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((Short description|Costa Rican environmentalist))
((redirect|Jairo Mora Sandoval|the boat|MY Jairo Mora Sandoval))
((Use mdy dates|date=May 2016))
((good article))
((update|date=August 2015))
((Infobox person
| name = Jairo Mora Sandoval
| image = Jairo Mora Sandoval WIDECAST.jpg
| alt  = Jairo Mora Sandoval overlooks a group of WIDECAST volunteers
| caption = Mora supervising a WIDECAST event in 2010
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = ((Birth date|1987|03|22)) 
| birth_place = [[Limón]], [[Costa Rica]]
| death_date = ((Death date and age|2013|05|31|1987|03|22))
| death_place = Moín Beach, [[Limón province]], Costa Rica
| death_cause = Murder by [[asphyxiation]] and head trauma
| resting_place = 
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- ((Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline)) -->
| other_names = 
| education = 
| alma_mater = 
| occupation = environmentalist
| employer = Paradero Eco-Tour
| organization = Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network
| known_for = 
| parents = 
| relatives = 
| awards = 
| website = <!-- ((URL|www.example.com)) -->
))

'''Jairo Mora Sandoval''' (March 22, 1987 – May 31, 2013) was a Costa Rican environmentalist who was murdered while attempting to protect [[leatherback turtle]] nests. Just before midnight on May 30, 2013, Mora and four female volunteers were abducted by a group of masked men. The women eventually escaped and informed the police. Mora's bound and beaten body was found on the beach the next morning. An [[autopsy]] determined he died by [[asphyxiation]] after suffering a blow to the head.

Sea turtles are protected by law in Costa Rica, but [[poaching]] remains common. Locals take eggs, which are believed to be an [[aphrodisiac]], and sell them on the black market. The egg trade has been linked to drug trafficking and organized crime. Environmentalists working in [[Limón]] say they are often threatened for trying to protect turtle eggs. Jairo Mora was one such environmentalist working in the area.

In the wake of Mora's death, the organization he worked with cancelled beach patrol efforts in Costa Rica. His death attracted international attention, including a statement from the [[United Nations]] and multiple rewards for information on the case. In Costa Rica, his death led to calls for reform of environmental policy. On June 4, the government met with environmentalists to discuss potential changes to policy. A plan submitted by environmentalists and endorsed by Environment Minister [[René Castro]] would set up a new protected area and grant park rangers more authority to stop poachers, among other changes. On June 5, vigils were held across Costa Rica in honor of Mora. On June 18, the government announced the allocation of [[Costa Rican colón|₡]]20 million (US$40,000), which was later upped to ₡30 million (US$60,000), to memorialize Mora.

==Background==
Costa Rica has a good reputation for [[wildlife conservation]] in general, and sea turtles have been protected by national legislation in Costa Rica since 1966.<ref name=Independent /><ref name=Conservation />  The country prides itself on its natural beauty and the nation's economy depends heavily on [[ecotourism]]. Tens of thousands of people visit the country every year to observe its sea turtles.<ref name=Conservation />  The turtles of Costa Rica include the [[leatherback turtle]], a [[critically endangered]] species.<ref name=ABC />

The Marine Turtle Population Law of 2002 assigns a three-year prison sentence to anyone who "kills, hunts, captures, decapitates, or disturbs marine turtles".<ref name=Independent />  Even so, it is common for locals to harvest eggs for personal use or for sale in local bars due to supposed [[aphrodisiac]] qualities.<ref name=chased>((cite news|title=Murdered Costa Rican conservationist had been chased by AK-47-wielding poachers|date=June 2, 2013|author= Lindsay Fendt|work=Tico Times|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Murdered-Costa-Rican-conservationist-had-been-chased-by-AK-47-wielding-poachers_Sunday-June-02-2013|access-date=June 4, 2013))</ref>  A poacher can make up to $300 in one night, selling eggs for about $1 each on the black market.<ref name=BBC />  Eggs obtained from poaching are often sold to drug dealers or traded for drugs. Poachers are often armed, usually with knives, but sometimes with assault rifles.<ref name=CRTimes>((cite news|title=CR Conservationist Killed by Drug Traffickers?|author=Dan Stevens|date=June 1, 2013|work=The Costa Rican Times|url=http://www.costaricantimes.com/costa-rica-turtle-conservationist-killed-by-drug-traffickers/16382|access-date=June 8, 2013))</ref>  In the impoverished [[Limón]] area, locals claim that police are either colluding with, or afraid of, drug traffickers and poachers.<ref name=Conservation>((cite web|title=Conservationist Killed in Costa Rica, Where Illegal Wildlife + Drug Trades Threaten Security|author=Sebastian Troeng|publisher=humanature Conversation International Blog|date=June 3, 2013|url=http://blog.conservation.org/2013/06/conservationist-killed-in-costa-rica-where-illegal-wildlife-drug-trades-threaten-security/|access-date=June 4, 2013))</ref>  Poaching has been cited as a major reason for declining sea turtle populations around the world.<ref name=chased />

