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((For|the kitchen utensil|Mixer (appliance)))
((Unreferenced|date=December 2009))
[[File:Passive Mixer.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A simple three-channel passive additive mixer. More channels can be added by simply adding more input jacks and mix resistors.]]
[[File:Virtual Ground Active Mixer.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A "virtual ground" active additive mixer. The buffer amplifiers serve to reduce crosstalk and distortion.]]

An '''electronic mixer''' is a device that combines two or more electrical or [[electronics|electronic]] [[signal (information theory)|signals]] into one or two composite output signals. There are two basic circuits that both use the term ''mixer'', but they are very different types of circuits: additive mixers and multiplicative mixers. Additive mixers are also known as '''analog adders''' to distinguish from the related [[Adder (electronics)|digital adder circuits]].

Simple additive mixers use [[Kirchhoff's circuit laws]] to add the currents of two or more signals together, and this terminology ("mixer") is only used in the realm of [[audio electronics]] where [[audio mixer]]s are used to add together [[audio signal]]s such as [[Human voice|voice]] signals, [[music]] signals, and [[sound effect]]s.

Multiplicative mixers multiply  together two time-varying input signals [[instantaneous]]ly (instant-by-instant).  If the two input signals are both [[Sine wave|sinusoid]]s of specified [[Frequency|frequencies]] f<sub>1</sub> and f<sub>2</sub>, then the output of the mixer will contain two new sinusoids that have the sum f<sub>1</sub> + f<sub>2</sub> frequency and the difference frequency [[absolute value]] |f<sub>1</sub> -  f<sub>2</sub>|.

Any nonlinear electronic block driven by two signals with frequencies f<sub>1</sub> and f<sub>2</sub> would generate intermodulation (mixing) products. A multiplier (which is a nonlinear device) will generate ideally only the sum and difference frequencies, whereas an arbitrary nonlinear block will also generate signals at 2·f<sub>1</sub>-3·f<sub>2</sub>, etc. Therefore, normal nonlinear amplifiers or just single diodes have been used as mixers, instead of a more complex multiplier. A multiplier usually has the advantage of rejecting – at least partly – undesired higher-order intermodulations and larger conversion gain.

==Additive mixers==
((See also|Mixing console))
Additive mixers [[superposition principle|add two or more signals]], giving out a composite signal that contains the frequency components of each of the source signals.  The simplest additive mixers are resistor networks, and thus purely [[passivity (engineering)|passive]], while more complex [[matrix mixer]]s employ [[passivity (engineering)|active]] components such as [[buffer amplifier]]s for [[impedance matching]] and better isolation.

==Multiplicative mixers==
((Main|Frequency mixer))

An ideal multiplicative mixer produces an output signal equal to the product of the two input signals. In communications, a multiplicative mixer is often used together with an [[Electronic oscillator|oscillator]] to modulate signal frequencies. A multiplicative mixer can be coupled with a filter to either up-convert or down-convert an input signal frequency, but they are more commonly used to down-convert to a lower frequency to allow for simpler filter designs, as done in [[superheterodyne receiver]]s. In many typical circuits, the single output signal actually contains multiple waveforms, namely those at the sum and difference of the two input frequencies and harmonic waveforms. The output signal may be obtained by removing the other signal components with a filter.í

((Further|Intermediate frequency))

===Mathematical treatment===
The received signal can be represented as

:<math>E_\mathrm{sig} \cos(\omega_\mathrm{sig}t+\varphi)\,</math>

and that of the local oscillator can be represented as

:<math>E_\mathrm{LO} \cos(\omega_\mathrm{LO}t).\,</math>

For simplicity, assume that the output ''I'' of the detector is proportional to the square of the amplitude:
:<math>I\propto \left( E_\mathrm{sig}\cos(\omega_\mathrm{sig}t+\varphi) + E_\mathrm{LO}\cos(\omega_\mathrm{LO}t) \right)^2</math>

:<math> =\frac{E_\mathrm{sig}^2}{2}\left( 1+\cos(2\omega_\mathrm{sig}t+2\varphi) \right)</math>

