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((Short description|None))
((Use dmy dates|date=August 2021))
((Internet|History|General|Governance|Information|Infrastructure|Services|Guides))
Instead of having a single "inventor", the [[Internet]] was developed by many people over many years. The following are some '''Internet pioneers''' who contributed to its early and ongoing development. These include early theoretical foundations, specifying original protocols, and expansion beyond a research tool to wide deployment.
((TOC right))

==The pioneers==

===J. C. R. Licklider===
[[File:J. C. R. Licklider.jpg |thumb|left|150px |J. C. R. Licklider]]
((main|J. C. R. Licklider))

'''Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider''' (1915–1990) was a faculty member of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], and researcher at [[BBN Technologies|Bolt, Beranek and Newman]]. He developed the idea of a universal network at the [[Information Processing Techniques Office]] (IPTO) of the [[United States Department of Defense]] [[DARPA|Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (ARPA).<ref name="iHist">((cite web |last=Stewart |first=Bill |title=Internet History |url=http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii.htm |access-date=30 March 2011 |work=Living Internet web book))</ref><ref name="Columbia">((cite web |url= http://www.columbia.edu/~jrh29/years.html |title= JCR Licklider (1915-1990) |first= Jay R. |last= Hauben |publisher= Columbia University |access-date= 30 March 2011 ))</ref> He headed IPTO from 1962 to 1963, and again from 1974 to 1975. His 1960 paper [[Man-Computer Symbiosis#J.C.R. Licklider: Man-Computer Symbiosis|"Man-Computer Symbiosis"]] envisions that mutually-interdependent, "living together", tightly coupled human brains and computing machines would prove to complement each other's strengths.<ref>[http://medg.lcs.mit.edu/people/psz/Licklider.html "Man-Computer Symbiosis"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103053540/http://medg.lcs.mit.edu/people/psz/Licklider.html |date=3 November 2005 )), J.C.R. Licklider, ''IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics'', vol. HFE-1, pp.4-11, Mar 1960</ref>

===Paul Baran===
((main|Paul Baran))
'''Paul Baran''' (1926–2011) developed the field of redundant distributed networks while conducting research at [[RAND Corporation]] starting in 1959 when Baran began investigating the development of survivable communication networks. This led to a series of papers titled "On Distributed communications"<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.list.html |title=About RAND &#124; History and Mission &#124; Paul Baran: Publications on Distributed Communications |publisher=Rand.org |date=23 December 2011 |access-date=28 July 2013))</ref> that in 1964 described a detailed architecture for a distributed survivable packet switched communications network.<ref name="iHist"/> In 2012, Baran was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name=IHOF-2012>[http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/year/2012 2012 Inductees], [[Internet Hall of Fame]] website. Last accessed 24 April 2012</ref>

===Donald Davies===
((main|Donald Davies))
'''Donald Davies''' (1924–2000) independently invented and named the concept of [[packet switching]] in 1965 at the United Kingdom's [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]] (NPL).<ref name=Isaacson2014>((cite book|last1=Isaacson|first1=Walter|title=The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution|date=2014|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9781476708690|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA237))</ref> In the same year, he proposed a national data network based on packet switching in the UK. After the proposal was not taken up nationally, during 1966 he headed a team which produced a design for a local area network to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching. He and his team were the first to describe the use of an "Interface computer" to act as a [[Router (computing)|router]] in 1966;<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html|title=The ARPANET & Computer Networks|last1=Roberts|first1=Dr. Lawrence G.|date=May 1995|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324032800/http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html|archive-date=24 March 2016|access-date=13 April 2016|quote=Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, "Proposal for a Digital Communication Network" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an "Interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.))</ref> one of the first to use the term '[[Communication protocol|protocol]]' in a data-commutation context in 1967;<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbonCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT290|title=A Brief History of the Future|last=Naughton|first=John|date=24 September 2015|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-1-4746-0277-8|language=en))</ref> and also carried out simulation work on packet networks, including [[datagram]] networks.<ref name="Hempstead20052">((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZCNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA574|title=Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology|author1=C. Hempstead|author2=W. Worthington|date=2005|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781135455514))</ref><ref name="Pelkey">((cite book|url=http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html|title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988|last=Pelkey|first=James|chapter=6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971-1972))</ref>

In 1967, a written version of the proposal entitled ''NPL Data Network'' was presented by a member of his team ([[Roger Scantlebury]]) at the inaugural [[Symposium on Operating Systems Principles]]. Scantlebury suggested packet switching for use in the ARPANET; [[Lawrence Roberts (scientist)|Larry Roberts]] incorporated it into the design and sought input from Paul Baran.<ref name="Gillies2000">((cite book|last1=Gillies|first1=James|last2=Cailliau|first2=Robert|title=How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0192862073|page=[https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/25 25]|url=https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill|url-access=registration))</ref><ref name="Abbate2000">((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BfZxFZpElwC&pg=PA37|title=Inventing the Internet|last1=Abbate|first1=Jane|date=2000|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=0262261332|pages=37–8))</ref><ref>((cite news|last=Scantlebury|first=Roger|title=''Internet pioneers airbrushed from history''|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/25/internet-pioneers-airbrushed-from-history|date=25 June 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=1 August 2015))</ref> Davies gave the first public presentation on packet switching in 1968 and built the local area [[NPL network]] in England, influencing other research in the UK and Europe.<ref>((cite news|title=The accelerator of the modern age|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7541123.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=19 May 2009 | date=5 August 2008))</ref> The NPL network and the ARPANET were the first two networks in the world to use packet switching and NPL was the first to use high-speed links.<ref name="Hempstead2005">((cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZCNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA574|author1=C. Hempstead |author2=W. Worthington |title=Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2005|isbn=9781135455514 ))</ref> In 2012, Davies was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" /><ref>((Cite journal|last=Trevor Harris, University of Wales|date=2009|title=Who is the Father of the Internet?|url=https://www.academia.edu/378261|journal=Variety in Mass Communication Research|language=en))</ref>

===Charles M. Herzfeld===
((main |Charles M. Herzfeld))
'''Charles M. Herzfeld''' (1925–2017) was an American scientist and scientific manager, best known for his time as Director of DARPA, during which, among other things, he personally took the decision to authorize the creation of the ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet.

In 2012, Herzfeld was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012"/>

===Bob Taylor===
((main|Robert Taylor (computer scientist)))
'''Robert W. Taylor''' (1932–2017) was director of [[DARPA|ARPA]]'s [[Information Processing Techniques Office]] from 1965 through 1969, where he convinced ARPA to fund a computer network.<ref>((cite news |title= Robert Taylor, Innovator Who Shaped Modern Computing, Dies at 85 |first= John |last= Markoff |work= New York Times |date= 13 April 2017 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/14/technology/robert-taylor-innovator-who-shaped-modern-computing-dies-at-85.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news ))</ref> From 1970 to 1983, he managed the Computer Science Laboratory of the [[PARC (company)|Xerox Palo Alto Research Center]] (PARC), where technologies such as [[Ethernet]] and the [[Xerox Alto]] were developed.<ref>((cite news |title= Building the Internet: Bob Taylor won the National Medal of Technology "For visionary leadership in the development of modern computing technology" |date= 11 October 2000 |first= Marion |last= Softky |work= The California Almanac |url= http://www.almanacnews.com/morgue/2000/2000_10_11.taylor.html |access-date= 30 March 2011 ))</ref> He was the founder and manager of [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]'s [[DEC Systems Research Center|Systems Research Center]] until 1996.<ref>((cite book |title= A Brief History of the Future: Origins of the Internet |first= John |last= Naughton |date= 5 October 2000 |publisher= Phoenix |isbn= 978-0-7538-1093-4 ))</ref> The 1968 paper, "The Computer as a Communication Device", that he wrote together with [[J.C.R. Licklider]] starts out: "In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine than face to face."<ref name="com68">((cite journal |title= The Computer as a Communication Device |first1= J.C.R. |last1= Licklider |first2= Robert |last2= Taylor |journal= Science and Technology <!--Not the Scientific & Academic Publishing journal -->|date= April 1968 |url= http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-computer-as-a-communication-device |author-link1= J.C.R. Licklider ))</ref> And while their vision would take more than "a few years", the paper lays out the future of what the Internet would eventually become.

