover, Paperback ))
*((cite book |last1=Laycock |first1=Gloria |editor1-last=Smith |editor1-first=Melissa J. |editor2-last=Tilley |editor2-first=Nick |title=Crime science: new approaches to preventing and detecting crime |date=2005 |publisher=Willan Publishing |location=Uffculme, UK |isbn=1-843-92090-5 |pages=3–24 |edition=1 |series=Crime Science Series|chapter=Chapter 1: Defining Crime Science. ))
*((cite book |author1-last=Clarke |author1-first=Ronald V. |editor1-last=Clarke |editor1-first=Ronald V. |title=Situational Crime Prevention Successful Case Studies |date=1997 |publisher=Harrow and Heston |location=Guilderland, New York |isbn=0-911577-38-6 |edition=2 |url=http://www.popcenter.org/library/reading/PDFs/scp2_intro.pdf |chapter=Part One: Introduction|access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626091520/http://www.popcenter.org/library/reading/PDFs/scp2_intro.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2010 ))

==External links==
* [http://www.jdi.ucl.ac.uk/about/crime_science/index.php Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, U.K.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080222135047/http://www.popcenter.org/aboutCPOP.html Center for Problem-Oriented Policing, U.S.A.]
* [http://www.crime-prevention-intl.org/ International Centre for the Prevention of Crime, CA]
* [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/secret/ Security Science Doctoral Research Training Centre]
* [https://www.waikato.ac.nz/security-crime-science/ New Zealand Institute for Security and Crime Science, N.Z.]
*[http://eprints.eemcs.utwente.nl/18500/03/0_19_CCS.pdf Cyber-crime Science]

[[Category:Criminology]]
[[Category:Law enforcement theory]]
[[Category:Law enforcement]]
[[Category:Law enforcement techniques]]
[[Category:Crime prevention]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Crime science (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Globalize (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Globalize/name (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Incomplete short citation (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:Missing information (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Crime science.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_science"