Although poaching is not new, conservationists report that it is on the rise in Costa Rica.<ref name=Tico />  In the period leading up to Mora's death, poaching became an attractive side income for drug traffickers.<ref name=NewSci /><ref>((cite news|title=Delincuentes acaban con la tortuga marina en Limón|trans-title=Criminals are destroying the marine turtle in Limón|date=April 28, 2013|work=La Nación|author=Michelle Soto M.|url=http://www.nacion.com/nacional/comunidades/Delincuentes-acaban-tortuga-marina-Limon_0_1338266307.html|access-date=July 7, 2013))</ref> In 2012, a group of six men used assault rifles and hand guns to break into a protected nursery run by the nonprofit environmentalist group Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST). The men tied up and gagged the volunteers, then  smashed or stole a total 1520 sea turtle eggs.<ref name=Independent>((cite news|title=Turtle conservationist shot dead 'by poachers' on Costa Rica beach|author=Ian Burrell|work=The Independent|date=June 2, 2013|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/turtle-conservationist-shot-dead-by-poachers-on-costa-rica-beach-8640815.html|access-date=June 2, 2013|location=London))</ref><ref name=NewSci /> After the incident, police began accompanying environmentalists on their nightly beach walks.<ref name=chased />  It was later revealed that the incident was intended as a warning for environmentalists to stay off the beaches, according to WIDECAST's Latin American director Didiher Chacón.<ref name=NewSci />  According to Limón police chief Erick Calderón, 21 people were arrested in 2012 on charges related to turtle poaching.<ref name=captura />

==Life and career of Jairo Mora==
Jairo Mora was a research assistant who worked for Paradero Eco-Tour, a state-sponsored animal rescue group run by Vanessa Lizano.<ref name=Independent /><ref name=BBC />  He was born in Limón on March 22, 1987, to a Nicaraguan father and a Costa Rican mother. From an early age, he was involved in volunteer work.<ref>((cite news|title=Jairo Mora denunció el peligro al que se exponían en playa Moín |trans-title=Jairo Mora denounced the danger that was exposed in beach Moin |work=Repretel |date=May 31, 2013 |url=http://www.repretel.com/jairo-mora-denunció-el-peligro-al-que-se-exponí-en-playa-moín |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616004209/http://www.repretel.com/jairo-mora-denunci%C3%B3-el-peligro-al-que-se-expon%C3%AD-en-playa-mo%C3%ADn |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |access-date=June 7, 2013 |language=Spanish ))</ref>

Mora regularly volunteered with WIDECAST, which coordinates efforts to protect turtle eggs across [[Central America]]. Mora and other WIDECAST volunteers walked Costa Rican beaches nightly to ward off egg thieves.<ref name=BBC>((cite news|title=Costa Rica poachers 'kill turtle activist'|work=BBC|date=May 31, 2013|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22738304|access-date=June 2, 2013))</ref>  In 2011, the group protected about 3% of all turtle nests laid at Moín Beach in Costa Rica; in 2012, it increased to 30%.<ref name=CRTimes />  Conservation efforts on Moín Beach, which Mora headed, collected 1,500 leatherback turtle nests, the most from any beach in Costa Rica.<ref name=still_no />

According to the owner of Paradero Eco Tours Vanessa Lizano, her organization often received threats from poachers because of its conservation efforts.<ref name=BBC />  In 2012, Mora was personally threatened at gunpoint "to back off and stop the walks".<ref name=chased />  He and Lizano were also subject to intimidation efforts throughout the 2012 nesting season. "Both Jairo and I were being followed by motorbikes with guys carrying AK-47s," Lizano recalled.<ref name=chased />  After a threat against her family, Lizano relocated from Limón to [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]].<ref name=chased />

At the start of the 2013 leatherback turtle nesting season in April, police decreased their involvement with conservation efforts. Guards were on duty four days a week, but no longer personally escorted volunteers.<ref name=chased /> On April 23, 2013, Mora asked supporters on [[Facebook]] to petition the police for more help. "Send messages to the police so they come to Moín Beach", he wrote. "Tell them not to be afraid but to come armed&nbsp; ... we need help and fast."<ref name=Tico>((cite news|title=Turtle conservationist Jairo Mora Sandoval found murdered on Playa Moín in Costa Rica |author=Lindsay Fendt |date=May 31, 2013 |work=Tico Times |url=http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Turtle-conservationist-Jairo-Mora-Sandoval-found-murdered-on-Playa-Moin-in-Costa-Rica_Friday-May-31-2013 |access-date=June 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602044146/http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Turtle-conservationist-Jairo-Mora-Sandoval-found-murdered-on-Playa-Moin-in-Costa-Rica_Friday-May-31-2013 |archive-date=June 2, 2013 |df=mdy ))</ref>  On April 28, Mora told ''[[La Nación (San José)|La Nación]]'' that environmentalists were being threatened "by a mafia that was looting the nests for eggs".<ref name=Independent /> According to friends, Mora received frequent death threats, including an incident just weeks before his death where he was threatened at gunpoint.<ref name=NewSci /><ref name=teletica>((cite news|title=Testimonio de extranjeras es clave para esclarecer crimen de ambientalista asesinado|trans-title=Testimony of foreigners is key to clarify the crime of environmentalist murder|publisher=Teletica|date=June 3, 2013|author=Natalia García|url=http://www.teletica.com/Noticias/12570-Testimonio-de-extranjeras-es-clave-para-esclarecer-crimen-de-ambientalista-asesinado.note.aspx|access-date=June 5, 2013|language=Spanish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611134709/http://www.teletica.com/Noticias/12570-Testimonio-de-extranjeras-es-clave-para-esclarecer-crimen-de-ambientalista-asesinado.note.aspx|archive-date=June 11, 2013|url-status=dead))</ref>