===Larry Roberts===
((main|Lawrence Roberts (scientist)))
'''Lawrence G. "Larry" Roberts''' (1937–2018) was an American [[computer scientist]].<ref name="NAE_2001">((cite web|url=http://www.nae.edu/Activities/Projects20676/Awards/20681/PastWinners/page2001.aspx|publisher=[[National Academy of Engineering]]|year=2001|title=2001 Draper Prize Recipients' Bios))</ref> After earning his [[PhD]] in [[electrical engineering]] from [[MIT]] in 1963, Roberts continued to work at MIT's [[Lincoln Laboratory]] where in 1965 he connected Lincoln Lab's [[TX-2]] computer to the [[System Development Corporation|SDC]] [[AN/FSQ-32|Q-32]] computer in [[Santa Monica]].<ref name="Wired_2001_05">((cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.05/caspian.html?pg=3&topic=&topic_set=|title=The n -Dimensional Superswitch|date=May 2001|first=Josh|last=McHugh|magazine=[[Wired Magazine]]))</ref> In 1967, he became a program manager in the [[DARPA|ARPA]] [[Information Processing Techniques Office]] (IPTO), where he led the development of the [[ARPANET]], the first wide area [[packet switching]] network. Roberts applied [[Donald Davies]]' concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET, and also sought input from [[Paul Baran]]. He asked [[Leonard Kleinrock]] to measure and model the network's performance.<ref name=Gillies2000/><ref name=Isaacson2014/><ref name=Abbate2000/> After Robert Taylor left ARPA in 1969, Roberts became director of the IPTO. In 1973, he left ARPA to commercialize the nascent technology in the form of [[Telenet]], the first data network utility, and served as its [[CEO]] from 1973 to 1980.<ref>((cite magazine|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_39/b3901030_mz072.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040922070308/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_39/b3901030_mz072.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2004|magazine=[[Business Week]]|title=Larry Roberts:He made the Net Work|date=27 September 2004|first=Otis|last=Port))</ref> In 2012, Roberts was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012"/>

===Leonard Kleinrock===
((main|Leonard Kleinrock))
'''Leonard Kleinrock''' (born 1934) published his first paper on [[queueing theory]], "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets", in 1961. After completing his Ph.D. thesis in 1962, in which he applied queuing theory to [[message switching]], he moved to [[UCLA]]. In 1969, under his supervision, a team at UCLA connected a computer to an [[Interface Message Processor]], becoming the first node on ARPANET.<ref>((cite web |title= Leonard Kleinrock's Personal History/Biography: The Birth of the Internet |date= 27 August 1996 |first= Leonard |last= Kleinrock |url= http://www.isoc.org/awards/postel/memory.shtml |access-date= 30 March 2011 ))</ref> Building on his earlier work on queueing theory, Kleinrock carried out theoretical work to model the performance of packet-switched networks, which underpinned the development of the ARPANET.<ref name=Gillies2000/><ref name=Hempstead2005/><ref name=Isaacson2014/> His theoretical work on [[hierarchical routing]] in the late 1970s with student [[Farouk Kamoun]] remains critical to the operation of the Internet today. In 2012, Kleinrock was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012"/>

===Bob Kahn===
[[File:Bob Kahn.jpg |thumb|150px |Bob Kahn]]
((main|Bob Kahn))
'''Robert E. "Bob" Kahn''' (born 1938) is an American [[engineer]] and [[computer scientist]], who in 1974, along with [[Vinton G. Cerf|Vint Cerf]], invented the [[TCP/IP]] protocols.<ref>((cite web|year=2004|title=Robert E Kahn|url=http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=4598637&srt=all&aw=140&ao=AMTURING&yr=2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120703015809/http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/kahn_4598637.cfm|archive-date=3 July 2012|access-date=23 January 2010|work=A. M. Turing Award|publisher=ACM|quote=For pioneering work on internetworking, including the design and implementation of the Internet's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking.))</ref><ref>((cite web|title=IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal|url=http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/medals/bell.html#sect3|access-date=28 July 2013|publisher=Ieee.org))</ref> After earning a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree from [[Princeton University]] in 1964, he worked for [[AT&T Bell Laboratories]], as an [[assistant professor]] at [[MIT]], and at [[BBN Technologies|Bolt, Beranek and Newman]] (BBN), where he helped develop the [[ARPANET]] [[Interface Message Processor|IMP]]. In 1972, he began work at the [[Information Processing Techniques Office]] (IPTO) within [[DARPA|ARPA]]. In 1986 he left ARPA to found the [[Corporation for National Research Initiatives]] (CNRI), a nonprofit organization providing leadership and funding for research and development of the National Information Infrastructure.<ref>((cite web|title=CNRI Officers and Directors|url=http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/directors_2.html|access-date=25 February 2009|publisher=CNRI))</ref>

=== Steve Crocker ===
[[Image:SteveCrockerJI1 (cropped).jpg|right|thumb |150px |Steve Crocker]]
((Main|Steve Crocker))

'''Steve Crocker''' (born 1944) has worked in the [[ARPANET]] and [[Internet]] communities since their inception. As a UCLA graduate student in the 1960s, he helped create the ARPANET protocols which were the foundation for today's Internet.<ref>((cite web |last=Lyon |first=Matthew |date=Fall 1997 |title=Wired! |url=http://www.magazine.ucla.edu/year1997/fall97_03.html |work=UCLA Magazine))</ref> He created the [[Request for Comments]] (RFC) series,<ref>RFC 2468</ref> authoring the very first RFC and many more.<ref>RFC 1</ref> He was instrumental in creating the ARPA "Network Working Group", the forerunner of the modern [[Internet Engineering Task Force]].

Crocker has been a program manager at the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency|Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (ARPA), a senior researcher at [[University of Southern California|USC]]'s [[Information Sciences Institute]], founder and director of the Computer Science Laboratory at [[The Aerospace Corporation]] and a vice president at [[Trusted Information Systems]]. In 1994, Crocker was one of the founders and chief technology officer of [[CyberCash]], Inc. He has also been an [[IETF]] security area director, a member of the [[Internet Architecture Board]], chair of the [[Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]] (ICANN) Security and Stability Advisory Committee, a board member of the [[Internet Society]] and numerous other Internet-related volunteer positions. Crocker is chair of the board of ICANN.<ref>((cite web |date=June 2011 |title=ICANN news release |url=http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-1-24jun11-en.htm))</ref>

For this work, Crocker was awarded the 2002 [[IEEE]] [[IEEE Internet Award|Internet Award]] "for leadership in creation of key elements in open evolution of Internet protocols". In 2012, Crocker was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />

=== Jon Postel ===
[[Image:Jon Postel.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Jon Postel, c. 1994]]
((main|Jon Postel))

'''Jon Postel''' (1943–1998) was a researcher at the [[Information Sciences Institute]]. He was editor of all early Internet standards specifications, such as the [[Request for Comments|RFC]] series, the creator of the [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol]] and the co-creator and longtime administrator of the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]]. His beard and sandals made him "the most recognizable archetype of an Internet pioneer".<ref>((cite web |date=16 October 2008 |title=A ten year tribute to Jon Postel: An Internet visionary, 1943-1998 |url=http://www.isoc.org/awards/postel/memory.shtml |access-date=30 March 2011 |publisher=Internet Society))</ref>

