A die is a specialized machine tool used in manufacturing industries to cut and/or form material to a desired shape or profile. Stamping dies are used with a press,[1] as opposed to drawing dies (used in the manufacture of wire) and casting dies (used in molding) which are not. Like molds, dies are generally customized to the item they are used to create.

Products made with dies range from simple paper clips to complex pieces used in advanced technology. Continuous-feed laser cutting may displace the analogous die-based process in the automotive industry,[2] among others.

Die stamping

Progressive die with scrap strip and stampings. Such dies are used in progressive stamping.

Blanking and piercing are two die cutting operations, and bending is an example of a die forming operation.

Die forming

Forming operations work by deforming materials like sheet metal or plastic using force (compression, tension, or both) and rely on the material's mechanical properties.[3] Forming dies are typically made by tool and die makers and put into production after mounting into a press.

Differences between materials

For the vacuum forming of plastic sheet only a single form is used, typically to form transparent plastic containers (called blister packs) for merchandise. Vacuum forming is considered a simple molding thermoforming process but uses the same principles as die forming.

For the forming of sheet metal, such as automobile body parts, two parts may be used: one, called the punch, performs the stretching, bending, and/or blanking operation, while another part that is called the die block securely clamps the workpiece and provides a similar stretching, bending, and/or blanking operation. The workpiece may pass through several stages using different tools or operations to obtain the final form. In the case of an automotive component, there will usually be a shearing operation after the main forming is done. Additional crimping or rolling operations may be performed to ensure that all sharp edges are hidden and/or to add rigidity to the panel.

Die components

The main components of a die set (including press mounting) are as follows. Note that because nomenclature varies between sources, alternate names are in parentheses:

Process

  1. Accuracy. A properly sharpened die, with the correct amount of clearance between the punch and die, will produce a part that holds close dimensional tolerances in relationship to the part's edges.
  2. Appearance. Since the part is blanked in one operation, the finish edges of the part produces a uniform appearance as opposed to varying degrees of burnishing from multiple operations.
  3. Flatness. Due to the even compression of the blanking process, the end result is a flat part that may retain a specific level of flatness for additional manufacturing operations.
  1. Bulging fluid dies: Uses water or oil as a vehicle to expand the part.
  2. Bulging rubber dies: Uses a rubber pad or block under pressure to move the wall of a workpiece.
Roll Forming Stand

Steel-rule die

Steel-rule die, also known as cookie cutter dies, are used for cutting sheet metal and softer materials, such as plastics, wood, cork, felt, fabrics, and paperboard. The cutting surface of the die is the edge of hardened steel strips, known as steel rule. These steel rules are usually located using saw or laser-cut grooves in plywood. The mating die can be a flat piece of hardwood or steel, a male shape that matches the workpiece profile, or it can have a matching groove that allows the rule to nest into. Rubber strips are wedged in with the steel rule to act as the stripper plate; the rubber compresses on the down-stroke and on the up-stroke it pushes the workpiece out of the die. The main advantage of steel-rule dies is the low cost to make them, as compared to solid dies; however, they are not as robust as solid dies, so they are usually only used for short production runs.[10]

Rotary die

In the broadest sense, a rotary die is a cylindrical shaped die that may be used in any manufacturing field. However, it most commonly refers to cylindrical shaped dies used to process soft materials, such as paper or cardboard. Two rules are used, cutting and creasing rules. This is for corrugated boards whose thickness is more than 2 mm. Rotary dies are faster than flat dies.[11][12]

The term also refers to dies used in the roll forming process.[13]

Wire pulling

Main article: Draw plate

Wire-making dies have a hole through the middle of them. A wire or rod of steel, copper, other metals, or alloy enters into one side and is lubricated and reduced in size. The leading tip of the wire is usually pointed in the process. The tip of the wire is then guided into the die and rolled onto a block on the opposite side. The block provides the power to pull the wire through the die.

The die is divided into several different sections. First is an entrance angle that guides the wire into the die. Next is the approach angle, which brings the wire to the nib, which facilitates the reduction. Next is the bearing and the back relief. Lubrication is added at the entrance angle. The lube can be in powdered soap form. If the lubricant is soap, the friction of the drawing of wire heats the soap to liquid form and coats the wire. The wire should never actually come in contact with the die. A thin coat of lubricant should prevent the metal to metal contact.

For pulling a substantial rod down to a fine wire a series of several dies is used to obtain progressive reduction of diameter in stages.

Standard wire gauges used to refer to the number of dies through which the wire had been pulled. Thus, a higher-numbered wire gauge meant a thinner wire. Typical telephone wires were 22-gauge, while main power cables might be 3- or 4-gauge.

References

  1. ^ a b Hedrick, Art (July 18, 2018). "Die Basics 101: Intro to Stamping". The Fabricator. FMA Communications, Inc., 2135 Point Blvd., Elgin, IL 60123. Archived from the original on 2020-09-01. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  2. ^ Finn, Jay (March 19, 2020). "The case for laser blanking in automotive stamping". Stamping Journal. FMA Communications, Inc. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  3. ^ Hedrick, Art (July 18, 2018). "Die Basics 101: Forming operations". The Fabricator. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  4. ^ a b Hedrick, Art (July 18, 2018). "Die basics 101: Common stamping die components (Part 1 of 2)". The Fabricator. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  5. ^ Delfini, Ron (January 17, 2020). "Parts of a Die". ESI Blog. Engineering Specialties, Inc., 452 Twin Lakes Rd., North Branford, CT. Archived from the original on 2020-05-14. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  6. ^ Misumi Corporation (February 12, 2010). "Press Dies Tutorial § 028, Basics of Die Structure (3)". Misumi Technical Tutorial. Archived from the original on 2012-10-09. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  7. ^ Hedrick, Art (July 18, 2018). "Die basics 101: Common stamping die components (Part 2 of 2)". The Fabricator. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  8. ^ Misumi Corporation, Inc. (July 13, 2012). "Press Dies Tutorial §130, Design of Blanking Dies". Misumi Technical Tutorial. Archived from the original on 2013-05-02. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  9. ^ Johnson, Carl-Johan (August 2021). "DESIGN KNOWLEDGE REUSE IN DESIGN OF PROGRESSIVE STAMPING TOOLS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY" (PDF). International Conference on Engineering Design, Iced21: 1053–1062. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  10. ^ Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, pp. 430–431.
  11. ^ Twede, Diana; Selke, Susan E. M. (2005), Cartons, crates and corrugated board: handbook of paper and wood packaging technology, DEStech, p. 436, ISBN 978-1-932078-42-8, archived from the original on 2017-11-28.
  12. ^ Soroka, Walter (2008), Illustrated Glossary of Packaging Terminology (2nd ed.), DEStech, p. 64, ISBN 978-1-930268-27-2, archived from the original on 2017-11-28.
  13. ^ Halmos, George T. (2006), Roll forming handbook, CRC Press, p. 4‑46, ISBN 978-0-8247-9563-4, archived from the original on 2017-11-28.

Bibliography

Further reading

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