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((Short description|Geological rifts by the Alps))
((Use dmy dates|date=December 2020))
[[File:Europe topography ECRIS.png|thumb|300px|Topographic map with location of ECRIS rift basins: LG=Limagne Graben, BG=Bresse Graben, URG=Upper Rhine Graben, LRG=Lower Rhine Graben, HG=Hessian Grabens & EG=Eger Graben, and Jura mountains with frontal thin-skinned thrust shown]]
The '''European Cenozoic Rift System''' ('''ECRIS''') is a ((Convert|1100|km|mi|abbr=on)) long system of [[rift]]s formed in the [[Foreland basin|foreland]] of the [[Alps]] as the [[lithosphere]] responded to the effects of the [[Alpine orogeny|Alpine]] and [[Geology of the Pyrenees|Pyrenean orogenies]]. The system began to form during the Late [[Eocene]] and parts (particularly the Upper and Lower [[Rhine Graben]]s) remain seismically active today and are responsible for most of the larger earthquakes in Europe, north of the Alps.

==Extent==
The ECRIS consists of a series of rifts and associated transfer faults extending from the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] to the [[North Sea]].<ref name="Dèzes">((cite journal|last=Dèzes|first=P.|author2=Schmid S.M.|author3=Ziegler P.A.|year=2004|title=Evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System: interaction of the Alpine and Pyrenean orogens with their foreland lithosphere|journal=Tectonophysics|volume=389|issue=1–2|pages=1–33|doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2004.06.011|url=http://pages.unibas.ch/earth/tecto/research/dezes_ziegler.pdf|bibcode=2004Tectp.389....1D|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927151514/http://pages.unibas.ch/earth/tecto/research/dezes_ziegler.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2011))</ref>

===Limagne Graben===
This north-south trending rift structure formed in the middle Eocene creating a lake that is now the [[Limagne]] plain. The main phase of subsidence continued until the Late [[Oligocene]]. The [[graben]] is controlled by faults on its western side and is filled with [[Cenozoic]] sediments up to 2&nbsp;km thick.<ref name ="Ziegler">((citation|last=Ziegler|first=P.A.|year=1990|title= Geological Atlas of Western Europe|publisher=Geological Society of London|pages=256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-MRc3gWy6cC&q=limagne+graben&pg=PA164|access-date=2 June 2010|isbn=9789066441255))</ref>

===Bresse Graben===
The Bresse Graben lies to the east of the Limagne Graben. Rifting started during the Eocene, [[aulacogen|pausing]] from the Late Oligocene to Middle [[Miocene]] before resuming in the Late Miocene. The eastern margin of the basin was overridden by [[thrust fault]]s from the [[Jura Mountains]], the leading edge of the Alpine [[thin-skinned deformation]].<ref name ="Ziegler"/>

===Upper Rhine Graben===
((main|Upper Rhine Graben))
The Upper Rhine Graben extends from the northern edge of the Jura mountains in the south up to the [[triple junction]] where the ECRIS branches. Rifting initiated here in the Oligocene but the northern and southern parts of the graben show distinct post-Oligocene histories. In the [[Miocene]] the southern part of the graben became uplifted, while the northern part continued to subside into the [[Pleistocene]]. Currently the Upper Rhine Graben is thought to be experiencing [[Fault (geology)|dextral]] [[Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults|strike-slip]] reactivation.<ref name ="Ziegler"/>

===Lower Rhine Graben===
The Lower Rhine Graben or Lower Rhine Embayment, trends NW-SE and continues offshore into structures within the southern [[North Sea]].<ref name="Zagwijn">((cite journal|last=Zagwijn|first=W.H.|year=1989|title=The Netherlands. during the Tertiary and the Quaternary: A case history of Coastal Lowland evolution|journal=Geologie en Mijnbouw|volume=68|pages=107–120|url=http://www.njgonline.nl/publish/articles/000324/article.pdf|access-date=2 June 2010))</ref> To the southeast the dominant faults are SW-dipping, while to the northwest they become NE-dipping, in both cases giving it a [[half-graben]] geometry. Rifting initiated during the Oligocene and continues to the present day.<ref name ="Ziegler"/>

===Hessian Grabens===
The Hessian grabens lie north of the Upper Rhine Graben and follow the same trend. There are two main rift structures, the Wetterau and Leine grabens. They were active during the Oligocene but are inactive now.<ref name="Dèzes"/>

===Eger Graben===
((main|Eger Graben))
The easternmost part of the system, the Eger Graben shows two distinct phases of extension at the end of the Eocene and during the early Miocene. The first phase was oblique to the rift axis and led to the formation of en-echelon W-E trending fault sets. The second was orthogonal to the rift axis, leading to overprinting of the early W-E faults by later SW-NE trending faults.<ref name="Rajch">((cite journal|last=Rajchl|first=M. |author2=Uličný D. |author3=Grygar R.  |author4=Mach K.|year=2009|title=Evolution of basin architecture in an incipient continental rift: the Cenozoic Most Basin, Eger Graben (Central Europe)|journal=Basin Research|volume=21|issue=3|pages=269–294|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2117.2008.00393.x|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121659185/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105061225/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121659185/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2013|bibcode=2009BasR...21..269R|doi-access=free))</ref>