The [[Internet Society]]'s [[Postel Award]] is named in his honor, as is the Postel Center at [[Information Sciences Institute]]. His obituary was written by [[Vint Cerf]] and published as RFC 2468 in remembrance of Postel and his work. In 2012, Postel was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />

=== Vint Cerf ===
[[File:Vint Cerf - 2010.jpg |thumb|150px |Vint Cerf, September 2010]]
((main|Vint Cerf))

'''Vinton G. "Vint" Cerf''' (born 1943) is an American [[computer scientist]].<ref name="vita">[http://www.icann.org/correspondence/cerf-testimony-08feb01.htm#Vita Cerf's ''curriculum vitae'' as of February 2001], attached to a transcript of his testimony that month before the [[United States House Energy Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet]], from [[ICANN]]'s website</ref> He is recognized as one of "[[People known as the father or mother of something#Computing|the fathers of the Internet]]",<ref>(see [http://www.gcn.com/print/25_2/38005-1.html?topic=interview Interview with Vinton Cerf] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609092123/http://www.gcn.com/print/25_2/38005-1.html?topic=interview|date=9 June 2007)), from a January 2006 article in ''Government Computer News''), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing [[Bob Kahn]] and [[Leonard Kleinrock]] in particular as being others with whom he should share that title.</ref><ref>((Cite journal |last1=Cerf |first1=V. G. |year=2009 |title=The day the Internet age began |journal=Nature |volume=461 |issue=7268 |pages=1202–1203 |bibcode=2009Natur.461.1202C |doi=10.1038/4611202a |pmid=19865146 |s2cid=205049153))</ref> sharing this title with [[Bob Kahn]].<ref>((cite web |title=ACM Turing Award, list of recipients |url=http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?srt=all&awd=140 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212132624/http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?awd=140&srt=all |archive-date=12 December 2009 |access-date=2 December 2011 |publisher=Awards.acm.org))</ref><ref>((cite web |date=7 July 2009 |title=IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal |url=http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/medals/bell.html#sect3 |access-date=2 December 2011 |publisher=Ieee.org))</ref>

He earned his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] from [[UCLA]] in 1972. At UCLA he worked in Professor [[Leonard Kleinrock]]'s networking group that connected the first two nodes of the [[ARPANET]] and contributed to the ARPANET host-to-host protocol. Cerf was an [[Professor#Assistant professor|assistant professor]] at [[Stanford University]] from 1972 to 1976, where he conducted research on packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed the DoD TCP/IP protocol suite with [[Bob Kahn]]. He was a program manager for the [[DARPA|Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (ARPA) from 1976 to 1982. Cerf was instrumental in the formation of both the [[Internet Society]] and [[Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]] (ICANN), serving as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992 to 1995 and in 1999 as chairman of the board and as ICANN Chairman from 2000 to 2007.<ref>((cite web |title=Vinton G. Cerf's biography at the Internet Society |url=http://www.icann.org/en/biog/cerf.htm |access-date=28 July 2013 |publisher=Icann.org))</ref> His many awards include the [[National Medal of Technology]],<ref name="vita" /> the [[Turing Award]],<ref name="turing">[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/16/technology/16internet.html?oref=login Cerf wins Turing Award] 16 February 2005</ref> the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]],<ref name="whitehouse">[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/11/20051109-10.html 2005 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients] from the White House website</ref> and membership in the [[National Academy of Engineering]] and the [[Internet Hall of Fame|Internet Society's Internet Hall of Fame]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />

=== Douglas Engelbart ===
[[File:Douglas Engelbart in 2008.jpg |thumb|150px |Douglas Engelbart]]
((main|Douglas Engelbart))
'''Douglas Engelbart''' (1925–2013) was an early researcher at the [[SRI International|Stanford Research Institute]]. His [[Augmentation Research Center]] laboratory became the second node on the ARPANET in October 1969, and SRI became the early Network Information Center, which evolved into the [[domain name registry]].<ref name="isoc">((cite web |title= A Brief History of the Internet |first1=Barry M. |last1=Leiner |first2=Vinton G. |last2=Cerf |first3=David D. |last3=Clark |first4=Robert E. |last4=Kahn |first5=Leonard |last5=Kleinrock |first6=Daniel C. |last6=Lynch |first7=Jon |last7=Postel |first8=Larry G. |last8=Roberts |first9=Stephen |last9=Wolff |publisher= Internet Society |url= http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml |access-date= 30 March 2011 ))</ref>

Engelbart was a committed, vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and [[computer network]]s to help cope with the world's increasingly urgent and complex problems.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.dougengelbart.org/colloquium/colloquium.html|title=The Unfinished Revolution II: Strategy and Means for Coping with Complex Problems|work=Colloquium at Stanford University|publisher=[[The Doug Engelbart Institute]]|date=April 2000|access-date=17 June 2012))</ref> He is best known for his work on the challenges of [[human–computer interaction]], resulting in the invention of the [[Mouse (computing)|computer mouse]],<ref>((cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1633000/1633972.stm|title=Mouse inventor strives for more|first=Alfred|last=Hermida|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=5 November 2001|access-date=17 June 2012))</ref> and the development of [[hypertext]], networked computers, and precursors to [[graphical user interface]]s.<ref name="acm">((ACMPortal|id=81100342853))</ref>

=== John Klensin ===
((Main|John Klensin))

'''John Klensin''''s involvement with Internet began in 1969, when he worked on the [[File Transfer Protocol]].<ref>((cite web |date=3 April 1998 |title=Internet Experts selected to fill top organizational posts |url=http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/980403pr.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813055217/http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/980403pr.shtml |archive-date=13 August 2011 |access-date=23 July 2011 |publisher=[[Internet Society|ISOC]]))</ref> 
Klensin was involved in the early procedural and definitional work for DNS administration and top-level domain definitions and was part of the committee that worked out the transition of DNS-related responsibilities between USC-ISI and what became ICANN.<ref>[http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/john-klensin "John Klensin biographical sketch"], Internet Hall of Fame, Internet Society, 2012</ref>

His career includes 30 years as a principal research scientist at [[MIT]], a stint as INFOODS Project Coordinator for the [[United Nations University]], Distinguished Engineering Fellow at [[MCI WorldCom]], and Internet Architecture Vice President at [[AT&T]]; he is now an independent consultant.<ref>((cite web |title=Biography of John Klensin at the ICANN web site |url=http://www.icann.org/biog/klensin.htm |access-date=17 June 2008))</ref> In 1992 Randy Bush and John Klensin created the ''Network Startup Resource Center'',<ref>((cite web |year=1992 |title=About the Network Startup Resource Center |url=http://www.nsrc.org/about.html#support |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813094354/http://nsrc.org/about.html#support |archive-date=13 August 2011 |access-date=25 July 2011 |work=NSRC))</ref> helping dozens of countries to establish connections with [[FidoNet]], [[UseNet]], and when possible the [[Internet]].

