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((Short description|Biological root-like structure that extracts nutrients from another organism))
((More citations needed|date=May 2007))
[[File:Hyaloperonospora-parasitica-hyphae-haustoria.jpg|thumb|right|''[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hyaloperonospora Hyaloperonospora] parasitica'': [[hypha]]e and haustoria]]
[[File:Haustorium DSC 5361 (28948051265).jpg |thumb|right|Haustoria of [[Muellerina eucalyptoides|creeping mistletoe]] in a [[Eucalyptus haemastoma|scribbly gum]]]]
[[File:01098jfRoads Orion Pilar Limay Bataan Bridge Landmarksfvf 10.JPG|thumb|A [[coconut sprout]], the edible haustorium of germinating [[coconut]] seeds]]
In [[botany]] and [[mycology]], a '''haustorium''' (plural '''haustoria''') is a rootlike structure that grows into or around another structure to absorb water or nutrients. For example, in [[mistletoe]] or members of the [[Orobanchaceae|broomrape family]], the structure penetrates the host's tissue and draws nutrients from it. In [[mycology]], it refers to the appendage or portion of a [[parasitism|parasitic]] fungus (the [[hyphal]] tip), which performs a similar function.  Microscopic haustoria penetrate the host plant's [[cell wall]] and siphon nutrients from the space between the cell wall and [[plasma membrane]] but do not penetrate the membrane itself.<ref>((cite journal|last1=Szabo|first1=Les|title=Hidden robbers: The role of fungal haustoria in parasitism of plants|journal=PNAS|date=July 3, 2001|volume=98|issue=14|pages=7654–7655|doi=10.1073/pnas.151262398|pmid=11438718|pmc=35395|bibcode=2001PNAS...98.7654S|doi-access=free))</ref> Larger (usually botanical, not fungal) haustoria do this at the [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] level.

The etymology of the name corresponds to the [[Latin]] word ''[[:wikt:haustor|haustor]]'' meaning ''the one who draws, drains or drinks'',<ref>((cite book |language=fr |last=Gaffiot |first=Félix |date=1934 |title=Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français |place=Paris |publisher=Librairie Hachette |page=737 |url=http://www.lexilogos.com/latin/gaffiot.php?q=haustor |access-date=13 May 2020))</ref><ref>((L&S|haustor|ref))</ref> and refers to the action performed by the outgrowth.

==In fungi==
Fungi in all major divisions form haustoria. Haustoria take several forms. Generally, on penetration, the fungus increases the surface area in contact with host plasma membrane releasing enzymes that break up the cell walls, enabling greater potential movement of organic [[carbon]] from host to fungus.  Thus, an insect hosting a parasitic fungus such as ''[[Cordyceps]]'' may look as though it is being "eaten from the inside out" as the haustoria expand inside of it.((Citation needed|date=January 2021))

The simplest forms of haustoria are small spheres. The largest are complex formations adding significant mass to a cell, expanding between the cell wall and cell membrane. In the ''[[Chytridiomycota]]'', the entire fungus may become enclosed in the cell, and it is arguable whether this should be considered analogous to a haustorium.((Citation needed|date=January 2021))

Haustoria arise from intercellular hyphae, [[appressoria]], or external hyphae. The hypha narrows as it passes through the cell wall and then expands on invaginating the cell. A thickened, [[electron]]-dense collar of material is deposited around the hypha at the point of invagination. Further, the host cell wall becomes highly modified in the invaginated zone. Inclusions normally present in plasma membrane are absent, and the outer layer contains more polysaccharide. The wall of both partners is severely reduced.((Citation needed|date=January 2021))

Functional exchange takes place within the haustorial complex.  The host supplies organic carbon to the fungus, and the metabolic activity within the complex is considerably greater than outside.  Carbon from the host is absorbed by the fungus, and transported to the rest of the [[thallus]].  The host plant appears to be functioning according to signals from the fungus and the complex appears to be under the control of the invader.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/learning/resources/Mycology/StructureFunction/haustoria.shtml |title=Mycology – Structure and Function – Haustoria<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2010-10-17 |archive-date=2011-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221094440/http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/learning/resources/Mycology/StructureFunction/haustoria.shtml |url-status=dead ))</ref>

The haustorium may be mycelium or root-shaped.((Citation needed|date=January 2021))

==In plants==
Mistletoes (including [[Loranthaceae]] and [[Viscaceae]]) attach to their hosts via a haustorium. The haustoria attacks the host's xylem and/or phloem and attaches itself to the host.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Press |first1=Malcolm C. |last2=Phoenix |first2=Gareth K. |date=June 2005 |title=Impacts of parasitic plants on natural communities |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01358.x |journal=New Phytologist |language=en |volume=166 |issue=3 |pages=737–751 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01358.x |pmid=15869638 |issn=0028-646X))</ref> This structure both anchors the mistletoe, and taps into the host plant. Mistletoes use passive mechanisms to draw water from their hosts. They keep their leaf stomata open night and day which sets up a moisture gradient between mistletoe and host.<ref>Watson, D. M. (2011) ''Mistletoes of Southern Australia'',  [http://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6436/ CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, VIC]</ref>

A second meaning of 'haustorium' in botany is to describe tissues in a developing plant embryo that transfer nutrients from the seed's [[endosperm]] to the embryo. These tissues are found widely in the seeds of [[flowering plant]]s.<ref>Bhatnagar, S.P. and Veena Sawhney. (1981) "Endosperm—Its Morphology, infrastructure, and Histochemistry", [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0074769608612863 International Review of Cytology]</ref>

==References==
((Reflist))

==Bibliography==
((refbegin))
* ((cite book|author1=P.M. Kirk|author2=P.F. Cannon|author3=D.W. Minter|author4=J.A. Stalpers|title=Dictionary of the Fungi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFD4_VFRDdUC&pg=PA306|access-date=25 October 2012|date=30 November 2008|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-0-85199-826-8|page=306))
* ((cite book|last1=Lersten|first1=Nels R.|title=Flowering plant embryology with emphasis on economic species|date=2004|publisher=Blackwell Pub.|location=Ames, Iowa|isbn=9780470752678|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YbwF7tH6dUC))
* [https://www.anbg.gov.au/mistletoe/what-is-mistletoe.html ANBG: What is mistletoe] Accessed 22 January 2018.
* [https://www.anbg.gov.au/mistletoe/haustoria.html ANBG: Haustoria] Accessed 22 January 2018.
((refend))

((Fungus structure))

[[Category:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases]]
[[Category:Plant morphology]]

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