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((refimprove|date=June 2020))
'''Dams and reservoirs in Laos''' are the cornerstone of the Lao government's goal of becoming the "battery of Asia".<ref>((cite news |title='Battery of Asia': Laos's controversial hydro ambitions |url=https://phys.org/news/2018-07-battery-asia-laos-controversial-hydro.html |accessdate=6 June 2020 |work=Phys.org |agency=AFP |date=25 July 2018))</ref>

[[Hydroelectric|Hydroelectric power]] is a significant resource in [[Laos]], with an estimated technically exploitable capacity of 18,000 [[megawatt]]s (MW).<ref>((Cite web |url = http://www.poweringprogress.org/new/power-sector |title = Power Sector |date = 26 June 2014 |accessdate = 12 November 2014 |website= Department of Energy Business, Ministry of Energy & Mines, Lao PDR |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913000658/http://www.poweringprogress.org/new/power-sector |archive-date = 2015-09-13 |url-status = live ))</ref> In [[fiscal year]] September 2013–October 2014, Lao hydro power plants generated almost 15.5 billion kWh. Of this amount, nearly 12.5 billion kWh was exported, earning the country over US$610 million.<ref name=":0">((Cite news|url = http://en.vietstock.vn/2014/11/surge-in-energy-generation-supply-as-laos-powers-up-143-189098.htm |archive-url = https://archive.today/20141113024703/http://en.vietstock.vn/2014/11/surge-in-energy-generation-supply-as-laos-powers-up-143-189098.htm |archive-date = 13 November 2014 |title = Surge in energy generation, supply as Laos powers up |date = 11 March 2014|work = Vientiane Times|accessdate = 11 November 2014 |url-status=dead))</ref>

[[Image:Theun Hinboun Dam Wall, Central Southern Laos.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A section of the Theun-Hinboun Dam © Laurence McGrath, 2005]]

By November 2014, just over 3,240 MW of the country’s hydro power potential had been commissioned.<ref name=":0" /> Most existing and potential dams are on tributaries of Laos's main river, the [[Mekong]], and work has now commenced on two dams on the mainstream of the Mekong itself at [[Xayabury Dam|Xayaboury]] and [[Don Sahong Dam|Don Sahong]]. The country's earliest major dam was built on the [[Nam Ngum|Ngum River]] in [[Vientiane Province]], for the [[Nam Ngum Dam|Nam Ngum 1 Hydropower plant]]. Completed in 1971 with Japanese aid, it flooded 370&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of forest and farmland to create a large reservoir. The [https://web.archive.org/web/20141113055824/http://www.edlgen.com.la/en/page.php?post_id=30 Nam Ngum 1 power station] supplied the majority of electricity used in Laos until the end of the 20th century, and also exported energy to Thailand.

The Nam Ngum Reservoir has become a recreation and tourism destination in Laos. Guest houses have been built on some of the lake's many islands, formerly the peaks of sub-valleys in the area, while two islands were used as prisons during the 1970s and 1980s. The reservoir was logged by divers using underwater cutting gear several years after inundation and a fishing industry also developed around the lake. The original Nam Ngum Dam, at 70 m high and with a crest length of 468 m is now dwarfed by a second dam on the other side of the reservoir, part of one of the five hydropower projects planned for the Ngum River.((CN|date=June 2020))

There are sixteen hydro power projects in Laos that use dams to store or divert water for electricity generation. The highest dam built so far is the 185 m rockfill and concrete face dam at the  Nam Ngum 2 project. The largest reservoir in Laos is the 450&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> [[Nakai–Nam Theun|Nakai]] Reservoir, created in 2008 when the 39 m high Nakai Dam was closed for the first time. The dam and reservoir store water for the 1,070 MW [[Nam Theun 2 Dam|Nam Theun 2]] Project, the largest power plant in Laos in terms of generating capacity. As with other hydro power reservoirs in the country, the reservoir shrinks considerably during the dry season as water is drawn off for power generation. The Nakai Reservoir draws down to a minimum operating size of around 70&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> by the end of April each year. [[Nam Theun 2 Power Company|Nam Theun 2]] also features a smaller reservoir and dam, the Re-Regulating Dam and Pond, built to control releases from the Nam Theun 2 Power Station to the [[Xebangfai]] River.