In 2003, he received an [[International Committee for Information Technology Standards|International Committee for Information Technology Standards Merit Award]].<ref>((cite web |title=INCITS Awards Honor Roll |url=http://www.incits.org/Awards/honor.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801094436/http://www.incits.org/Awards/honor.htm |archive-date=1 August 2013 |access-date=25 July 2011 |publisher=[[International Committee for Information Technology Standards|INCITS]]))</ref>
In 2007, he was inducted as a Fellow of the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] for contributions to networking standards and Internet applications.<ref>((cite web |title=List of 2007 ACM Fellows inductees |url=http://fellows.acm.org/fellow_citation.cfm?id=1101344&srt=alpha&alpha=K |access-date=17 June 2008))</ref> In 2012, Klensin was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />

=== Louis Pouzin ===
((main|Louis Pouzin))

'''Louis Pouzin''' (born 1931) is a French [[computer scientist]]. He built the first implementation of a [[datagram]] packet communications network, [[CYCLADES]], that demonstrated the feasibility of [[internetworking]], which he called a "catenet".<ref>[http://www.acm.org/sigs/sigcomm/sigcomm99/pouzin.html "Biography of Louis Pouzin, 1999 SIGCOMM Award Winner"], ACM SIGCOMM web site</ref> Concepts from his work were used by [[Bob Kahn|Robert Kahn]], [[Vinton Cerf]], and others in the development of TCP/IP. In 1997, Pouzin received the ACM [[SIGCOMM Award]] for "pioneering work on connectionless packet communication".<ref name="SIGCOM-1997">[http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards/postel-and-pouzin-award-details "Postel and Pouzin: 1997 SIGCOMM Award Winners"], ACM SIGCOMM web site</ref> Louis Pouzin was named a [[Chevalier of the Legion of Honor]] by the French government on 19 March 2003. In 2012, Pouzin was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />

=== Peter Kirstein ===
((main|Peter T. Kirstein))

'''Peter T. Kirstein''' (1933–2020) was a British [[computer scientist]] and a leader in the international development of the Internet.<ref>[http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/030716pr.shtml "Peter T. Kirsten recognized with the Internet Society's Postel Award"] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906215856/http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/030716pr.shtml|date=6 September 2005)), 16 July 2003, Press Release, Internet Society</ref> In 1973, he established one of the first two international nodes of the ARPANET.<ref>[http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/P.Kirstein/internationalactivity.html "Peter Kirstein's International Activities"], [[University College London]] web page</ref> In 1978 he co-authored "Issues in packet-network interconnection" with Vint Cerf, one of the early technical papers on the internet concept.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Cerf |first1=V.G. |year=1978 |title=Issues in packet-network interconnection |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=1386–1408 |doi=10.1109/PROC.1978.11147 |s2cid=27658511))</ref> His research group at [[University College London]] adopted TCP/IP in 1982, a year ahead of ARPANET, and played a significant role in the very earliest experimental Internet work.<ref>((cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Olivier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTRYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 |title=The "Hidden" Prehistory of European Research Networking |date=2012 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1466938724))</ref><ref>((cite web |last1=Kirstein |first1=Peter T. |title=Early experiences with the ARPANET and Internet in the UK |url=http://nrg.cs.ucl.ac.uk/internet-history.html |access-date=13 April 2016 |publisher=Department of Computer Science, Systems and Networks Research Group, University College London))</ref> Starting in 1983 he chaired the International Collaboration Board, which involved six NATO countries, served on the Networking Panel of the NATO Science Committee (serving as chair in 2001), and on Advisory Committees for the Australian Research Council, the Canadian Department of Communications, the German GMD, and the Indian Education and Research Network (ERNET) Project. He leads the Silk Project, which provides satellite-based Internet access to the [[Newly Independent States]] in the [[Southern Caucasus]] and [[Central Asia]]. In 2012, Kirstein was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012" />

=== Elizabeth Feinler ===
[[File:ElizabethFeinler-2011.jpg |thumb|150px |Jake Feinler]]
((main|Elizabeth J. Feinler))
'''Elizabeth J. "Jake" Feinler''' (born 1931) was a staff member of [[Doug Engelbart|Doug Engelbart's]] [[Augmentation Research Center]] at [[SRI International|SRI]] and [[Principal investigator|PI]] for the [[InterNIC|Network Information Center]] (NIC) for the [[ARPANET]] and the [[Defense Data Network]] (DDN) from 1972 until 1989.<ref>[http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/Oral_History/102702199.05.01.acc.pdf ''Oral History of Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler''] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811175249/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/Oral_History/102702199.05.01.acc.pdf |date=11 August 2011 )), Interviewed by Marc Weber, 10 September 2009, Reference no: X5378.2009, Computer History Museum, 49 pp.</ref><ref name=FeinlerSRIBio>((cite web|url=http://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2000#Feinler|title=Alumni Hall of Fame: Elizabeth J. Feinler|publisher=[[SRI International]]|access-date=13 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201140923/http://www.sri.com/about/alumni/alumni-hall-fame-2000#Feinler|archive-date=1 February 2013|url-status=dead))</ref> In 2012, Feinler was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012"/>

===Yogen Dalal===
'''Yogen K. Dalal''',<ref name="Dalal">((cite web |title=Yogen Dalal |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/events/bio/Yogen,Dalal |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=30 August 2019))</ref> also known as '''Yogin Dalal''',<ref name="Pelkey-6.9">((cite book |last1=Pelkey |first1=James L. |title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications, 1968-1988 |date=2007 |chapter=6.9 ((ndash)) Metcalfe Joins the Systems Development Division of Xerox 1975-1978 |chapter-url=http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.9-MetcalfeJoinsSystemsDevelopmentDivisionXerox75-78.html |access-date=5 September 2019))</ref> is an Indian electrical engineer and computer scientist.<ref name="Dalal"/> He was an [[ARPANET]] pioneer,<ref name="Panzaris">((cite book |last1=Panzaris |first1=Georgios |title=Machines and romances: the technical and harrative construction of networked computing as a general-purpose platform, 1960-1995 |date=2008 |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yMhAQAAIAAJ |quote=Despite the misgivings of Xerox Corporation (which intended to make PUP the basis of a proprietary commercial networking product), researchers at Xerox PARC, including ARPANET pioneers Robert Metcalfe and Yogen Dalal, shared the basic contours of their research with colleagues at TCP and lnternet working group meetings in 1976 and 1977, suggesting the possible benefits of separating TCPs routing and transmission control functions into two discrete layers.))</ref> and a key contributor to the development of [[Internetworking Protocol|internetworking protocols]].<ref name="Pelkey-Dalal">((cite book |last1=Pelkey |first1=James L. |title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications, 1968-1988 |date=2007 |chapter=Yogen Dalal |chapter-url=http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Individuals/abstracts/yogen-dalal.html |access-date=5 September 2019))</ref> He co-authored the first [[Transmission Control Program]] specification,<ref>((cite news |last1=Bhatt |first1=Kamla |title=Interview with Yogen Dalal: Part 1 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/H0bPwYOYAwsYksZ8RAdtaJ/Interview-with-Yogen-Dalal-Part-1.html |access-date=5 September 2019 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=10 November 2008))</ref> with Vint Cerf and Carl Sunshine between 1973 and 1974. It was published as ((IETF RFC|675)) (''Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program'') in December 1974.<ref>[[Vint Cerf|Cerf, Vinton]]; [[Yogen Dalal|Dalal, Yogen]]; Sunshine, Carl (December 1974), ((IETF RFC|675)), ''Specification of Internet Transmission Control Protocol''</ref> It first used the term ''internet'' as a shorthand for ''internetworking'', and later [[Request for Comments|RFCs]] repeated this use.<ref>((cite web |first1=Barry M. |last1=Leiner |first2=Vinton G. |last2=Cerf |author-link2=Vinton G. Cerf |first3=David D. |last3=Clark |author-link3=David D. Clark |first4=Robert E. |last4=Kahn |author-link4=Robert E. Kahn |first5=Leonard |last5=Kleinrock |author-link5=Leonard Kleinrock |first6=Daniel C. |last6=Lynch |first7=Jon |last7=Postel |author-link7=Jon Postel |first8=Larry G. |last8=Roberts |author-link8=Lawrence Roberts (scientist) |first9=Stephen |last9=Wolff |author-link9=Stephen Wolff |title=A Brief History of Internet |website=Internet Society |year=2003 |url=http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml |access-date=28 May 2009 |bibcode=1999cs........1011L |page=1011 |arxiv=cs/9901011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604153304/http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml |archive-date=4 June 2007 ))</ref> Dalal later proposed splitting Transmission Control Program into [[Transmission Control Protocol]] and [[Internet Protocol]] between 1976 and 1977, leading to the development of TCP/IP.<ref name="Panzaris"/><ref name="Pelkey-Dalal"/> He also worked at [[Xerox PARC]],<ref name="Pelkey-Dalal"/> where he contributed to the development of the [[Ethernet]],<ref name="Dalal"/> the [[Xerox Network Systems]] (XNS),<ref name="Pelkey-Dalal"/> and the [[Xerox Star]].<ref name="Dalal"/>

