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((Short description|Open-source software))
((More citations needed|date=February 2009))
((Infobox software
| name = Internet Communications Engine
| logo = 
| screenshot = 
| caption = 
| collapsible = 
| developer = [[ZeroC]]
| platform = [[Cross-platform]]
| genre = [[Remote procedure call]] framework
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] / Proprietary
| website = ((URL|https:/zeroc.com/))
| latest_release_version = 3.7.10
| latest_release_date = ((start date and age|2023|11|07))
| operating_system = 
| programming_language = 
))

The '''Internet Communications Engine''', or '''Ice''', is an [[open-source software|open-source]] [[remote procedure call|RPC]] framework developed by '''ZeroC'''. It provides [[Software development kit|SDK]]s for [[C++]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[MATLAB]], [[Objective-C]], [[PHP]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] and [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]], and can run on various operating systems, including [[Linux]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://zeroc.com/products/ice#everywhere |title=Ice - Comprehensive RPC Framework |website=zeroc.com |access-date=2018-04-27))</ref>
 
Ice implements a proprietary [[application layer]] communications protocol, called the Ice protocol, that can run over [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]], [[Transport Layer Security|TLS]], [[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]], [[WebSocket]] and [[Bluetooth]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://zeroc.com/products/ice#flexible |title=Ice - Comprehensive RPC Framework |website=zeroc.com |access-date=2019-02-08))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://forums.zeroc.com/discussion/46698/does-ice-uses-any-http-protocol-for-communication|title=Does ICE uses any http protocol for communication|website=ZeroC|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13))</ref> As its name indicates, Ice can be suitable for applications that communicate over the Internet, and includes functionality for traversing  [[Firewall (computing)|firewall]]s.

== History==
Initially released in February 2003,<ref>((cite web |last1=Laukien |first1=Marc |title=Project: The Internet Communications Engine |url=https://forums.zeroc.com/discussion/22/the-internet-communications-engine |website=ZeroC Forums |access-date=16 January 2021))</ref> Ice was influenced by the [[Common Object Request Broker Architecture]] (CORBA) in its design, and indeed was created by several influential CORBA developers, including [[Michi Henning]]. However, according to ZeroC, it was smaller and less complex than CORBA because it was designed by a small group of experienced developers, instead of suffering from [[design by committee]].<ref>((Cite web |title= Differences between Ice and CORBA |url= http://www.zeroc.com/iceVsCorba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130318043237/http://www.zeroc.com/iceVsCorba.html |archive-date= March 18, 2013 |access-date= July 17, 2013 ))</ref>

In 2004, it was reported that a game called "Wish" by a company named Mutable Realms used Ice.<ref>((Cite journal |title= Massively Multiplayer Middleware |author= Michi Henning |publisher= ACM |journal= Queue |date= February 1, 2004 |url= http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=971591 |access-date= July 17, 2013 ))</ref>
In 2008, it was reported that [[Big Bear Solar Observatory]] had used the software since 2005.<ref>((cite conference
 |author      = Sergij Shumko
 |title       = Ice middleware in the New Solar Telescope's Telescope Control System
 |book-title   = Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XVII, ASP Conference Series, Vol. XXX, 2008
 |place       = Quebec City, Canada
 |date        = November 2, 2008
 |url         = http://solar.njit.edu/preprints/shumko1395.pdf
 |access-date  = July 17, 2013
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120825045800/http://solar.njit.edu/preprints/shumko1395.pdf
 |archive-date = August 25, 2012
))
</ref>
The source code repository for Ice is on [[GitHub]] since May 2015.<ref>((cite web |last1=Normier |first1=Bernard |title=Ice has moved to GitHub! |url=https://forums.zeroc.com/discussion/6600/ice-has-moved-to-github |website=ZeroC Forums |access-date=8 February 2019))</ref>

== Components ==
Ice components include object-oriented remote-object-invocation, replication, grid-computing, failover, load-balancing, firewall-traversals and publish-subscribe services.  To gain access to those services, applications are linked to a stub library or assembly, which is generated from a language-independent [[Interface description language|IDL]]-like syntax called ''slice''.

[[Image:ICEgrid.png|1000px]]

===IceStorm===
is an object-oriented publish-and-subscribe framework that also supports federation and quality-of-service. Unlike other publish-subscribe frameworks such as [[Tibco Software]]'s [[TIBCO Rendezvous|Rendezvous]] or [[SmartSockets]], message content consist of objects of well defined classes rather than of structured text.

===IceGrid===
is a suite of frameworks that provide object-oriented [[load balancing (computing)|load balancing]], [[failover]], object-discovery and registry services.

===IcePatch===
facilitates the deployment of ICE-based software. For example,  a user who wishes to deploy new functionality and/or patches to several servers may use IcePatch.

===Glacier===
is a [[proxy server|proxy]]-based service to enable communication through firewalls, thus making ICE an internet [[communication engine]].

===IceBox===
Icebox is a [[service-oriented architecture]] container of executable services implemented in [[.dll]] or .so libraries. This is a lighter alternative to building entire executable for every service.

===Slice===
Slice is a ZeroC-proprietary file format that programmers follow to edit computer-language independent declarations and definitions of classes, interfaces, structures and enumerations. Slice definition files are used as input to the stub generating process. The stub in turn is linked to applications and servers that should communicate with one another based on interfaces and classes as declared/defined by the slice definitions.

Apart from CORBA, classes and interfaces support inheritance and abstract classes. In addition, slice provides configuration options in form of macros and attributes to direct the code generation process. An example is the directive to generate a certain [[Standard Template Library|STL]] <code>list<double></code> template instead of the default, which is to generate a STL <code>vector<double></code> template.

== See also ==
((Portal|Free and open-source software))
* [[Cisco]]'s [[Etch (protocol)|Etch]]
* [[Google]]'s [[gRPC]]
* [[SOAP]]
* [[Apache Thrift]]
* [[Microsoft]]'s [[Windows Communication Foundation|WCF]]

== Notes ==
<references/>

==External links==
* https://github.com/zeroc-ice/ice

[[Category:Inter-process communication]]
[[Category:Grid computing products]]
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:Remote procedure call]]
[[Category:Object request broker]]

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