One of the most productive hydro power projects in Laos has been the Theun-Hinboun scheme in the center of the country, which was built in two phases opening respectively in 1998 and 2012.<ref>((Cite web|title=Theun-Hinboun marks 20 Years of Power Generation |website=Theun-Hinboun Power Company (THPC) |url=http://www.thpclaos.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=212:theun-hinboun-marks-20-years-of-power-generation&catid=47&Itemid=403&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013030645/http://www.thpclaos.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=212:theun-hinboun-marks-20-years-of-power-generation&catid=47&Itemid=403&lang=en |archive-date=13 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy))</ref> The initial project featured a relatively small dam and reservoir, transferring water from the [[Nam Theun|Theun River]] to the neighbouring (and lower) [[Nam Hinboun River|Hinboun River]] by tunnel, producing 220 MW. Theun-Hinboun provided substantial economic benefits to Laos through energy sales to neighboring Thailand at a time when the country had few exports, and its success encouraged other international investments in the country, including the Theun-Hinboun Expansion Project.<ref>''Project Performance Audit Report on the Theun-Hinboun Hydropower Project in the Lao People's Democratic Republic'', November 2002, Asian Development Bank, Manila</ref> This project added another 220 MW turbine at the Theun-Hinboun powerhouse and also built a 60 MW powerhouse on the Gnouang River, a tributary of the Theun River. The water for this expanded power generation is supplied by a new 105 km<sup>2</sup> reservoir on the Gnouang River, created by construction of the 65 m high Nam Gnouang Dam.<ref>((Cite web |title=Nam Gnouang Dam - Laos |website=Sisgeo |url=https://www.sisgeo.com/projects/geographical-areas/asia-and-oceania-projects/item/nam-gnouang-dam.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716230802/http://www.sisgeo.com/projects/geographical-areas/asia-and-oceania-projects/item/nam-gnouang-dam.html |archive-date=2017-07-16 |url-status=live |access-date=2018-10-13 ))</ref>

In 2012 construction began on the 1,285 MW Xayaboury hydroelectricity power plant, the first dam to be built in Laos on the mainstream of the Mekong River. The plant is scheduled to begin operations in 2019 and will be the biggest hydro power station in the country. Its dam is to be 32.6 m tall, stretching 820 m across the Mekong. The project is designed to be run-of-the river and as such will not create a large reservoir. However, both the Xayaboury and Don Sahong Dams have attracted international attention due to the trans-boundary effects of the Mekong River on people and the environment downstream in Cambodia and Vietnam.<ref>((Cite web|url = http://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/xayaburi-dam|title = Xayaburi Dam|date = |accessdate = 12 November 2014|website= International Rivers ))</ref> The governments of both countries have challenged Laos to justify the construction of the projects through the [[Mekong River Commission]].

Construction of a 290 MW project that will build two dams and two reservoirs on the Ngiep River in [[Bolikhamsai Province]] began in October 2014. The [https://namngiep1.com/ Nam Ngiep 1] hydropower plant, scheduled to begin operations in January 2019, will be the second project on the Ngiep River. An additional 21 dam projects in Laos have been granted power development agreements by the Lao government, which expects to open two new power plants in the country every year from 2012–2022. An additional 31 projects are in planning stages.

The controversy of dam building mirrors that concerning [[globalization]]. Proponents argue that the dams provide a sustainable source of foreign currency vital for economic growth, achieved primarily by selling electricity to neighbouring [[Thailand]]. Opponents argue that local people who suffer upheaval never get properly compensated, that flooding and water diversion adversely affect the environment, and that projects can end up less profitable than expected due to silting and/or market changes.

==Dam collapse==
((main|2018 Laos dam collapse))
In July 2018, Saddle Dam D, one of the Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy (PNPC) hydroelectric power project dams, collapsed. At least twenty-seven people were confirmed killed with many more of the missing feared dead.<ref>((Cite news|title=Laos Dam Collapse: Survivors and NGOs query official toll |date=26 July 2018 |newspaper=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44971342))</ref><ref>((Cite news|last=Ives |first=Mike |title=A Day Before Laos Dam Failed, Builders Saw Trouble |date=26 July 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/26/world/asia/laos-dam-collapse.html))</ref>

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141113062452/http://www.edlgen.com.la/en/page.php?post_id=30Plant EDL-Generation: Nam Ngum 1 Hydro Power Plant]
* [http://www.poyry.com/projects/nam-ngum-2-hydroelectric-power-project-lao-pdr Poyry Consulting & Engineering: Nam Ngum 2 Hydroelectric Power Project, Lao PDR]
* [http://www.thpclaos.com/index.php?lang=en Theun-Hinboun Power Company (THPC)]
* [http://www.namngiep1.com/ Nam Ngiep 1 Power Company]

((Dams and Reservoirs))

[[Category:Dams in Laos|*]]
[[Category:Lists of dams and reservoirs by country|Laos]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Laos|Dams]]
[[Category:Lists of landforms of Laos|Dams]]

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