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((Short description|Referendum to decide whether a territory should become an independent country))
((Direct Democracy))
((More citations needed|date=May 2022))
[[File:K-CNRT rally Dili 07'99-25.jpg|thumb|[[1999 East Timorese independence referendum|East Timorese independence referendum]] in 1999]]
[[File:Southern Sudan Referendum1.jpg|thumb|[[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudanese independence referendum]] in 2011]]

An '''independence referendum''' is a type of [[referendum]] in which the residents of a [[territory]] decide whether the territory should become an [[Independence|independent]] [[sovereign state]]. An independence referendum that results in a vote for independence does not always ultimately result in independence.

==Procedure==
An independence referendum typically arises first after political success for [[nationalism|nationalists]] of a territory. This could come in the election of politicians or parties with [[separatism|separatist]] policies, or from pressure from [[list of nationalist organizations|nationalist organisations]].

===Negotiations===
Negotiations for the terms of an independence referendum may take place between the nationalists and the government which exercises sovereignty over the territory. If terms can be agreed, then the independence referendum can be held with its result binding, and respected by the [[international community]]. Independence referendums can be held without the consent of a national or the federal governments, then the international community will rely on several other factors, e.g. were the local people oppressed by the central government or not, to decide if the result can be recognized or not.

[[File:Independence Referendum (6887287639).jpg|thumb|Scottish Government and UK central government delegates discussing the [[2014 Scottish independence referendum]].]]
Various issues can be discussed in negotiations, such as the date and timing of the poll, as well as voter eligibility. For these instances, common electoral practice is often widely used, although there can be deviations, as seen with the lowering of the [[voting age]] for the [[2014 Scottish independence referendum]].

Other issues to be negotiated include what question or questions should be on the ballot, and what the voting options could be. Independence referendums can offer options of greater [[autonomy]] as well as, or instead of, the status quo. They can also put forward other [[constitution]]al questions to ballot. The questions that referendums ask may be revised if parties involved in negotiations consider them to be too [[Leading question|leading]].

Negotiations notably need to address what would make a result binding. For some independence referendums, a simple majority is required for one option. In other cases, a quota can be used, where a certain percentage of the vote or the electorate needs to be in favour of an option for it to be binding.

Successful negotiations can be hard to achieve for nationalists, as governments can be reluctant to give up sovereignty. For example, nationalists planned to hold a referendum in [[Catalonia]] in 2014, but met opposition from the [[Spain|Spanish]] government. As a result, the [[2014 Catalan self-determination referendum|referendum that went ahead]] was unofficial and non-binding.

===Aftermath===
In the event of a vote for independence, there may be negotiations on the terms of [[secession]] for the territory from the sovereign state. A [[declaration of independence]] for a new state is then made, and international recognition can follow, as well as membership of international organisations such as the [[United Nations]]. In cases involving non-binding referendums, this can lead to a [[unilateral declaration of independence]], and therefore [[List of states with limited recognition|partially recognised]] or [[self-proclaimed]] states, like the [[2014 Donbas status referendums|Donbas status referendums]].

In the event of a vote against independence, there may still be a strong nationalist movement and calls for there to be a rerun of the independence referendum. For example, after two referendums in [[Quebec]], the [[Parti Québécois]] has continued to raise the prospect of holding another referendum,<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29077213|title=Neverendum referendum: Voting on independence, Quebec-style|date=8 September 2014|work=[[BBC News Online]]|access-date=17 January 2015))</ref> and the [[Scottish National Party]] has said that there should be a repeat of the 2014 referendum now that the [[United Kingdom]] has left the [[European Union]].
((clear))

