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((Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = Cakrawarta-1 (IndoStar-1)
| image                 = 
| image_caption         =

| mission_type          = [[Television Broadcasting Satellite|Communication]]
| operator              = Media Citra Indostar
| website               = 
| COSPAR_ID             = 1997-071B
| SATCAT                = 
| mission_duration      = 7 years (planned)<br>7 years (expected)<br>11 years (achieved)

| spacecraft_bus        = [[GEOStar|STAR-1]]
| manufacturer          = [[Orbital Sciences Corporation]]
| dry_mass              = 
| launch_mass           = 
| power                 = 

| launch_date           = ((start-date|12 November 1997, 21:48|timezone=yes))&nbsp;UTC<ref name="gunter">((cite web|last1=Krebs|first1=Gunter|title=Indostar 1 (Cakrawarta 1) - Gunter's Space Page|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/indostar-1.htm|website=Gunter's Space Page|publisher=Gunter Dirk Krebs|access-date=12 October 2017))</ref>
| launch_rocket         = [[Ariane 4|Ariane 44L H10-3]] (V102)<ref name="gunter"></ref>
| launch_site           = [[Guiana Space Centre|Kourou]] [[ELA-2]]
| launch_contractor     = [[Arianespace]]
| entered_service       = 

| disposal_type         = Decommissioned
| deactivated           = Mid 2009

| orbit_epoch           = 
| orbit_reference       = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime          = [[Geostationary orbit|Geostationary]]
| orbit_periapsis       = 
| orbit_apoapsis        = 
| orbit_inclination     = 
| orbit_period          = 
| orbit_longitude       = 
| orbit_slot            = 
| apsis                 = gee

| trans_band            = [[S-band]] (5 active)<ref name="gunter"></ref>
| trans_frequency       = 
| trans_bandwidth       = 
| trans_capacity        = 
| trans_coverage        = Indonesia and parts of Southeast Asia
| trans_TWTA            = 
| trans_EIRP            = 
| trans_HPBW            = 
))

((More citations needed|date=March 2014))
'''IndoStar-1''', also known as '''Cakrawarta-1''', was a [[communication satellite]] that was launched the evening of November 12, 1997 at 21:48 GMT aboard an [[Ariane 4|Ariane 44L-3]] rocket from [[Kourou]], French Guiana. As the first [[direct broadcasting satellite]] (DBS) in Asia, IndoStar-1 would initiate a new communication service for Indonesian society such as [[direct-to-home]] television.

== Design ==
The IndoStar-1 geostationary broadcast satellite (the first [[GEOStar|STAR-1]] spacecraft bus) and the Turn-Key Indovision Direct To Home (DTH) program was developed by Thomas van der Heyden.  The satellite was built by a team of engineers at the US company Defense Systems Inc. (DSI), which had up until the IndoStar program (later renamed Cakrawarta by the then president of Indonesia - [[Suharto]]), focused on Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites for the US government, DARPA and NASA.

Under the contract DSI together with its sister company International Technologies Inc. (ITI) constructed the Indostar-1 satellite program for on-orbit turn-key delivery for the Indonesian television broadcasting company PT Media Citra Indostar (MCI).  The Turn-Key, End-to-End contract, which included; Launch, Tracking Telemetry & Control Station, Up-Link Station for 60 MPEG television channels, Integrated Receiver Decoder (IRD) design, ITU regulatory filings, insurance, and spacecraft - was the first fully turn key contract in the commercial satellite industry.

In 1995 DSI was sold to Computer Technology Associates (CTA) which was sold two years later to [[Orbital Sciences Corporation]] (later [[Orbital ATK]], now [[Northrop Grumman|Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems]]) during the final stages of the Indostar-1 satellite integration in early 1997.  The Indostar-1 satellite design was developed from scratch by Thomas van der Heyden and Dr. George Sebestyen founder of DSI, became the first GEO LightSat, their [[GEOStar|STAR Bus]] platform.

The Cakrawarta satellite was successfully launched into the geostationary orbital slot located at 107.7 East Longitude above Indonesia by the Ariane 44L launch vehicle on November 12, 1997, co-manifested with the Sirius-2 satellite.

IndoStar-1 was the world's first commercial communications satellite to use S-band frequencies for broadcast (pioneered by van der Heyden), which efficiently penetrate the atmosphere and provide high-quality transmissions to small-diameter 80&nbsp;cm antennas in regions that experience heavy rainfall such as Indonesia. Similar performance is not economically feasible with comparable Ku- or C-band DTH satellite systems since more power is required in these bands to penetrate the moist atmosphere.

Due to a failed power regulator, two of the satellite's five transponders could not be used at 100% output whenever the satellite was eclipsed by the Earth.  During these periods, only 80 percent of the required power was available.  The spacecraft, with a design life of seven years, operated successfully for 11 years, providing 60 channels of MPEG-2 digital satellite television to the 235 million people of Indonesia.

On Saturday, May 16, 2009, Indovision launched the replacement for the Cakrawarta-1 (IndoStar-1) satellite - Indostar-2 (now SES-7) from the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]], Kazakhstan. It became operational in July 2009 and IndoStar-1 was subsequently decommissioned.

== Mission ==
IndoStar-1 was managed and operated by PT Media Citra Indostar (MCI), providing a direct broadcast signal by high quality digital transmission.  Operationally, IndoStar-1 satellite was used for commercial services by [[cable television]] companies to relay international and local programs throughout Indonesia. [[Indovision]] used this satellite before switching to [[SES-7|IndoStar-2]].<ref name="gunter"></ref>

== Description of IndoStar-1 Satellite ==
* Status: Satellite was launched via Ariane 44L-3 on November 12, 1997
* Destination: Geosynchronous Orbit @ 107E 
* Operator: PT MediaCitra Indostar [MCI], Jakarta
* Performance Launch mass: 1,350&nbsp;kg 
* Class: Communications
* Mission: Provide direct broadcast television to Indonesia (high quality digital transmission, approximately 50 television channels) 
* Mission life: 7 years with fuel for 12 years 
* Designed by: Thomas van der Heyden
* Manufacturer: Defense Systems Inc. (later [[Orbital ATK]], now [[Northrop Grumman|Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems]])

((Clear))

== See also ==
((Portal|Spaceflight))
* [[1997 in spaceflight]]

==References==
<references />

((Clear))

== External links ==
* [http://www.lyngsat.com/cw1.html Indostar-1 or Cakrawarta-1]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091202104507/http://www.lyngsat.com/indo2.html Indostar-2]
* [http://www.orbital.com orbital.com]

((Indonesian Space Program))
((Orbital launches in 1997))

[[Category:Communications satellites in geostationary orbit]]
[[Category:Communications satellites]]
[[Category:Communications in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Satellites of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1997]]
[[Category:1997 in Indonesia]]

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