On May 5, ''La Nación'' accompanied Mora and Lizano on a typical night's work. Mora spoke about feeling alone and unprotected in his struggle to save the turtles.<ref name=Nacion_accompany>((cite news|title=Jairo Mora: 'Si un policía dice que nos apoya,está mintiendo'|trans-title=Jairo Mora: 'If a cop says he supports us, he is lying'|author=Esteban Mata|date=June 1, 2013|work=La Nación|url=http://www.nacion.com/2013-06-01/Sucesos/Jairo-Mora---Si-un-policia-dice-que-nos-apoya-esta-mintiendo-.aspx|access-date=June 2, 2013|language=Spanish))</ref>  Denying reports that police had stepped up their efforts he said: "If a guard or policeman says he supports us, he is lying."<ref name=Nacion_accompany />  ''La Nación'' confirmed that no police were assigned to patrol the beach that evening. When asked if he was afraid, Mora said "Yes, it's scary, the worst could happen at any time."<ref name=Nacion_accompany />  After a May 6 incident where poachers stole a large number of nests, Limón police and the Coast Guard began patrolling Moín Beach more thoroughly.<ref name=Tico />

==Death==
On the evening of May 30, 2013, Mora and four female volunteers – three from the United States and one from Spain – were patrolling Moín Beach in [[Limón province]], Costa Rica.<ref name=Tico /> At approximately 11:30&nbsp;pm Mora stepped out of his jeep to move a tree trunk and was ambushed by at least five masked men carrying guns. The men drove the car with the four women to a nearby abandoned house and took their phones, money, and other belongings.<ref name=Nacion />  Three of the men drove off with Mora.<ref name=Tico /> The women were tied up and left in an abandoned house; they eventually freed themselves and went to the police.<ref name=ABC>((cite news|title=Murder of Activist Threatens Turtle Projects in Costa Rica|author=Santiago Wells|date=June 11, 2013|publisher=ABC\Univision|url=https://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/murder-costa-rican-environmentalist-jairo-mora-sandoval-stirs/story?id=19365519|access-date=June 13, 2013))</ref>

Five police officers were on duty the night of Mora's murder, and they had been in radio contact with him about an hour before his death. However, according to Calderón, the police were present to increase "the number of eyes and ears on the beach", not to protect the conservationists. He also noted that the beach is too large to constantly monitor all of it in the dark.<ref name=Tico />

Mora's naked body was found on the beach the next morning.<ref name=Nacion>((cite news|title=Defensor de tortugas asesinado suplicó por patrullaje en Limón|trans-title=Defender of turtles who pleaded for patrols in Limón killed|author=Hulda Miranday|author2=Diego Bosque|work=La Nación|date=June 1, 2013|url=http://www.nacion.com/2013-06-01/Sucesos/Defensor-de-tortugas-asesinado-suplico-por-patrullaje-en-Limon.aspx|access-date=June 2, 2013|language=Spanish))</ref>  His body was found beaten and with his hands tied behind his back.<ref name=AP />  [[Autopsy]] results revealed that he had died from [[asphyxiation]] after being struck in the back of the head, likely with an object found at the site of his murder. Earlier reports incorrectly stated he had been shot.<ref name=asfixiado>((cite news|title=OIJ confirma que Jairo Mora murió asfixiado en la arena y de golpe en el cráneo|trans-title=OIJ confirms Jairo Mora suffocated in the sand from a blow to the skull|author=Hugo Solano|date=June 4, 2013|work=La Nación|url=http://www.nacion.com/2013-06-04/Sucesos/OIJ-confirma-que-Jairo-Mora-murio-asfixiado-en-la-arena-y-de-golpe-en-el-craneo.aspx|access-date=June 4, 2013|language=Spanish))</ref>  Mora was 26 at the time of his death.<ref name=AP>((cite news|title=Jairo Mora Sandoval Dead: Noted Costa Rican Environmentalist Killed|agency=Associated Press|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/01/jairo-mora-sandoval-dead_n_3371679.html|work=Huffington Post|access-date=June 2, 2013|date=June 1, 2013))</ref>

==Reaction==
[[File:Jairo Mora Sandoval WIDECAST 2.jpg|thumb|alt=Jairo Mora Sandoval crouches on a beach partitioned for a conservation survey|Mora in the beach hatchery at Ostional beach on the Pacific coast with fellow volunteers. 2011]]
[[Judicial Investigation Department|Judicial Investigation Police]] were unable to immediately determine a motive for Mora's death. Lizano suspects poachers were involved, saying Mora was targeted for protecting the turtle nests.<ref name=BBC />  Chacón said [[drug trafficker]]s, who often are also poachers, were likely behind the killing.<ref name=Tico /> Given Mora's recent calls for police help, "it seems like it was an act of revenge", he said.<ref name=Tico />

Chacón said he was "very hurt" by Mora's death. "It's not possible that citizens who protect nature have to suffer from this type of attacks", he said.<ref name=BBC /> President [[Laura Chinchilla]] called on police and the judicial system to solve what she described as the "despicable murder" of Mora.<ref name=Nacion />  A statement from the [[United States Embassy in Costa Rica]] remembered Mora as "a committed Costa Rican environmentalist" and called his death "senseless".<ref name=AP />  The United Nations released a statement sending condolences and recognizing Mora's "noble work" to protect "an essential part of Costa Rica's and the world's biodiversity."<ref name=chased />