After receiving a [[B.Tech]] in [[Electrical Engineering]] at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]],<ref name="Dalal"/> he went to the United States to study for a [[master's degree]] at [[Stanford University]] in 1972 and then a [[PhD]] in 1973.<ref name="interview">((cite book |last1=Pelkey |first1=James L. |title=Interview of Yogen Dalal |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102738752-05-01-acc.pdf |date=2 August 1988 |access-date=2 November 2023))</ref> His interest in [[data communication]] as a [[graduate student]] led him to working with new professor Vint Cerf as a teaching assistant in 1972, and then as a research assistant while studying for his PhD. In Summer 1973, while Cerf and Bob Kahn were attempting to formulate an internetworking protocol, Dalal joined their research team to assist them on developing what eventually became Transmission Control Program.<ref name="interview"/> After co-authoring the first internet protocol with Cerf and Sunshine in 1974, Dalal received his PhD in Electrical Engineering and [[Computer Science]],<ref name="Dalal"/> and remained active in the development of TCP/IP at Stanford for several years.<ref name="interview"/> Between 1976 and 1977, Dalal proposed separating Transmission Control Program's [[routing]] and transmission control functions into two discrete layers,<ref name="Panzaris"/> which led to the splitting of Transmission Control Program into the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol.<ref name="Pelkey-Dalal"/>

Due to his experience in [[communication protocols]], several key researchers were greatly interested in recruiting him, including Bob Kahn's ARPANET team at [[DARPA]], [[Ray Tomlinson]] at BBN, Bob Taylor's team at Xerox PARC, and [[Steve Crocker]] at the [[Information Sciences Institute]] (ISI).<ref name="Pelkey-6.9"/> In early 1977, Dalal joined [[Robert Metcalfe]]'s team at Xerox PARC, where he worked on the development of the Xerox Network Systems.<ref name="interview"/> He also worked on the 10((nbsp))[[Mbps]] Ethernet Specification at Xerox PARC, along with [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] and [[Intel]], leading to the [[IEEE 802.3]] [[LAN]] standard.<ref name="Pelkey-Dalal"/>

He later left Xerox, and became a founding member of the startup [[tech companies]] [[Claris]] and [[Metaphor Computer Systems]] in the early 1980s. He later became a managing partner of [[Mayfield Fund|Mayfield]], and joined the [[Board of Directors]] at several tech companies including [[Narus (company)|Narus]] and [[Nuance Communications|Nuance]].<ref name="Dalal"/> In 2005, he was recognized by Stanford as one of the pioneers of the Internet.<ref>((cite news |title=Yogen Dalal's Contribution to Internet Protocol Recognized by Stanford University School of Engineering; Dalal Named on Plaque, Kapoor Moderates Digital Media Discussion at Stanford Conference on Net's Future |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050725005014/en/Yogen-Dalals-Contribution-Internet-Protocol-Recognized-Stanford |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=[[Business Wire]] |date=25 July 2005))</ref>

===Danny Cohen===
((Main|Danny Cohen (computer scientist)))

'''Danny Cohen''' (1937–2019) led several projects on real-time interactive applications over the [[ARPANet]] and the [[Internet]] starting in 1973.<ref>[http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/danny-cohen "Danny Cohen biography"], Internet Hall of Fame, Internet Society, accessed 14 July 2012</ref> After serving on the computer science faculty at [[Harvard University]] (1969–1973) and [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]] (1976), he joined the [[Information Sciences Institute]] (ISI) at [[University of Southern California]] (USC). At ISI (1973–1993) he started many network related projects including, one to allow interactive, real-time speech over the [[ARPANet]], packet-voice, packet-video, and Internet Concepts.<ref>"RFC 0741: Specifications for the Network Voice Protocol (NVP)", 22 Nov 1977.</ref> In 1981 he adapted his visual flight simulator to run over the [[ARPANet]], the first application of packet switching networks to real-time applications. In 1993, he worked on [[Distributed Interactive Simulation]] through several projects funded by [[United States Department of Defense]]. He is probably best known for his 1980 paper "On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace"<ref name="HOLY">((cite IETF
| title       = On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace
| ien         = 137
| last1       = Cohen
| first1      = Danny
| date        = 1 April 1980
| quote       = ...which bit should travel first, the bit from the little end of the word, or the bit from the big end of the word? The followers of the former approach are called the Little-Endians, and the followers of the latter are called the Big-Endians.
| publisher = [[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]]
)) Also published at ''[[IEEE Computer]]'', [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1667115 October 1981 issue].</ref>
which adopted the terminology of [[endianness]] for computing.

Cohen was elected to the [[National Academy of Engineering]] in 2006 for contributions to the advanced design, graphics, and real-time network protocols of computer systems<ref name="NAE">[http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members+By+UNID/4424CB034570705786257552006B36FC?opendocument National Academy of Engineering member] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528040346/http://www.nae.edu/nae/naepub.nsf/Members+By+UNID/4424CB034570705786257552006B36FC?opendocument |date=28 May 2010 )), 2006</ref> and as an [[IEEE Fellow]] in 2010 for contributions to protocols for packet switching in real-time applications.<ref name="IEEE">[http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/fellows/chronology/fellows_2010.html IEEE Fellow] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516075924/http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/fellows/chronology/fellows_2010.html |date=16 May 2013 )), 2010</ref> In 1993 he received a [[United States Air Force]] [[Meritorious Civilian Service Award]]. And in 2012, Cohen was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012"/>

[[Image:Dave Farber, May 2008.JPG|right|thumb|150px|Farber in 2008]]

===David J. Farber===
((Main |David J. Farber))

Starting in the 1980s '''Dave Farber''' (born 1934) helped conceive and organize the major American research networks [[CSNET]], [[NSFNET]], and the [[National Research and Education Network]] (NREN). He helped create the NSF/DARPA-funded Gigabit Network Test bed Initiative and served as the Chairman of the Gigabit Test bed Coordinating Committee. He also served as Chief Technologist at the US [[Federal Communications Commission]] (2000–2001) and is a founding editor of ICANNWatch.<ref>((cite web |title=About Us |work=ICANNWatch | url=http://www.icannwatch.org/about_us.shtml |access-date=2 March 2014))</ref>

Farber is an [[IEEE Fellow]], [[ACM Fellow]], recipient of the 1995 [[SIGCOMM Award]] for vision and breadth of contributions to and inspiration of others in computer networks, distributed computing, and network infrastructure development,<ref name=SIGCOMMlist0>((cite web |url=http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards |publisher=[[SIGCOMM]] |work=sigcomm.org |title=SIGCOMM Award Recipients |access-date=8 April 2012))</ref> and the 1996 [[John Scott Award]] for seminal contributions to the field of computer networks and distributed computer systems. He served on the board of directors of the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], the [[Electronic Privacy Information Center]] advisory board, the Board of Trustees of the [[Internet Society]], and as a member of the Presidential Advisory Committee on High Performance Computing and Communications, Information Technology and Next Generation Internet.