==Past independence referendums==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=font-size:95%
!Proposed state !!Year !!Proposed independence from!!width=80|Majority for independence !!width=80|Independence!!width=80|Recognition of result!!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| ((flag|Chile))
| [[1817 Chilean independence referendum|1817]]
| ((flagicon image|Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg)) [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((No))
| Unilaterally [[Chilean Declaration of Independence|declared independence]].
|-
| ((flag|Liberia))
| [[1846 Liberian independence referendum|1846]]
| [[American Colonization Society]]
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Maryland.svg)) [[Republic of Maryland|Maryland]]
| [[1853 Maryland independence referendum|1853]]
| [[Maryland State Colonization Society]]
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Norway))
| [[1905 Norwegian union dissolution referendum|1905]]
| ((nowrap|((flagicon image|Union Jack of Sweden and Norway (1844-1905).svg)) [[Union between Sweden and Norway|Sweden–Norway]]))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flagicon image|Light_Blue_Flag_of_Iceland.svg)) [[Kingdom of Iceland|Iceland]]
| [[1918 Icelandic sovereignty referendum|1918]]
| ((flag|Denmark))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flagicon image|Flag_of_Dominion_of_Westralia_(secession_movement).svg)) [[Western Australia]]
| [[1933 Western Australian secession referendum|1933]]
| ((flag|Australia))
| ((Yes)) || ((No))
| ((No)) || 
|-
| ((flag|Cambodia|1863))
| [[1945 Cambodian referendum|1945]]
| ((flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1958).svg)) [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|France]]
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flagcountry|Mongolian People's Republic))
| [[1945 Mongolian independence referendum|1945]]
| ((flagcountry|Republic of China (1912–1949)))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes))
| ((Yes))
| Initially recognized by the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]], but recognition was abolished in 1953; recognized by the [[China|People's Republic of China]].
|-
| ((flag|Faroe Islands))
| [[1946 Faroese independence referendum|1946]]
| ((flag|Denmark))
| ((Yes)) || ((No))
| ((No))
| Independence declaration annulled by Denmark.
|-
| ((flag|Newfoundland))
| [[1948 Newfoundland referendums|1948]]
| ((flag|United Kingdom))
| ((No)) || ((No))
| ((Yes)) || Integrated with Canada.
|-
| ((flag|Nagaland))
| [[1951 Naga plebiscite|1951]]
| ((flag|India))
| ((Yes)) || ((No))
| ((No))
| Unrecognized by the government of India.<ref>((cite book |last1=Walling |first1=A. Wati |last2=Agrawal |first2=Ankush |last3=Phom |first3=B. Henshet |title=Democracy In Nagaland: Tribes, Traditions, and Tensions. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTmoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |publisher=Highlander Press |language=en |date=1 January 2018|isbn=9780692070314 ))</ref>
|-
| ((flag|Saar))
| [[1955 Saar Statute referendum|1955]]
| rowspan="20" | ((flagcountry|French Fourth Republic))
| ((No)) || ((No))
| ((Yes))
| Integrated with [[West Germany]].
|-
|((flagicon image|Flag_of_Cameroon_(1957).svg)) [[Cameroon]]||[[1958 Cameroonian constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))|| ((Yes))|| rowspan="19" |Referendum on a new [[Constitution of France|French constitution]]. A no vote would have led to independence.
|-
|((flag|Central African Republic))||[[1958 Ubangi-Shari constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flag|Chad))||[[1958 Chadian constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Comoros_(1963–1975).svg)) [[Comoros]]||[[1958 Comorian constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flag|Republic of the Congo))||[[1958 Moyen-Congo constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flag|Dahomey))||[[1958 Dahomeyan constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg)) [[Djibouti]]||[[1958 French Somaliland constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg)) [[French Polynesia]]||[[1958 French Polynesian constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flagicon image|Flag_of_Gabon_1959-1960.svg)) [[Gabon]]||[[1958 Gabonese constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flag|Guinea))||[[1958 Guinean constitutional referendum|1958]]||((Yes))||((Yes))||((Yes))
|-
|((flag|Ivory Coast))||[[1958 Ivorian constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flag|Madagascar))||[[1958 Malagasy constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flagicon image|Flag of Mali (1959–1961).svg)) [[Mali]]||[[1958 French Sudan constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flagicon image|Flag_of_Mauritania_(1959%E2%80%932017).svg)) [[Mauritania]]||[[1958 Mauritanian constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg)) [[New Caledonia]]||[[1958 New Caledonian constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flag|Niger))||[[1958 Nigerien constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flag|Saint Pierre and Miquelon))||[[1958 Saint Pierre and Miquelon constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flagicon image|Flag of Mali (1959–1961).svg)) [[Senegal]]||[[1958 Senegalese constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