Todd Steiner, executive director of the [[Turtle Island Restoration Network]] raised money for a $10,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of those responsible.<ref name=chased /><ref>((cite news|title=Costa Rican Turtle Defender Found Slain on the Beach He Patrolled|date=June 1, 2013|work=Dot Earth Blog|publisher=New York Times|url=http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/01/costa-rican-turtle-defender-found-slain-on-the-beach-he-patrolled/|access-date=June 2, 2013|first=Andrew C.|last=Revkin))</ref> "Jairo’s murderers must be brought to justice so that [people] know that this will never be tolerated," said Steiner in a statement. "The whole world is watching to make sure the Costa Rican government brings these thugs to justice and makes sea turtle nesting beaches safe for conservationists to do their work."<ref name=chased />  A petition started by the [[Sea Turtle Restoration Project]] calling for swift justice generated more than 10,000 signatures within two weeks.<ref name=suspects>((cite news|title=Costa Rica Prosecutor's Office says it has suspects in turtle conservationist murder|date=June 12, 2013|work=Tico Times|author=Lindsay Fendt|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Costa-Rica-Prosecutor-s-Office-says-it-has-suspects-in-turtle-conservationist-murder_Wednesday-June-12-2013/|access-date=June 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624212740/http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Costa-Rica-Prosecutor-s-Office-says-it-has-suspects-in-turtle-conservationist-murder_Wednesday-June-12-2013/|archive-date=June 24, 2013|url-status=dead))</ref>

Mora death raised fears that the country's economy would be hurt by reduced tourism, leading [[Univision]] to describe the situation as "an internal crisis".<ref name=ABC />  Commentary published by the ''[[Costa Rican Times]]'' alleged that the true culprits would never be found, saying whoever was blamed would be a scapegoat offered up by the drug traffickers.<ref name=CRTimes />  The government "is happy letting the Caribbean side of Costa Rica lose all tourism" continued the commentary by Dan Stevens. "Maybe the group ''Sea Turtle Conservation with Guns'' should be formed to fight back."<ref name=CRTimes />  An editorial published by the ''[[Tico Times]]'' asked why it took a murder to get the government to act. "Mora reached out for help before he was killed, and no one came to the rescue, no matter what political spin is put on it", said the author.<ref name=TTeditorial>((cite news|title=A World Environment Day in mourning |work=Tico Times |date=June 5, 2013 |url=http://www.ticotimes.net/Opinion/A-World-Environment-Day-in-mourning |access-date=June 8, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608084755/http://www.ticotimes.net/Opinion/A-World-Environment-Day-in-mourning |archive-date=June 8, 2013 |df=mdy ))</ref>  Mora's death, suggested the author, shows that "the drug traffickers are winning", that crime is out of control in Limón, and that "the bad guys operate with near impunity."<ref name=TTeditorial />  The editorial concluded by imploring Costa Ricans to re-evaluate their personal environmental habits and support environmental groups that keep fighting.<ref name=TTeditorial />  The Guápiles Biofestival, an arts festival held each year during early June, was also dedicated to Mora.<ref>((cite news|title=Festival de arte en Guápiles recuerda labor ambiental de Jairo Mora|trans-title=Guápiles art festival remembers the environmental work of Jairo Mora|date=June 9, 2013|work=CR Hoy|author=Jimena Soto|url=http://www.crhoy.com/festival-de-arte-en-guapiles-recuerda-labor-ambiental-de-jairo-mora/|access-date=June 30, 2013|language=Spanish))</ref>

On June 3, Vice President [[Alfio Piva]] described Mora's death as an "accident" due to Limón's high crime rate on live TV.<ref name=promises />  He quickly retracted the statement, saying his words had been misunderstood.<ref name=captura /> "I only meant to recognize that the area where this happened unfortunately has a high murder rate and that there is high risk when working in an area where there is drug trafficking", he explained.<ref name=promises />  Unsatisfied by the explanation, environmental groups called for a public apology.<ref name=promises />  On June 4, members of the Legislative Assembly said that Piva's comments had "dishonored the entire country".<ref name=Diputados>((cite news|title=Diputados responsabilizan al Ejecutivo de asesinato de Jairo Mora; ecologistas y legisladores piden renuncia de Alfio Piva|trans-title=Deputies blame the Executive for murder of Jairo Mora; environmentalists and lawmakers ask for the resignation of Alfio Piva|work=CR Hoy|author=Jimena Soto|date=June 4, 2013|url=http://www.crhoy.com/diputados-responsabilizan-al-ejecutivo-de-asesinato-de-jairo-mora-y-piden-renuncia-de-alfio-piva/|access-date=June 30, 2013|language=Spanish))</ref>  Led by [[José María Villalta]] and [[Juan Carlos Mendoza]], opposition party members called for Piva's resignation. "We are really full of anger and annoyance. We are embarrassed as a nation", said Mendoza.<ref name=Diputados />