On 3 August 2013, Farber was inducted into the Pioneers Circle of the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] for his key role in many systems that converged into today's Internet.<ref>((cite web |url= https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/dave-farber |title=Internet Hall of Fame Announces 2013 Inductees |date=26 June 2013 |publisher=[[Internet Hall of Fame]] |access-date=3 August 2013))</ref>

===Paul Mockapetris===
((main|Paul Mockapetris))
'''Paul V. Mockapetris''' (born 1948), while working with [[Jon Postel]] at the [[Information Sciences Institute]] (ISI) in 1983, proposed the [[Domain Name System]] (DNS) architecture.<ref>RFC 882 - Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities, November 1983</ref><ref>RFC 883 - Domain Names - Implementation and Specification, November 1983</ref> He was [[IETF]] chair from 1994 to 1996.<ref>[http://www.nominum.com/who-we-are/board-of-directors/paul-mockapetris Biography of Paul Mockapetris] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830190817/http://www.nominum.com/who-we-are/board-of-directors/paul-mockapetris |date=30 August 2010 )), Nominum web site</ref>

Mockapetris received the 1997 [[John C. Dvorak]] Telecommunications Excellence Award "Personal Achievement - Network Engineering" for DNS design and implementation, the 2003 [[IEEE Internet Award]] for his contributions to DNS, and the Distinguished Alumnus award from the [[University of California, Irvine]]. In May 2005, he received the ACM [[SIGCOMM Award|Sigcomm lifetime award]]. In 2012, Mockapetris was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012"/>

===David Clark===
{| cellpadding="1" style="width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 15px 15px; text-align: left;"
|<small>'''We reject: kings, presidents and voting.<br />We believe in: rough consensus and running code.''<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;-Dave Clark at IETF 24'''''&nbsp;<ref name=ClarkQuote>((cite web
| url = http://ietf.org/proceedings/prior29/IETF24.pdf
| title = A Cloudy Crystal Ball -- Visions of the Future
| page = 551
| format = [[w:Portable Document Format|PDF]]
| date = 16 July 1992
| access-date = 5 March 2011
)) (Presentation given at the 24th [[Internet Engineering Task Force]].)</ref></small>
|}
((main|David D. Clark))
'''David D. Clark''' (born 1944) is an American [[computer scientist]].<ref>[http://www.csail.mit.edu/user/1526 David Clark's Biography], MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</ref> During the period of tremendous growth and expansion of the Internet from 1981 to 1989, he acted as chief protocol architect in the development of the Internet, and chaired the Internet Activities Board, which later became the [[Internet Architecture Board]]. He is currently a senior research scientist at the [[MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]].

In 1990 Clark was awarded the ACM [[SIGCOMM Award]] "in recognition of his major contributions to Internet protocol and architecture."<ref>[http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards "SIGCOMM Award Recipients"], ACM, retrieved 5 March 2013</ref> In 1998 he received the [[IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal]] "for leadership and major contributions to the architecture of the Internet as a universal information medium".<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/hamming_rl.pdf |title=IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal Recipients |publisher=[[IEEE]] |access-date=29 May 2011))</ref> In 2001 he was inducted as a Fellow of the [[Association for Computing Machinery]] for "his preeminent role in the development of computer communication and the Internet, including architecture, protocols, security, and telecommunications policy".<ref>[http://fellows.acm.org/fellow_citation.cfm?id=1239037&srt=all "ACM Fellow Citation for David D. Clark"], ACM, 2001, retrieved 5 March 2013</ref> In 2001, he was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in Telluride, Colorado,<ref>[http://www.techfestival.org/past-honorees/ "Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology: Past Honorees"] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017185018/http://www.techfestival.org/past-honorees/ |date=17 October 2011 )), Telluride Technology Festival, 2001, retrieved 5 March 2013</ref> and in 2011 the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford "in recognition of his intellectual and institutional contributions to the advance of the Internet."<ref>[http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/news/?id=564 "Computer Scientist David Clark Receives Lifetime Achievement Award from the Oxford Internet Institute"], Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 22 July 2011</ref>

=== Joyce K. Reynolds ===
((main|Joyce K. Reynolds))

'''Joyce K. Reynolds''' (1952–2015) was an American [[computer scientist]] and served as part of the editorial team of the RFC series from 1987 to 2006. She performed the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|IANA]] function with [[Jon Postel]] until this was transferred to [[ICANN]], then worked with ICANN in this role until 2001, while remaining an employee of [[Information Sciences Institute|ISI]].<ref name="ih">((cite web |title=Internet History Project biography, 2003 |url=http://www.postel.org/pipermail/internet-history/2003-October/000343.html |access-date=26 July 2009))</ref>

As Area Director of the User Services area, she was a member of the [[IESG|Internet Engineering Steering Group]] of the [[IETF]] from 1990 to March 1998.<ref>[http://www.ietf.org/iesg/past-members.html "Past IESG Members and IETF Chairs"], Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), retrieved 5 March 2013</ref>

Together with [[Bob Braden]], she received the 2006 [[Postel Award]] in recognition of her services to the Internet.<ref>((cite web |date=10 November 2006 |title=Bob Braden and Joyce K. Reynolds recognized with the Internet Society's Postel Award |url=http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/061110pr.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213052355/http://www.isoc.org/isoc/media/releases/061110pr.shtml |archive-date=13 December 2011 |access-date=30 July 2008))</ref> She is mentioned, along with a brief biography, in RFC 1336, ''Who's Who in the Internet'' (1992).((Ref RFC|1336))

=== Susan Estrada ===
((main|Susan Estrada))
'''Susan Estrada''' founded [[CERFnet]], one of the original regional IP networks, in 1988. Through her leadership and collaboration with [[PSINet]] and [[UUnet]], Estrada helped form the interconnection enabling the first commercial Internet traffic via the Commercial Internet Exchange.<ref name="inducted">((cite news |title= INTERNET HALL of FAME PIONEER Susan Estrada |url=http://www.hpcwire.com/off-the-wire/susan-estrada-inducted-internet-hall-fame/ |date=8 April 2014))</ref><ref name="internethalloffame">((cite news |title=Susan Estrada Inducted into Internet Hall of Fame |url=http://internethalloffame.org/inductees/susan-estrada |website=internethalloffame.org ))</ref> She wrote ''Connecting to the Internet'' in 1993 and she was inducted to the Internet Hall of Fame in 2014. She is on the Board of Trustees of the [[Internet Society]].

===Dave Mills===
((main|David L. Mills))
[[Image:Ntp logo.jpeg|right|150px|[[Network Time Protocol]] Public Services Project logo<ref>[http://support.ntp.org/ Network Time Protocol Public Services Project logo], NTPPSP web site</ref>]]
'''David L. Mills''' (1938–2024) was an American [[computer engineering|computer engineer]].<ref>[http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/bio.html "David L. Mills Biography and Credentials"], University of Delaware</ref> Mills earned his [[PhD]] in Computer and Communication Sciences from the [[University of Michigan]] in 1971. While at Michigan he worked on the [[DARPA|ARPA]] sponsored Conversational Use of Computers (CONCOMP) project and developed [[PDP-8|DEC PDP-8]] based hardware and software to allow terminals to be connected over phone lines to an [[IBM System/360]] [[mainframe computer]].<ref>[http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/6635 ''The Data Concentrator''], David Mills, May 1968, CONCOMP Project, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor</ref><ref>[http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/6642 ''System/360 interface engineering report''], D. L. Mills, November 1967, CONCOMP Project, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor</ref>