|((flag|Upper Volta))||[[1958 Upper Voltan constitutional referendum|1958]]||((No))||((No))||((Yes))
|-
| ((flag|Western Samoa))
| [[1961 Samoan referendum|1961]]
| ((flag|New Zealand))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Algeria))
| [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|1962]]
| ((flag|France))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flagcountry|State of Malta))
| [[1964 Maltese constitutional referendum|1964]]
| rowspan="2" | ((flag|United Kingdom))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Rhodesia))
| [[1964 Southern Rhodesian independence referendum|1964]]
| ((Yes))
| ((Partial|''De facto''))
| ((No))
| Unilaterally [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|declared independence]].
|-
| ((flagicon image|Flag_of_France.svg)) [[Djibouti]]
| [[1967 French Somaliland independence referendum|1967]]
| ((flag|France))
| ((No)) || ((No))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Puerto Rico))
| [[1967 Puerto Rican status referendum|1967]]
| ((flag|United States))
| ((No)) || ((No))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Republic of West Papua|name=West Papua))
| [[Act of Free Choice|1969]]
| ((flag|Indonesia))
| ((No)) || ((No))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flagicon image|Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands (1972).svg)) [[Northern Mariana Islands]]
| [[1969 Northern Mariana Islands status referendum|1969]]
| ((flag|United States))
| ((No)) || ((No))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Bahrain|1932))
| [[Bahraini independence survey, 1970|1970]]
| ((flag|United Kingdom))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Niue))
| [[1974 Niuean constitutional referendum|1974]]
| ((flag|New Zealand))
| ((Partial|Majority for associated status))
| ((Partial|Associated status achieved))
| ((Yes))
| Became an [[associated state]] of New Zealand.
|-
| ((flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Comoros_(1963–1975).svg)) [[Comoros]]
| [[1974 Comorian independence referendum|1974]]
| ((flag|France))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes))
| ((Yes))
| [[Mayotte]] remained with France.
|-
| ((nowrap|((flag|Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands))))
| [[1975 Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands status referendum|1975]]
| rowspan="2" | ((flag|United States))
| ((No)) || ((No))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Guam))
| [[1976 Guamanian status referendum|1976]]
| ((No)) || ((No))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Aruba))
| [[1977 Aruban independence referendum|1977]]
| ((flag|Netherlands))
| ((Yes)) || ((No))
| ((Yes))
| Independence plans dropped in 1994.
|-
| ((flag|Djibouti))
| [[1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum|1977]]
| ((flag|France))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Nevis))
| [[1977 Nevis independence referendum|1977]]
| ((nowrap|((flag|Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla))))
| ((Yes)) || ((No))
| ((No))
| Unofficial referendum to  become independent from [[Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla]] and attain [[Crown colony|Crown colony status]] within the [[British Empire]]. Unrecognized by the central government.
|-
| ((flag|Quebec))
| [[1980 Quebec referendum|1980]]
| ((flag|Canada))
| ((No)) || ((No))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Ciskei))
| [[1980 Ciskei independence referendum|1980]]
| ((flag|South Africa|1928))
| ((Yes))
| ((Partial|''De facto''))
| ((Partial))
| Recognized by South Africa; not by the international community.
|-
| ((flag|Guam))
| [[January 1982 Guamanian status referendum|1982]]
| rowspan="5" | ((flag|United States))
| ((No)) || ((No))
| ((Yes)) || 
|-
| ((flag|Federated States of Micronesia))
| [[1983 Micronesian Compact of Free Association referendum|1983]]
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes))
| ((Yes))
| Became an associated state of the United States.
|-
| ((flag|Marshall Islands))
| [[1983 Marshall Islands Compact of Free Association referendum|1983]]
| ((No)) || ((No))
| ((Yes)) ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | ((flag|Palau))
| [[1983 Palauan Compact of Free Association referendum|1983]]
| ((No)) || ((No))
| ((Yes))
| rowspan="2" | Became an associated state of the United States.
|-
| [[1984 Palauan Compact of Free Association referendum|1984]]
| ((No)) || ((No))
| ((Yes))
|-
| ((flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands))
| [[1984 Cocos (Keeling) Islands status referendum|1984]]
| ((flag|Australia))
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands_(1948-1999).svg)) [[Falkland Islands]]
| [[1986 Falkland Islands status referendum|1986]]
| ((flag|United Kingdom))
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| |((flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg)) [[New Caledonia]]
