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((Short description|Embryonic structure))
((About|the structure in mammals|the structure in roundworms|Gubernaculum (parasitology)|the Latin word for rudder|Gubernaculum (classical)))
((Refimprove|date=October 2019))
((Infobox embryology
| Name          = Gubernaculum
| Latin         = gubernaculum
| Image         = Gray1168.png
| Caption       = Sagittal section through the pelvis of a newly born female child. (Label for round ligament of uterus visible at upper right.)
| Image2        =
| Caption2      =
| System        =
| Days          = 60
| CarnegieStage =
| Precursor     = [[Intermediate mesoderm]]
| GivesRiseTo   = [[Gubernaculum testis]] (males), [[suspensory ligament of ovary]], [[round ligament of uterus]], [[ovarian ligament]] (females)
))

The paired '''gubernacula''' (from Ancient Greek κυβερνάω = pilot, steer), also called the '''caudal genital ligament''', are embryonic structures which begin as undifferentiated [[mesenchyme]] attaching to the [[Caudal (anatomical term)|caudal]] end of the [[gonad]]s ([[testicle]]s in males and [[ovary|ovaries]] in females).

==Structure==
The gubernaculum is present only during the [[development of the reproductive system]]. It is later replaced by distinct vestiges in males and females. The gubernaculum arises in the upper abdomen from the lower end of the gonadal ridge and helps guide the testis in its descent to the inguinal region.

=== Males ===
* The upper part of the gubernaculum degenerates.
* The lower part persists as the [[gubernaculum testis]] ("[[scrotal ligament]]"). This ligament secures the testis to the most inferior portion of the scrotum, tethering it in place and limiting the degree to which the testis can move within the scrotum.
* Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) are observed in ''INSL3''-null male mice. This implicates [[INSL3]] as a key hormone in the growth and differentiation of the gubernaculum to allow transabdominal migration. Higher testicular temperatures associated with cryptorchidism is associated with reduced fertility.<ref>Nef and Parada, Nat Genet 1999, 22, 295-299</ref>

=== Females ===
* The gubernaculum has two vestigial remnants in females, the [[ovarian ligament]] and the [[round ligament of the uterus]] (''ligamentum teres uteri'') which respectively serve to support the ovaries and uterus in the pelvis.
* Development of the gubernaculum in female mice overexpressing ''INSL3'' causes descended ovaries and reduced fertility. This ovarian descent is more pronounced by the additional administration of dihydrotestosterone, which suppresses development of the cranial suspensory ligament. Therefore, maintenance of the cranial suspensory ligament prevents abdominal translocation of the ovaries.<ref>Adham et al., Mol Endocrinol 2002, 16, 244-252</ref>

=== Development ===
As the [[scrotum]] and [[labia majora]] form in males and females respectively, the gubernaculum aids in the descent of the gonads (both testes and ovaries).<ref name=":0">((Citation|last=Burgu|first=Berk|title=CHAPTER 43 - CRYPTORCHIDISM|date=2010-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416032045000438|work=Pediatric Urology (Second Edition)|pages=563–576|editor-last=Gearhart|editor-first=John P.|place=Philadelphia|publisher=W.B. Saunders|language=en|isbn=978-1-4160-3204-5|access-date=2021-02-03|last2=Baker|first2=Linda A.|last3=Docimo|first3=Steven G.|editor2-last=Rink|editor2-first=Richard C.|editor3-last=Mouriquand|editor3-first=Pierre D. E.))</ref>

The testes descend to a greater degree than the [[Ovary|ovaries]] and ultimately pass through the [[inguinal canal]] into the [[scrotum]].<ref name=":0" /> The mechanism of this movement is still debated.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
The gubernaculum was first described by [[John Hunter (surgeon)|John Hunter]] in 1762.<ref name=":0" /> The term comes from [[Ancient Greek]] meaning to steer, pilot or the [[rudder]] or helm.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Canal of Nuck]]

== References ==
((reflist))

==External links==
* ((SUNYAnatomyLabs|36|06|01|01)) - "Inguinal Region, Scrotum and Testes: The Scrotal Ligament"

((Development of urinary and reproductive systems))

[[Category:Abdomen]]
[[Category:Embryology of urogenital system]]

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