On June 5, [[vigil]]s in honor of Mora were held in at least six Costa Rica cities to coincide with [[World Environment Day]]. Ecologist Federation president Mauricio Álvarez, who helped organize the vigils, said "We are asking for justice for Jairo’s murder and&nbsp;...demand a halt to the impunity that has reigned over too many threats to ecologists, farmers and indigenous groups."<ref name=promises /> Despite rainy weather, hundred of people showed up to carry signs, light candles, and place stuffed turtles on the beach. Leaflets blamed police and the government for Mora's death and demanded swift justice.<ref name=peaceful>((cite news|title=In Costa Rica, a peace vigil for slain turtle conservationist Jairo Mora|work=Tico Times|date=June 5, 2013|author=Lindsay Fendt|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/In-Costa-Rica-a-peace-vigil-for-slain-turtle-conservationist-Jairo-Mora_Wednesday-June-05-2013|access-date=June 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607183426/http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/In-Costa-Rica-a-peace-vigil-for-slain-turtle-conservationist-Jairo-Mora_Wednesday-June-05-2013/|archive-date=June 7, 2013|url-status=dead))</ref> Among those in attendance were Roberto Molina, secretary general of the Environmental Ministry's labor union, and José Lino Chavez, Vice Minister of Waters and Oceans.<ref name=peaceful />

On June 6, [[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]] founder [[Paul Watson]] offered an additional $30,000 reward for information leading to the capture of Mora's murderer.<ref name=ofrece />  He said the money would come from his personal wealth, not from Sea Shepherd, and that he had sold a vehicle to fund the reward.<ref>((cite news|title=Paul Watson says Costa Rica is in Japan's pocket; blames Jairo Mora's death on government|work=Inside Costa Rica|date=June 27, 2013|url=http://insidecostarica.com/2013/06/27/paul-watson-says-costa-rica-is-in-japans-pocket-blames-jairo-moras-death-on-government/|access-date=June 29, 2013))</ref>  Watson's pledge, together with additional funds raised by Steiner, brought the total reward to $56,000. A separate memorial fund to assist Mora's family and continue conservation efforts in his name raised $7,000.<ref>((cite press release|title=Global Outcry Over Murdered Sea Turtle Activist Intensifies: Reward for Information Leading to Arrest, Conviction of Killers Now $56,000|author=Todd Steiner|publisher=Center for Biological Diversity|date=June 12, 2013|url=http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2013/jairo-mora-sandoval-06-12-2013.html|access-date=June 29, 2013))</ref> In early July, Costa Rican businessman [[Roy Rivera]] said he was working to raise funds to increase the information reward.<ref name=memory />

Watson, who is wanted by Costa Rica for skipping [[bail]] on charges related to a 2002 incident, said Mora's death proves that his own life would be in "great danger" if he ever returned to Costa Rica.<ref name=ofrece>((cite news|title=Paul Watson ofrece recompensa de $30.000 a quien dé información del homicidio de conservacionista Jairo Mora|trans-title=Paul Watson offers $30,000 reward to whoever gives information on the murder of conservationist Jairo Mora|work=La Nación|date=June 6, 2013|url=http://www.nacion.com/sucesos/Paul-Watson-conservacionista-Jairo-Mora_0_1346065391.html|access-date=June 29, 2013|language=Spanish))</ref>  "The authorities were very quick to respond to Japan and issued an arrest warrant for the protection of sharks&nbsp;... however, when it comes to a horrible murder of a compassionate conservationist, the government does nothing."<ref name=ofrece /> Later in June, Watson announced that his organization's next boat would be named the S.S. ''Jairo Mora Sandoval''. "We do not want the name of this courageous and passionate young man to be forgotten", he said on Facebook.<ref name=names>((cite news|title=Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson names new ship after slain Costa Rican turtle activist|date=June 27, 2013|work=Tico Times|author=L. Arias|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Sea-Shepherd-s-Paul-Watson-names-new-ship-after-slain-Costa-Rican-turtle-activist_Thursday-June-27-2013|access-date=June 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701044405/http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Sea-Shepherd-s-Paul-Watson-names-new-ship-after-slain-Costa-Rican-turtle-activist_Thursday-June-27-2013|archive-date=July 1, 2013|url-status=dead))</ref>

On June 12, the [[Ocean Futures Society]] joined the chorus of international voices calling for swift justice. "This crime, in the Limón province, has shaken the consciousnesses of many internationally," wrote Ruben Arvizú, the society's Latin American director.<ref name=suspects />  Arvizú said that Costa Rica should make the case a national priority.<ref name=suspects />  On June 18, Costa Rican rapper Yaco released a song entitled "Playa Roja" (Red Beach) about Mora. Yaco, who is known for using his songs as social commentary, released the song via social media, saying it was "not a commercial release".<ref>((cite news|title=Yaco mueve las redes con tema dedicado al ambientalista Jairo Mora|trans-title=Yaco moves the networks with a song dedicated to the environmentalist Jairo Mora|date=June 18, 2013|access-date=June 30, 2013|work=CR Hoy|url=http://www.crhoy.com/yaco-mueve-las-redes-con-tema-dedicado-al-ambientalista-jairo-mora/|language=Spanish))</ref>

At the June 26–28 Inter-American Convention on the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles (IAC), Mora's death was a popular subject. A declaration from the Mexican delegation read, "As sea turtles are a shared resource, criminal activity that prevents [on-site] protection efforts from taking place in one country presents an urgent concern to all range states."<ref name=another>((cite news|title=Another meeting, yet no news on investigation into turtle conservationist Jairo Mora's murder|author=Lindsay Fendt|work=Tico Times|date=July 2, 2013|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Another-meeting-yet-no-news-on-investigation-into-turtle-conservationist-Jairo-Mora-s-murder-_Tuesday-July-02-2013|access-date=July 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707134719/http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Another-meeting-yet-no-news-on-investigation-into-turtle-conservationist-Jairo-Mora-s-murder-_Tuesday-July-02-2013|archive-date=July 7, 2013|url-status=dead))</ref>  A convention floor speech and a second written declaration also discussed Mora's death.<ref name=another />