Mills was the chairman of the [[GADS Task Force|Gateway Algorithms and Data Structures Task Force]] (GADS) and the first chairman of the Internet Architecture Task Force.<ref name=Quarterman>((cite book|title=Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems Worldwide|first=John S.|last=Quarterman|edition=2|publisher=Digital Press|year=1990|url=https://archive.org/details/matrixcomputerne0000quar/page/185|isbn=1-55558-033-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/matrixcomputerne0000quar/page/185 185&ndash;186]))</ref> He invented the [[Network Time Protocol]] (1981),<ref>[http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc778 RFC 778: ''DCNET Internet Clock Service''], D.L. Mills, COMSAT Laboratories, 18 April 1981</ref><ref>[http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc958 RFC 958: ''Network Time Protocol (NTP)''], D.L. Mills, M/A-COM Linkabit, September 1985</ref> the [[LSI-11|DEC LSI-11]] based [[fuzzball router]] that was used for the 56 kbit/s [[NSFNET]] (1985),<ref>[http://nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/fuzzball.htm "Fuzzball: The Innovative Router"] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520060410/http://nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/fuzzball.htm |date=20 May 2011 )), web page on NSF's [http://nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/internet.htm "The Internet: Changing the Way We Communicate"] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514043622/http://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/internet.htm |date=14 May 2011 ))</ref> the [[Exterior Gateway Protocol]] (1984),<ref>[http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc904 RFC 904: ''Exterior Gateway Protocol Formal Specification''], D.L. Mills, April 1984</ref> and inspired the author of [[Ping (networking utility)|ping]] (1983).<ref>[http://ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/ping.html "The Story of the PING Program"] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514103713/http://ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/ping.html |date=14 May 2011 )), Mike Muuss</ref> He was an emeritus professor at the [[University of Delaware]] following his retirement in 2008 after 22 years of teaching for the university. <ref>[https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/01/inventor-of-ntp-protocol-that-keeps-time-on-billions-of-devices-dies-at-age-85/ "Inventor of NTP protocol that keeps time on billions of devices dies at age 85"] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119204118/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/01/inventor-of-ntp-protocol-that-keeps-time-on-billions-of-devices-dies-at-age-85/ |date=19 January 2024 ))</ref>

In 1999 he was inducted as a [[Fellow]] of the [[Association for Computing Machinery]], and in 2002, as a Fellow of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE). In 2008, Mills was elected to the [[National Academy of Engineering]] (NAE). In 2013 he received the [[IEEE Internet Award]] "For significant leadership and sustained contributions in the research, development, standardization, and deployment of quality time synchronization capabilities for the Internet."<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/internet_recipients.html#sect1 "IEEE Internet Award Recipients: 2013 - David Mills"], IEEE Web site, accessed 27 January 2013</ref>

===Radia Perlman===
[[File:Radia Perlman 2009.jpg |thumb|150px | Radia Perlman]]
((main|Radia Perlman))
'''Radia Joy Perlman''' (born 1951) is the software designer and network engineer who developed the [[spanning-tree protocol]] which is fundamental to the operation of [[network bridge]]s.<ref>((cite web|title=Mother of the Internet Radia Perlman speaks out|first=Bob|last=Brown|publisher=[[Network World]]|date=5 May 2006|url=http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/5738|access-date=22 January 2010))</ref> She also played an important role in the development of [[link-state routing protocols]] such as [[IS-IS]] (which had a significant influence on [[OSPF]]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071208092956/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/perlman.html "Inventor of the Week: Radia Perlman"], August 2007, Inventor Archive, Lemelson-MIT Program</ref> In 2010 she received the [[SIGCOMM Award|ACM SIGCOMM Award]] "for her fundamental contributions to the Internet routing and bridging protocols that we all use and take for granted every day."<ref>[http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards 2010 SIGCOMM Lifetime Achievement Award given to Radia Perlman], "for her fundamental contributions to the Internet routing and bridging protocols that we all use and take for granted every day", ACM SIGCOMM award recipients web page</ref>

===Dennis M. Jennings===
((main|Dennis Jennings (Internet pioneer)))

'''Dennis M. Jennings''' is an Irish physicist, academic, Internet pioneer, and venture capitalist. In 1984, the [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF) began construction of several regional [[supercomputing]] centers to provide very high-speed computing resources for the US research community. In 1985 NSF hired Jennings to lead the establishment of the [[National Science Foundation Network]] (NSFNET) to link five of the super-computing centers to enable sharing of resources and information. Jennings made three critical decisions that shaped the subsequent development of NSFNET:<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_nsfnet.htm "Internet > History > NSFNET -- National Science Foundation Network"], ''livinginternet.com: The World's First Web Published Book'', 2000, accessed 16 July 2012</ref> 
* that it would be a general-purpose research network, not limited to connection of the supercomputers; 
* it would act as the backbone for connection of regional networks at each supercomputing site; and 
* it would use the [[ARPANET]]'s TCP/IP protocols.

Jennings was also actively involved in the start-up of research networks in Europe ([[European Academic Research Network]], EARN - President; [[EBONE]] - Board member) and Ireland ([[HEAnet]] - initial proposal and later board member). He chaired the Board and General Assembly of the [[Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries]] (CENTR) from 1999 to early 2001 and was actively involved in the start-up of the [[Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]] (ICANN). He was a member of the ICANN Board from 2007 to 2010, serving as vice-chair in 2009–2010.<ref name=RealNetPioneer>[http://www.independent.ie/business/technology/irelandrsquos-real-net-pioneer-1115628.html "Ireland's real net pioneer"], ''Independent.ie'', 4 October 2007</ref> In April 2014 Jennings was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.<ref>[http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/dennis-jennings "Dennis Jennings Internet Hall of Fame Pioneer"], Internet Hall of Fame, April 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.</ref>

===Steve Wolff===
[[File:Nsfnet logo.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[NSFNET]] logo, c. 1987]]
((main|Stephen Wolff))
'''Stephen "Steve" Wolff''' participated in the development of [[ARPANET]] while working for the U.S. Army.<ref name=Wolff1>[http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/ts_073002.html "Stephen Wolff–Hustling for Innovation"] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120225414/http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/ts_073002.html |date=20 January 2011 )), Charles Waltner, ''News@Cisco'', 30 July 2002</ref> In 1986 he became Division Director for Networking and Communications Research and Infrastructure at the [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF) where he managed the development of [[NSFNET]].<ref>[http://www.apress.com/book/view/9781430208693 ''On the Way to the Web: The Secret History of the Internet and Its Founders''], Michael A. Banks, Apress, New York, 2008, ((ISBN|978-1-4302-0869-3))</ref> He also conceived the Gigabit Testbed, a joint NSF-[[DARPA]] project to prove the feasibility of IP networking at [[Gigabit per second#Gigabit per second|gigabit speeds]].<ref>[http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/gigafr/ "The Gigabit Testbed Initiative–Final Report"], Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), December 1996</ref> His work at NSF transformed the fledgling internet from a narrowly focused U.S. government project into the modern [[Internet]] with scholarly and commercial interest for the entire world.<ref>[http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml "A Brief History of the Internet"], Barry M. Leiner, et al., Internet Society, December 2003</ref> In 1994 he left NSF to join [[Cisco]] as a technical manager in Corporate Consulting Engineering.<ref name=Wolff1/> In 2011 he became the CTO at [[Internet2]].<ref>[http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20110401/FREE/110409996# "Internet2's new chief technology officer helped create Internet No. 1"], Tom Henderson, ''Crain's Detroit Business'', 1 April 2011</ref>

In 2002 the [[Internet Society]] recognized Wolff with its [[Postel Award]]. When presenting the award, Internet Society (ISOC) President and CEO Lynn St. Amour said "…Steve helped transform the Internet from an activity that served the specific goals of the research community to a worldwide enterprise which has energized scholarship and commerce throughout the world."<ref name=PostelAward-2002>[http://www.internetsociety.org/stephen-wolff-receives-internet-societys-postel-service-award-2002 "Stephen Wolff Receives the Internet Society's Postel Service Award for 2002"], Internet Society, 24 June 2002</ref> The Internet Society also recognized Wolff in 1994 for his courage and leadership in advancing the Internet.<ref name=PostelAward-2002/>