==Origin==
The rift system is thought to have formed in response to compression of the lithosphere in front of the zones of collision that formed the Alps and Pyrenees. The initial rift propagated northwards as the collision along the Alps intensified and the western part of France moved to the west.<ref name="Dèzes"/>

==Volcanism==
The development of the ECRIS was accompanied (and in some cases preceded) by [[volcanic]] activity over large parts of the rift system that persisted into the [[Quaternary]]. The largest volcanic centres were located to the southwest of the Limagne and Bresse Grabens, the [[Massif Central (geology)|Massif Central]], at the rift triple junction at the northern end of the Upper Rhine Graben, the [[Vogelsberg Mountains]] and around the Eger Graben.<ref name ="Ziegler"/> The last recorded volcanic activity was a [[phreatomagmatic eruption]] in the [[Chaîne des Puys]] about 6,000 years ago.<ref name="GVP">((cite web|url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=210020|title=Chaîne des Puys|work=Global Volcanism Program|access-date=16 May 2023))</ref>

==Seismicity==
Most seismic activity within the ECRIS is confined to the Upper and Lower Rhine Grabens.<ref name="Ahorner">((cite book|last=Ahorner|first=L.|editor=Ritsema A.R. & Gürpinar A.|title=Seismicity and seismic risk in the offshore North Sea area: proceedings of the NATO advanced research workshop, held at Utrecht, the Netherlands, June 1–4, 1982|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PXLNaclIldgC&q=%22upper+rhine+graben%22&pg=PA101|access-date=2 June 2010|series=NATO advanced study institutes series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences |volume=99|year=1983|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-277-1529-6|pages=101–111|chapter=Seismicity and neotectonic structural activity of the Rhine Graben system in central Europe))</ref><ref name="Meghraoui">((cite journal|last=Meghraoui|first=M.|author2=Delouis B.|author3=Ferry M.|author4=Giardini D.|author5=Huggenberger P.|author6=Spottke I.|author7=Granet M.|year=2001|title=Active Normal Faulting in the Upper Rhine Graben and Paleoseismic Identification of the 1356 Basel Earthquake|journal=Science|pmid=11557888|volume=293|issue=5537|pages=2070–2073|doi=10.1126/science.1010618|s2cid=34852180|url=http://comp1.geol.unibas.ch/downloads/meghraoui.pdf|access-date=2 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725131525/http://comp1.geol.unibas.ch/downloads/meghraoui.pdf|archive-date=25 July 2011|url-status=dead))</ref> The [[1356 Basel earthquake]], which had an [[epicenter]] within the Upper Rhine Graben is the most damaging historical seismic event known from central Europe.<ref name="RMS">((cite web|url=http://www.rms.com/publications/BaselReport_650year_retrospective.pdf|title=1356 Basel Earthquake 650-Year Retrospective|last=Risk Management Solutions|year=2006|access-date=2 June 2010|archive-date=29 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229131725/http://www.rms.com/publications/BaselReport_650year_retrospective.pdf|url-status=dead))</ref>

==Mediterranean-Mjosa Zone==
((unreferenced section|date=December 2022))
The term ''Mediterranean-Mjosa Zone'' (Mittelmeer-Mjösen-Zone) was coined by the German geologist [[Hans Stille]] in about 1930 to describe a [[rift]] in the continental [[Crust (geology)|Crust]] crossing [[Europe]] from the [[Mediterranean Sea]] via [[Marseille]], the [[Rhine rift]] as far as [[Mjøsa]] in the south of [[Norway]], a total length of 2000&nbsp;km.

The rift is composed of the following sections: ''Valley of [[Rhône]]'' in [[France]] and its northern continuation the ''[[Bresse]] Rift'', the ''[[Upper Rhine Plain|Rhine Rift Valley]]'' and the ''[[Mainz Basin]]''. Here the rift system splits up into a north-eastern and a north-western branch. Part of the north-western branch is the ''[[Lower Rhine Bay]]'' and the ''Lower Rhine Rift'' as a central [[Netherlands]] rift system. The north-eastern branch continues with the ''[[Wetterau]]'', the ''Giessen Basin'', the ''Amöneburg Basin'', the ''[[Upper Hessian Ridge]]'' near ''[[Neustadt, Hesse|Neustadt]]'', the ''[[West Hesse Depression]]'', the ''Leine Rift'', part of the [[Salt dome]] region in northern Germany, the ''[[Kattegat]]'', the ''[[Oslo Graben|Oslo Rift]]'' and eventually ''[[Mjøsa]]'' with [[Lillehammer]] at its northern end.

In the area surrounding the Mediterranean-Mjosa Zone there was some volcanism, e.g. ''[[Kaiserstuhl (Baden-Württemberg)|Kaiserstuhl]]'' or ''Hoher Habichtswald'' west of [[Kassel]], which primarily consist of [[Basalt]].

==References==
((reflist|colwidth=30em))

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080706/http://www.lanuv.nrw.de/veroeffentlichungen/merkbl/merk41/merk41.pdf ''Morphologisches Leitbild Niederrhein'', Merkblatt 41, LUA NRW Essen, 2003, Abschnitt 2.2] (PDF-Datei; 1,83 MB)

((Geology of Europe))

[[Category:Rifts and grabens]]
[[Category:Geology of Europe]]
[[Category:Cenozoic rifts and grabens]]

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