::<math> + \frac{E_\mathrm{LO}^2}{2}(1+\cos(2\omega_\mathrm{LO}t)) </math>

::<math> + E_\mathrm{sig}E_\mathrm{LO} \left[
\cos((\omega_\mathrm{sig}+\omega_\mathrm{LO})t+\varphi)
+ \cos((\omega_\mathrm{sig}-\omega_\mathrm{LO})t+\varphi)
\right]
</math>
:<math> =\underbrace{\frac{E_\mathrm{sig}^2+E_\mathrm{LO}^2}{2))_{constant\;component}+\underbrace{\frac{E_\mathrm{sig}^2}{2}\cos(2\omega_\mathrm{sig}t+2\varphi) + \frac{E_\mathrm{LO}^2}{2}\cos(2\omega_\mathrm{LO}t) + E_\mathrm{sig}E_\mathrm{LO} \cos((\omega_\mathrm{sig}+\omega_\mathrm{LO})t+\varphi)}_{high\;frequency\;component}</math>

::<math> + \underbrace{E_\mathrm{sig}E_\mathrm{LO} \cos((\omega_\mathrm{sig}-\omega_\mathrm{LO})t+\varphi)}_{beat\;component}.
</math>

The output has high frequency (<math>2\omega_\mathrm{sig}</math>, <math>2\omega_\mathrm{LO}</math> and <math>\omega_\mathrm{sig}+\omega_\mathrm{LO}</math>) and constant components. In heterodyne detection, the high frequency components and usually the constant components are filtered out, leaving the intermediate (beat) frequency at <math>\omega_\mathrm{sig}-\omega_\mathrm{LO}</math>. The amplitude of this last component is proportional to the amplitude of the signal radiation. With appropriate [[signal analysis]] the phase of the signal can be recovered as well.

If <math>\omega_\mathrm{LO}</math> is equal to <math>\omega_\mathrm{sig} </math> then the beat component is a recovered version of the original signal, with the amplitude equal to the product of <math> E_\mathrm{sig} </math> and <math>E_\mathrm{LO} </math>; that is, the received signal is amplified by mixing with the local oscillator((Clarify|reason=But at double the frequency?|date=October 2016)). This is the basis for a [[Direct conversion receiver]].

===Implementations===
Multiplicative mixers have been implemented in many ways. The most popular are [[Gilbert cell]] mixers, [[diode]] mixers, diode ring mixers ([[ring modulation]]) and switching mixers. Diode mixers take advantage of the non-linearity of diode devices to produce the desired multiplication in the squared term. They are very inefficient as most of the power output is in other unwanted terms which need filtering out. Inexpensive AM radios still use diode mixers.

Electronic mixers are usually made with [[transistor]]s and/or [[diode]]s arranged in a [[balanced circuit]] or even a double-balanced circuit. They are readily manufactured as [[monolithic integrated circuit]]s or [[hybrid integrated circuit]]s. They are designed for a wide variety of frequency ranges, and they are [[Mass production|mass-produced]] to tight tolerances by the hundreds of thousands, making them relatively cheap.

'''Double-balanced mixers''' are very widely used in [[microwave communication]]s, [[satellite communication]]s, [[ultrahigh frequency]] (UHF) communications [[transmitter]]s, [[Receiver (radio)|radio receivers]], and [[radar system]]s.

'''Gilbert cell mixers''' are an arrangement of transistors that multiplies the two signals.

'''Switching mixers''' use arrays of [[field-effect transistor]]s or [[vacuum tube]]s.  These are used as electronic switches, to alternate the signal direction. They are controlled by the signal being mixed. They are especially popular with digitally controlled radios. Switching mixers pass more power and usually insert less distortion than Gilbert cell mixers.

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Electronic Mixer))
[[Category:Analog circuits]]
[[Category:Audio mixing]]

[[da:Lydmikser]]
[[ja:ミキサー]]
[[pl:Mieszacz]]

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