| [[1987 New Caledonian independence referendum|1987]]
| ((flag|France))
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flagicon image|Flag of Slovenia (1945–1991).svg)) [[Slovenia]]
| [[1990 Slovenian independence referendum|1990]]
| ((flag|Yugoslavia))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||| Unilaterally declared independence.
|-
| ((flag|Armenia))
| [[1991 Armenian independence referendum|1991]]
| rowspan="2" | ((flag|Soviet Union))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Azerbaijan))
| [[1991 Azerbaijani independence referendum|1991]]
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Croatia))
| [[1991 Croatian independence referendum|1991]]
| ((flag|Yugoslavia))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || | Unilaterally declared independence.
|-
| ((flag|Estonia))
| [[1991 Estonian independence referendum|1991]]
| rowspan="2" | ((flag|Soviet Union))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Georgia|1990))
| [[1991 Georgian independence referendum|1991]]
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flagdeco|Kosova)) [[Republic of Kosova|Kosova]]
| [[1991 Kosovan independence referendum|1991]]
| ((flag|Yugoslavia))
| ((Yes)) || ((No))
| ((No))
| Only recognized by [[Albania]].
|-
| ((flag|Latvia))
| [[Latvian independence and democracy poll, 1991|1991]]
| rowspan="2" | ((flag|Soviet Union))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Lithuania|1988))
| [[1991 Lithuanian independence referendum|1991]]
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|North Macedonia|1992))
| [[1991 Macedonian independence referendum|1991]]
| ((flag|Yugoslavia))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Nagorno-Karabakh))
| [[1991 Nagorno-Karabakh independence referendum|1991]]
| rowspan="6" | ((flag|Soviet Union))
| ((Yes))
| ((Partial|''De facto''))
| ((No))
| Unilaterally declared independence.
|-
| ((flag|Ukraine))
| [[1991 Ukrainian independence referendum|1991]]
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Transnistria))
| [[1991 Transnistrian independence referendum|1991]]
| ((Yes))
| ((Partial|''De facto''))
| ((No))
| Unilaterally declared independence.
|-
| ((flagdeco|Gagauzia|1990)) [[Gagauz Republic]]
| [[1991 Gagauz independence referendum|1991]]
| ((Yes))
| ((Partial|''De facto''<ref>Marcin Kosienkowski (2017) [https://pracownik.kul.pl/files/121903/public/kosienkowski_the_gagauz_republic_an_autonomism-driven_de_facto_state.pdf The Gagauz Republic: An Autonomism-Driven De Facto State] ''The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review'', volume 44, no. 3, pp292–313</ref>))
| ((No))
| Unilaterally separated from Moldova; reintegrated into the country in 1995.
|-
| ((flagicon image|Flag_of_Turkmenistan_(1992-1997).svg)) [[Turkmenistan]]
| [[1991 Turkmen independence referendum|1991]]
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Uzbekistan))
| [[1991 Uzbek independence election|1991]]
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((nowrap|((flagcountry|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina))))
| [[1992 Bosnian independence referendum|1992]]
| rowspan="2" | ((flag|Yugoslavia))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||| Unilaterally declared independence.
|-
| ((flag|SR Montenegro|name=Montenegro))
| [[1992 Montenegrin independence referendum|1992]]
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) || Montenegro split from [[Serbia and Montenegro]] in 2006.
|-
| ((flag|South Ossetia))
| [[1992 South Ossetian independence referendum|1992]]
| ((flag|Georgia|1990))
| ((Yes))
| ((Partial|''De facto''))
| ((No))
| Unilaterally declared independence.
|-
| ((flag|Tatarstan))
| [[1992 Tatarstani sovereignty referendum|1992]]
| ((flag|Russia))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((No))
| Reintegrated with Russia in 1994.
|-
| ((flag|Eritrea|1993))
| [[1993 Eritrean independence referendum|1993]]
| ((flag|Ethiopia|1991))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|United States Virgin Islands))
| [[1993 United States Virgin Islands status referendum|1993]]
| rowspan="2" | ((flag|United States))
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Puerto Rico))
| [[1993 Puerto Rican status referendum|1993]]
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Curaçao))
| [[1993 Curaçao status referendum|1993]]
| rowspan="5" | ((flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands))
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Bonaire))
| [[1994 Bonaire status referendum|1994]]
| ((no)) || ((No)) || ((Yes))
| rowspan="4" |
|-
| ((flag|Sint Maarten))
| [[1994 Sint Maarten status referendum|1994]]
| ((no)) || ((No)) || ((Yes))
|-
| ((flag|Saba))
| [[1994 Saban status referendum|1994]]
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes))
|-
| ((flag|Sint Eustatius))
| [[1994 Sint Eustatius status referendum|1994]]
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes))
|-
| ((flag|Bermuda))
| [[1995 Bermudian independence referendum|1995]]
| ((flag|United Kingdom))
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) || 
|-
| ((flag|Quebec))
| [[1995 Quebec referendum|1995]]
| ((flag|Canada))