==Aftermath==
Following Mora's death, WIDECAST suspended beach patrol operations.<ref name=AP />  "We can’t risk human lives for this project," Chacón said. "But this is probably the exact result that the killers were hoping for."<ref name=Tico />  Many volunteers quit the project after Mora's death, leaving the organization 200 people short staffed.<ref name=chased />  Organizations such as WIDECAST depend heavily on foreign volunteers. According to Chacón, the future of his organization will be in jeopardy if the situation continues.<ref name=NewSci>((cite news|title=Turtle conservationist murdered in Costa Rica|author=Peter Aldhous|date=June 3, 2013|work=New Scientist|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23639-turtle-conservationist-murdered-in-costa-rica.html|access-date=June 4, 2013))</ref> Aimee Leslie, who oversees sea turtle efforts for the [[World Wildlife Foundation]] called the situation "a critical point for conservation" in Costa Rica and "a national security issue.<ref name=ABC />  She said that conservation efforts were already difficult without being scared for one's life.<ref name=ABC /> Lizano said she was in negotiations with the police for armed escorts on future patrols, but vowed to continue to work even if they refused. "If we forget about this beach, then Jairo died for nothing," she said.<ref name=chased />

On June 3, Calderón remarked that police would continue to support environmentalists and increase their presence on Moín Beach.<ref name=captura>((cite news|title=Policía captura a hueveros armados en playa Moín|trans-title=Police capture armed poachers on Moín Beach|author=Diego Bosque G.|date=June 4, 2013|work=La Nación|url=http://www.nacion.com/2013-06-04/Portada/Policia-captura-a-hueveros-armados-en-playa-Moin.aspx|access-date=June 5, 2013|language=Spanish))</ref>  The next day police arrested two armed men who were allegedly trying to steal turtle eggs from the same beach where Mora was killed. Also on June 4, a group of three men and a minor was arrested on similar charges.<ref name=captura />  Subsequently, Limón began to dispatch twenty police officers nightly to escort conservationists and patrol the beaches. In spite of increased police presence Lizano remarked, on June 11, "Every night all of the [turtle] nests are raided. It is still pretty much the same even though we walk with police."<ref name=still_no>((cite news|title=Still no arrests in slaying of Costa Rican conservationist |author=Lindsay Fendt |work=Tico Times |date=June 11, 2013 |url=http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Still-no-arrests-in-slaying-of-Costa-Rican-conservationist_Tuesday-June-11-2013 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627032427/http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Still-no-arrests-in-slaying-of-Costa-Rican-conservationist_Tuesday-June-11-2013 |archive-date=June 27, 2013 |df=mdy ))</ref>

Prompted by the death of Mora, dozens of environmentalists met with the [[Ministry of Environment, Energy and Telecommunications]] (MINAE), headed by [[René Castro]], to discuss their dissatisfaction with current conservation efforts on June 4. Their requests included punishing those responsible for Mora's death, greater criminal penalties for poaching, and more efforts by MINAE to fight egg poachers.<ref name=celebracion />  Castro suggested implementing a plan submitted by WIDECAST. The plan would give park rangers jurisdiction to arrest poachers on Moín Beach and create a code of conduct for beach visitors nationwide. It would also increase penalties for poaching, name a new protected area after Mora, and set up a memorial fund in his name.<ref name=promises>((cite news|title=Costa Rica's environment minister promises action in wake of conservationist's murder|author=Lindsay Fendt|work=Tico Times|date=June 4, 2013|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Costa-Rica-s-environment-minister-promises-action-in-wake-of-conservationist-s-murder-_Tuesday-June-04-2013|access-date=July 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709125857/http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Costa-Rica-s-environment-minister-promises-action-in-wake-of-conservationist-s-murder-_Tuesday-June-04-2013/|archive-date=July 9, 2013|url-status=dead))</ref> The proposal was initially met with enthusiasm, but it later gave way to complaints about lax environmental enforcement nationwide. "This isn't only happening in Moín and this not only happening with turtle conservation," remarked Molina.<ref name=promises /> Deputy Minister of Security [[Celso Gamboa]], who was also in attendance, promised to increase security forces in Limón.<ref name=celebracion>((cite news|title=Celebración del Día Mundial del Ambiente estará marcada por luto, dice Defensoría|trans-title=Environmentalists call for greater protection and stronger legislation to continue its work|author=Hugo Solano|date=June 4, 2013|work=La Nación|url=http://www.nacion.com/2013-06-04/AldeaGlobal/Celebracion-del-Dia-Mundial-del-Ambiente-estara-marcada-por-luto--dice-Defensoria.aspx|access-date=June 4, 2013|language=Spanish))</ref>

On June 6, the Legislative Assembly unanimously passed a motion to form a special committee investigating Mora's death. "It is important to acknowledge that the death of Jairo is not only the fault of these bands of criminals, but also the fault of the state," remarked the motion's sponsor [[José María Villalta]]<ref name=still_no />  On June 19, Castro, Chávez, the heads of several environmental groups, and members of Mora's family, met to work out the details of the earlier proposals. After the meeting, Castro announced that [[Costa Rican colón|₡]]20 million (approximately US$40,000) would be allocated for a monument in Mora's honor in the form of either a new turtle observation area or an online tribute with video of nesting sea turtles. Castro also confirmed that the government had plans to turn Moín Beach into a protected park. However, the plan to name the park after Mora was abandoned at the request of his family. MINAE also plans to allocate "specialized units" armed with equipment to protect Costa Rica's coasts from environmental threats.<ref name=designate>((cite news|title=Officials will designate Costa Rican beach where conservationist was murdered as a protected wildlife area |author=Lindsay Fendt |work=Tico Times |date=June 19, 2013 |url=http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Officials-will-designate-Costa-Rican-beach-where-conservationist-was-murdered-as-a-protected-wildlife-area_Wednesday-June-19-2013/ |access-date=June 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624172537/http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Officials-will-designate-Costa-Rican-beach-where-conservationist-was-murdered-as-a-protected-wildlife-area_Wednesday-June-19-2013 |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |df=mdy ))</ref>