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Seborga_-v.svg)) [[Principality of Seborga|Seborga]]
| [[Principality of Seborga#History|1995]]<ref>((Cite book|last=Roth|first=Christopher F.|date=March 2015|title=Let's Split! A Complete Guide to Separatist Movements and Aspirant Nations, from Abkhazia to Zanzibar|publisher=Litwin Books, LLC|url=http://litwinbooks.com/LS-Italy.pdf|page=90|quote=In 1995, Giorgio held a referendum, with Seborgans opting for independence 304-4.))</ref>
| ((flag|Italy))
| ((Yes)) || ((No)) || ((No))
| Regarded as a [[micronation]].
|-
| ((flagicon image|Flag_of_Anjouan.svg)) [[Anjouan#Secessionist/Autonomous Anjouan|Anjouan]]
| [[1997 Anjouan independence referendum|1997]]
| ((flag|Comoros))
| ((Yes))
| ((Partial|''De facto''))
| ((No))
| Reintegrated with the Comoros in 2001.
|-
| ((flag|Nevis))
| [[1998 Nevis independence referendum|1998]]
| ((nowrap|((flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis))))
| ((Yes)) || ((No)) || ((Yes))
| 2/3 majority was required for independence.
|-
| ((flag|Puerto Rico))
| [[1998 Puerto Rican status referendum|1998]]
| ((flag|United States))
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|East Timor))
| [[1999 East Timorese independence referendum|1999]]
| ((flag|Indonesia))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Sint Maarten))
| [[2000 Sint Maarten status referendum|2000]]
| ((flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands))
| ((no)) || ((No)) || ((Yes))
|
|-
| ((flag|Somaliland))
| [[2001 Somaliland constitutional referendum|2001]]
| ((flag|Somalia))
| ((Yes)) || ((Partial|''De facto''))|| ((No)) 
|
|-
| ((flag|Bonaire))
| [[2004 Bonaire status referendum|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |((flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands))
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Saba))
| [[2004 Saban status referendum|2004]]
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Kurdistan))
| [[2005 Kurdistan Region independence referendum|2005]]
| ((flag|Iraq|2004))
| ((Yes)) || ((No)) || ((No)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Curaçao))
| [[2005 Curaçao status referendum|2005]]
| rowspan="2" | ((flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands))
| ((no)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Sint Eustatius))
| [[2005 Sint Eustatius status referendum|2005]]
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Montenegro))
| [[2006 Montenegrin independence referendum|2006]]
| ((flag|Serbia and Montenegro))
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|South Ossetia))
| [[2006 South Ossetian independence referendum|2006]]
| ((flag|Georgia))
| ((Yes))
| ((Partial|''De facto''))
| ((No)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Transnistria|state))
| [[2006 Transnistrian independence referendum|2006]]
| ((flag|Moldova))
| ((Yes))
| ((Partial|''De facto''))
| ((No)) ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | ((flag|Tokelau|state))
| [[2006 Tokelauan self-determination referendum|2006]]
| rowspan="2" | ((flag|New Zealand))
| ((Partial|Majority for associated status))<br>but Quorum not reached
| ((No|Associated status not achieved))
| ((Yes))
| rowspan="2" | The referendum was on whether Tokelau should become an associated state of New Zealand. 2/3 majority was required.
|-
| [[2007 Tokelauan self-determination referendum|2007]]
| ((Partial|Majority for associated status))<br>but Quorum not reached
| ((No|Associated status not achieved))
| ((Yes))
|-
| ((flagicon image|Bicolor flag of Tamil Eelam.svg)) [[Tamil Eelam]]
| [[2009–2010 Tamil Eelam independence referendums|2009-2010]]
| ((flag|Sri Lanka))
| ((Yes))
| ((No)) || ((No))
| Unofficial referendum. Unrecognized by the government of Sri Lanka.
|-
| ((flag|South Sudan))
| [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|2011]]
| ((flag|Sudan))
| ((Yes))<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12379431 South Sudan backs independence – results]</ref>
| ((Yes)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Puerto Rico))
| [[2012 Puerto Rican status referendum|2012]]
| ((flag|United States))
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flagdeco|Donetsk People's Republic|org)) [[Donetsk People's Republic|Donetsk]]
| [[2014 Donbas status referendums#Referendum in Donetsk Oblast|2014]]
| rowspan="2" | ((flag|Ukraine))
| ((Yes))<ref name="cnn">((cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/11/world/europe/ukraine-crisis/|title=In eastern Ukraine, polls close amid allegations of double-voting - CNN.com|date=11 May 2014|work=CNN|access-date=30 September 2014))</ref>
| ((Partial|''De facto''))<ref name="wsj">((cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-praises-ukraines-autonomy-law-for-rebel-areas-1410977330|title=Russia Praises Ukraine's Autonomy Law for Rebel Areas|date=17 September 2014|work=WSJ|access-date=30 September 2014))</ref>
| ((No))
| Unilaterally declared independence.
|-
| ((flagdeco|Luhansk People's Republic|first)) [[Luhansk People's Republic|Luhansk]]
| [[2014 Donbas status referendums#Referendum in Luhansk Oblast|2014]]
| ((Yes))<ref name="cnn"/>
| ((Partial|''De facto''))<ref name="wsj"/>
| ((No))
| Unilaterally declared independence.
|-
| ((flag|Veneto))
| [[2014 Venetian independence referendum|2014]]
| ((flag|Italy))
| ((Yes)) || ((No)) || ((No))
| Unofficial referendum. Unrecognized by the government of Italy.
|-
| ((flag|Scotland))
| [[2014 Scottish independence referendum|2014]]
| ((flag|United Kingdom))
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flagicon image|Flag_of_Catalonia.svg)) [[Catalonia]] <!-- Uses the independence flag since this column is for the proposed state -->
| [[2014 Catalan self-determination referendum|2014]]
| ((flag|Spain))
| ((Yes)) || ((No)) || ((No)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Sint Eustatius))
| [[2014 Sint Eustatius status referendum|2014]]
| ((flag|Netherlands))
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flagicon image|Bandeira do movimento O Sul É o Meu País.svg)) [[South Region, Brazil|South Brazil]]
| [[The South is My Country#First edition|2016]]
| ((flag|Brazil))
| ((Yes)) || ((No)) || ((No))
| Unofficial referendum. Unrecognized by the government of Brazil.
|-
| ((flag|Puerto Rico))
| [[2017 Puerto Rican status referendum|2017]]
| ((flag|United States))
| ((No)) || ((No)) || ((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Kurdistan))
| [[2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum|2017]]
| ((flag|Iraq))
| ((Yes))
| ((No))<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-41744376|title=Iraqi Kurds offer to 'freeze' independence referendum result|date=25 October 2017|access-date=27 October 2017|publisher=[[BBC]]))</ref>
| ((No)) <!-- This is for recognition of the referendum, which was not recognized by Iraq, not potential recognition of a Kurdish state-->
| The referendum also took place in the [[disputed territories of Northern Iraq]].
|-
| ((flagicon image|Flag_of_Catalonia.svg)) [[Catalonia]]
| [[2017 Catalan independence referendum|2017]]
| ((flag|Spain))
| ((Yes))
| ((No))<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41785292 Catalonia independence: Spain takes charge of Catalan government] BBC News, 28 October 2017</ref>
| ((No))
| Unilaterally [[Catalan declaration of independence|declared independence]]. Declaration annulled by the government of Spain.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.es/2017/10/31/suspendida-la-declaracion-de-independencia-de-cataluna_a_23262184/ Suspendida la declaración de independencia de Cataluña] ((in lang|es))</ref>
|-
| ((flagicon image|Bandeira do movimento O Sul É o Meu País.svg)) [[South Region, Brazil|South Brazil]]
| [[The South is My Country#Second edition|2017]]
| ((flag|Brazil))
| ((Yes)) || ((No)) || ((No))
| Unofficial referendum. Unrecognized by the government of Brazil.
|-
|((flag|New Caledonia))
|[[2018 New Caledonian independence referendum|2018]]
|((flag|France))
|((No)) ||((No)) ||((Yes)) ||
|-
| ((flag|Bougainville))
| [[2019 Bougainvillean independence referendum|2019]]
| ((nowrap|((flag|Papua New Guinea))))
| ((Yes))
| ((tba|Subject to negotiation))<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/11/bougainville-referendum-region-votes-overwhelmingly-for-independence-from-papua-new-guinea|title=Bougainville referendum: region votes overwhelmingly for independence from Papua New Guinea|last=Lyons|first=Kate|date=2019-12-10|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-12-11))</ref>
| ((Yes))
| Nonbinding vote.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/384471/bougainville-referendum-not-binding-pm|title=Bougainville referendum not binding - PM|date=2019-03-11|website=Radio New Zealand|language=en-nz|access-date=2019-03-18))</ref> Independence rests with Papua New Guinea's parliament.<ref>((Cite web|last1=Mckenna|first1=Kylie|last2=Ariku|first2=Emelda|date=19 November 2021|title=Bougainville independence: recalling promises of international help|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/bougainville-independence-recalling-promises-international-help|access-date=3 December 2021|website=The Interpreter))</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |((flag|New Caledonia))
|[[2020 New Caledonian independence referendum|2020]]
| rowspan="2" |((flag|France))
|((No))
|((No))<ref>((Cite news|last1=Sartre|first1=Julien|last2=Doherty|first2=Ben|date=4 October 2020|title=New Caledonia rejects independence from France for second time|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/04/new-caledonia-rejects-independence-from-france-for-second-time|access-date=4 October 2020|issn=0261-3077))</ref>
|((Yes)) 
|
|-
|[[2021 New Caledonian independence referendum|2021]]
|((No))
|((No))
|((Yes)) 
| Boycotted by pro-independence parties.<ref>((Cite web|date=13 December 2021|title=New Caledonia pro-independence parties reject referendum result|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/13/new-caledonia-pro-independentists-reject-referendum-result|access-date=14 December 2021|website=Al Jazeera))</ref>
|}
<!--
==Scheduled independence referendums==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"
!Proposed State
!Date
!Current state
!Recognition
!Notes
|}
-->