Tourism to Costa Rica was down sharply during the first half of June 2013. Jorge Molina, president of The Southern Caribbean Tourism Chamber, said Mora's death was affecting reservations and would likely continue to do so for several months. Aurora Gámez, who owns a [[Manzanillo Beach]] hotel, said her occupancy rate normally runs at 50% in June, but was at just 10% in the weeks after Mora's death. She said she had received cancellations that specifically cited Mora's death as a factor. [[Cahuita]] hotel owner Eddie Ryan echoed Gámez, saying he had two patrons cite Mora's death when cancelling. Restaurants, bars, tour guides, and transportation companies were also affected. Some entrepreneurs blamed WIDECAST for the lost business saying the organization was aware of the risks but continued to patrol anyway.<ref>((cite news|title=Asesinato de Jairo Mora golpea el turismo en el Caribe sur|trans-title=Murder of Jairo Mora hits the southern Caribbean tourism|date=June 16, 2013|work=La Nación|url=http://www.nacion.com/sucesos/Asesinato-Jairo-Mora-turismo-Caribe_0_1348065337.html|access-date=June 29, 2013|language=Spanish))</ref>

On June 25, a nationwide protest was held to draw attention to a wide variety of issues. Environmental groups joined the protests, again calling for justice to be served to Mora's murderers.<ref>((cite news|title=Several groups plan a national protest in 25 cantons next week |date=June 19, 2013 |work=Tico Times |author=L. Arias |url=http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Several-groups-plan-a-national-protest-in-25-cantons-next-week_Wednesday-June-19-2013/ |access-date=June 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627083944/http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Several-groups-plan-a-national-protest-in-25-cantons-next-week_Wednesday-June-19-2013/ |archive-date=June 27, 2013 |df=mdy ))</ref>

On July 2, MINAE again met with more than 30 environmental groups to discuss the situation.<ref name=comision>((cite news|title=A más de un mes del asesinato de Jairo Mora Ecologistas piden una 'comisión de la verdad'|trans-title=More than a month after the murder of Jairo Mora, ecologists call for a 'truth commission'|date=July 4, 2013|publisher=Columbia|url=http://www.columbia.co.cr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8439:a-mas-de-un-mes-del-asesinato-de-jairo-mora-ecologistas-piden-una-comision-de-la-verdad&catid=46:nacionales&Itemid=116|access-date=July 6, 2013|language=Spanish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205540/http://www.columbia.co.cr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8439:a-mas-de-un-mes-del-asesinato-de-jairo-mora-ecologistas-piden-una-comision-de-la-verdad&catid=46:nacionales&Itemid=116|archive-date=September 23, 2015|url-status=dead))</ref>  Castro said that plans to make Moín Beach a protected area were moving forward. However, he said, making the area a national park was not feasible because of the number of people living on the beach. "A national park is too closed off for this particular beach", he explained.<ref name=another />  Environmentalists requested the formation of a "truth commission" to investigate Mora's murder and eight other deaths from the past 20 years.<ref name=comision />  Government officials said they were in the process of installing radar systems across Costa Rica to detect drug trafficking and illegal fishing, and that they would launch a plan to patrol Moín beach with the assistance of the [[Costa Rican Petroleum Refinery]] (RECOPE).<ref name=memory>((cite news|title=In Memory of Jairo Mora: A Wildlife Refuge in Costa Rica|url=http://news.co.cr/in-memory-of-jairo-mora-a-wildlife-refuge-in-costa-rica/22722/|date=July 4, 2013|work=Costa Rica Star|author=Jaime Lopez|access-date=July 5, 2013))</ref><ref name=avanzan />  MINAE said that ₡30 million (US$60,000) had been allocated for Mora's memorial and environmental education done in his name.<ref name=avanzan />

As of July 4, no arrests had been made in relation to the murder of Mora. Ministries of Public Safety Vice Minister Celso Gamboa called the investigation ongoing.<ref name=memory />  In mid-June, Castro had said the investigation was proceeding well and he had "every reason to be optimistic that we will solve this crime."<ref name=designate />  On July 10, the prosecutor's office said two suspects had been identified and that the case would "advance significantly" over the coming week.<ref>((cite news|title=Costa Rican chief prosecutor: Investigators have identified two suspects in slaying of conservationist Jairo Mora|work=Tico Times|date=July 10, 2013|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Costa-Rican-chief-prosecutor-Investigators-have-identified-two-suspects-in-slaying-of-conservationist-Jairo-Mora_Wednesday-July-10-2013|access-date=July 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713160842/http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/Costa-Rican-chief-prosecutor-Investigators-have-identified-two-suspects-in-slaying-of-conservationist-Jairo-Mora_Wednesday-July-10-2013|archive-date=July 13, 2013|url-status=dead))</ref>