==See also==
((Div col|colwidth=22em))
*[[Balkanization]]
*[[Declaration of independence]]
**[[Unilateral declaration of independence]]
*[[Decolonization]]
*[[Ethnic nationalism]]
*[[Separatism|Independence movement]]
*[[Kosovo independence precedent]]
*[[List of irredentist claims or disputes]]
*[[List of monarchy referendums]]
*[[List of proposed state mergers]]
*[[List of sovereign states]]
*[[List of territorial disputes]]
*[[Lists of active separatist movements]]
*[[Political status]]
*[[Right to exist]]
*[[Secession]]
*[[Self-determination]]
*[[Self-governance]]
*[[Sovereignty]]
*[[Succession of states]]
*[[Territorial integrity]]
*[[Wars of national liberation]]
((Div col end))

==Further reading==
*Harguindéguy, J.-B., Sánchez, E. S., & Sánchez, A. S. (2021). "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026137942030127X Why do central states accept holding independence referendums? Analyzing the role of state peripheries.]" ''Electoral Studies''.
*Juve J. Cortés Rivera (2020). "[[doi:10.1080/21622671.2020.1837223|Creating new states: the strategic use of referendums in secession movements.]]" ''Territory, Politics, Governance''

==References==
((reflist))

[[Category:Independence referendums| ]]
[[Category:Secession]]
[[Category:Independence]]
[[Category:Referendums by issue]]

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