On July 31, Costa Rican police raided several locations near [[Tortuguero, Costa Rica#Moín|Moín]] and the city of [[Limón]], and arrested several suspects believed to be involved in Mora's murder, as well as other crimes, including robbery and turtle egg poaching. Police said that more arrests are expected.<ref name=ticotimesmora>((cite web|last=Fendt |first=Lindsay |title=Costa Rican police sweep nets several suspects in Jairo Mora murder case |url=http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/BREAKING-Costa-Rican-police-sweep-nets-several-suspects-in-Jairo-Mora-murder-case_Wednesday-July-31-2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130731164819/http://www.ticotimes.net/More-news/News-Briefs/BREAKING-Costa-Rican-police-sweep-nets-several-suspects-in-Jairo-Mora-murder-case_Wednesday-July-31-2013 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 31, 2013 |work=The Tico Times |access-date=July 31, 2013 ))</ref>

The first trial of the alleged perpetrators ended in a mistrial and a second trial was held in 2015.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/2015/01/29/united-nations-environmental-groups-condemn-verdict-in-jairo-mora-murder-case|title=United Nations, environmental groups condemn verdict in Jairo Mora murder case|work=The Tico Times))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/2015/08/05/costa-rican-appeals-court-calls-re-trial-jairo-mora-murder-case|title=Murder of Costa Rican conservationist Jairo Mora headed for retrial|work=The Tico Times))</ref> In January 2016, a court found seven men accused of Mora's murder not guilty based on reasonable doubt.  Four of the men were, however, sentenced to lengthy prison terms due to assault, kidnapping and aggravated robbery for a crime that occurred on the same beach shortly before Mora's murder.  (Donald Salmón: 27 years in prison for aggravated robbery, rape and kidnapping; Héctor Cash: 23 years for aggravated robbery, kidnapping and sexual abuse; José Bryan Delgado: 17 years for aggravated robbery and kidnapping; Ernesto Centeno: 17 years for aggravated robbery and kidnapping.)<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/2015/01/26/not-guilty-7-men-acquitted-of-murder-of-costa-rica-sea-turtle-conservationist-jairo-mora|title=NOT GUILTY: 7 men acquitted of murder of Costa Rica sea turtle conservationist Jairo Mora|work=The Tico Times))</ref> Subsequently, the not guilty verdict was overturned on appeal and the four men were convicted of Mora's murder.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/2016/03/29/4-convicted-jairo-mora-murder-trial|title=4 convicted, 3 acquitted in Jairo Mora murder trial|work=The Tico Times))</ref>

==Legacy==
In 2016, the Marine Section of the [[Society for Conservation Biology]] (SCB Marine) announced the "Jairo Mora Sandoval Bravery Award." The award is for bravery associated with an outstanding contribution to the field of marine conservation, with particular emphasis on responsible and educated scientific endeavor, public engagement and conservation activism. The initiative to honor Jairo's commitment to marine conservation was instigated by the SCB Marine Policy Committee, and includes a $1,000 financial component.

It is given biennially and the winner is announced at the International Marine Conservation Congress (IMCC). The 2018 Awardee will be announced at IMCC5, that will be held in Kuching (Malaysia) on June 24–29. The inaugural Award was given, posthumously to Jairo Mora Sandoval at the 2016 IMCC in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, with his mother receiving the funds to set up an NGO to continue his work to protect the sea turtles of Costa Rica.

===Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo Mixed Wildlife Refuge===
Environmentalists requested that the [[Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo Mixed Wildlife Refuge|Gandoca-Manzanillo]] Wildlife Refuge, adjacent to Mora's hometown Gandoca, be renamed in honor of him. The plan was endorsed by his family.<ref name=avanzan>((cite news|title=Ambientalistas avanzan en creación de área protegida en Moín en honor a Jairo Mora|trans-title=Environmentalists advance in the creation of protected area in Moín in honor of Jairo Mora|date=June 3, 2013|work=El Pais|author=Oriana Ortiz Vindas|url=http://www.elpais.cr/frontend/noticia_detalle/1/83116|access-date=July 6, 2013|language=Spanish))</ref>

On 2 September 2013 the refuge was renamed after him and is now known as [[Jairo Mora Sandoval Gandoca-Manzanillo Mixed Wildlife Refuge]].<ref>((cite news |title=Gandoca-Manzanillo Refuge renamed to honor slain Costa Rica conservationist |url=https://ticotimes.net/2013/09/02/gandoca-manzanillo-refuge-renamed-to-honor-slain-costa-rica-conservationist |access-date=21 November 2020 |work=The Tico Times |date=2 September 2013))</ref>

==References==
((reflist|35em))

==External links==
* [http://www.crhoy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/DSCF5078.jpg Photo] of the crime scene
* [http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2013/jairo-mora-sandoval-06-03-2013.html Press release] on a reward fund
* [https://conbio.org/mini-sites/jairoaward/ Jairo Award] offered by the Marine Section of the Society for Conservation Biology.

((DEFAULTSORT:Sandoval, Jairo Mora))
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Limón Province]]
[[Category:Costa Rican environmentalists]]
[[Category:Costa Rican murder victims]]
[[Category:People murdered in Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Environmental killings]]
[[Category:2010s murders in Costa Rica]]
[[Category:2013 crimes in Costa Rica]]
[[Category:2013 murders in North America]]

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Module:ParameterCount (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Redirect hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
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Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
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