===Sally Floyd===
((main|Sally Floyd))
'''Sally Floyd''' (1950–2019) was an American engineer recognized for her extensive contributions to Internet architecture and her work in identifying practical ways to control and stabilize [[network congestion|Internet congestion]].<ref name="icsi2007">[http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/icsi/gazette/2007/09/sally-floyd-sigcomm-award "Sally Floyd Wins 2007 SIGCOMM Award"], ICSI, Sept. 2007 (last visited 7 October 2012).</ref> She invented the [[random early detection]] active queue management scheme, which has been implemented in nearly all commercially available [[Router (computing)|routers]], and devised the now-common method of adding [[delay jitter]] to message timers to avoid synchronization collisions.<ref name="ieeeghn">IEEE, [http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Sally_Floyd "Sally Floyd"], IEEE Global History Network (last visited 7 October 2012).</ref> Floyd, with [[Vern Paxson]], in 1997 identified the lack of knowledge of [[network topology]] as the major obstacle in understanding how the Internet works.<ref>Albert-laszlo Barabasi and Jennifer Frangos, ''Linked: The New Science of Networks'' (Basic Books, 2002), p.150.</ref> This paper, "Why We Don't Know How to Simulate the Internet", was re-published as "Difficulties in Simulating the Internet" in 2001 and won the IEEE Communication Society's William R. Bennett Prize Paper Award.

Floyd was also a co-author on the standard for TCP [[Selective acknowledgement]] (SACK), [[Explicit Congestion Notification]] (ECN), the [[Datagram Congestion Control Protocol]] (DCCP) and [[TCP Friendly Rate Control]] (TFRC).

She received the [[IEEE Internet Award]] in 2005 and the ACM [[SIGCOMM Award]] in 2007 for her contributions to congestion control.<ref name="icsi2007" /> She has been involved in the [[Internet Advisory Board]], and, as of 2007, was one of the top-ten most cited researchers in computer science.<ref name="icsi2007" />

===Van Jacobson===
[[File:Van Jacobson1.jpg |thumb|150px |Van Jacobson in January 2006]]
((main|Van Jacobson))
'''Van Jacobson''' is an American [[computer scientist]], best known for his work on TCP/IP network performance and scaling.<ref name="SIGCOM-2001"/> His work redesigning TCP/IP's flow control algorithms ([[TCP congestion avoidance algorithm|Jacobson's algorithm]])<ref>[http://ee.lbl.gov/papers/congavoid.pdf "Congestion avoidance and control"], Van Jacobson, ''Proceedings of SIGCOMM '88'', Stanford, CA, Aug. 1988, ACM</ref><ref>[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=205447.205462 "Congestion avoidance and control"], Van Jacobson, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review - Special twenty-fifth anniversary issue, Highlights from 25 years of the Computer Communication Review, Volume 25 Issue 1, Jan. 1995, pp.157-187</ref> to better handle congestion is said to have saved the Internet from collapsing in the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="IEEE-2002"/> He is also known for the TCP/IP Header Compression protocol described in RFC 1144: ''Compressing TCP/IP Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links'', popularly known as [[Van Jacobson TCP/IP Header Compression]]. He is co-author of several widely used network diagnostic tools, including [[traceroute]], [[tcpdump]], and pathchar. He was a leader in the development of the [[Mbone|multicast backbone]] (MBone) and the multimedia tools vic,<ref>[http://ee.lbl.gov/vic/ "vic - Video Conferencing Tool"], web page at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</ref> vat,<ref>[http://ee.lbl.gov/vat/ "vat - LBL Audio Conferencing Tool"], web page at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</ref> and wb.<ref>[http://ee.lbl.gov/wb/ "wb - LBNL Whiteboard Tool"], web page at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</ref>

For his work, Jacobson received the 2001 [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[SIGCOMM Award|SIGCOMM Award for Lifetime Achievement]],<ref name=SIGCOM-2001>[http://www.sigcomm.org/awards/sigcomm-awards 2001 SIGCOMM Award for Lifetime Achievement] to Van Jacobson "for contributions to protocol architecture and congestion control."</ref> the 2003 [[IEEE]] [[Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award]],<ref name=IEEE-2002>[http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/kobayashi_recipients.html#sect10 "Van Jacobson: 2002 IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award Recipient"], IEEE web site</ref> and was elected to the [[National Academy of Engineering]] in 2006.<ref>[http://www.nae.edu/MembersSection/Directory20412/30818.aspx "Mr. Van Jacobson"], Members Directory, National Academy of Engineering</ref> In 2012, Jacobson was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012"/>

===Ted Nelson===
[[File:Ted Nelson cropped.jpg |thumb|150px |Ted Nelson]]
((main|Ted Nelson))
'''Theodor Holm "Ted" Nelson''' (born 1937) is an American [[sociologist]] and [[philosopher]]. In 1960 he founded [[Project Xanadu]] with the goal of creating a computer network with a simple user interface. Project Xanadu was to be a worldwide [[electronic publishing]] system using [[hypertext]] linking that would have created a universal library.<ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/pioneers/nelson.html "Internet Pioneers: Ted Nelson"], web page at [http://ibiblio.org ibiblio.org], a collaboration of the School of Information and Library Science and the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</ref> In 1963 he coined the terms "[[hypertext]]" and "[[hypermedia]]". In 1974 he wrote and published two books in one, [[Computer Lib|Computer Lib/Dream Machines]],<ref>[http://www.arch.kth.se/unrealstockholm/unreal_web/seminar03_2006/computerlib.pdf ''Computer Lib (You can and must understand computers NOW) / Dream Machines (Come Dream along with me: The Best Is Yet To Be)''] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214170131/http://www.arch.kth.se/unrealstockholm/unreal_web/seminar03_2006/computerlib.pdf |date=14 December 2010 )), Theodor H. Nelson, self-published, 1974, ((ISBN|978-0-89347-002-9))</ref> that has been hailed as "the most important book in the history of new media."<ref>[http://www.newmediareader.com/book_samples/nmr-21-nelson.pdf "Chapter 21: From Computer Lib / Dream Machines, Theodor H. Nelson, 1970-1974"], ''The New Media Reader'', Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort (Eds), MIT Press, February 2003, 837 pp., ((ISBN|978-0-262-23227-2))</ref> His grand ideas from the 1960s and 1970s never became completed projects.

===Tim Berners-Lee===
[[File:WWW logo by Robert Cailliau.svg|right|thumb|150px|The Web's historic logo designed by [[Robert Cailliau]]]]
((main|Tim Berners-Lee))
'''Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee''' (born 1955) is a British [[physicist]] and [[computer scientist]].<ref name="W3Bio">((cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Longer.html|title=Berners-Lee Longer Biography|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|access-date=18 January 2011))</ref> In 1980, while working at [[CERN]], he proposed a project using [[hypertext]] to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.<ref>((cite web|title=Berners-Lee's original proposal to CERN|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=March 1989|url=http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html|access-date=25 May 2008))</ref> While there, he built a prototype system named [[ENQUIRE]].<ref name="linvinginternet">((cite web|last=Stewart|first=Bill|title=Tim Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau, and the World Wide Web|url=http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_lee.htm|access-date=22 July 2010))</ref> Back at CERN in 1989 he conceived of and, in 1990, together with [[Robert Cailliau]], created the first client and server implementations for what became the [[World Wide Web]]. Berners-Lee is the director of the [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), a standards organization which oversees and encourages the Web's continued development, co-director of the [[Web Science Trust]], and founder of the [[World Wide Web Foundation]].<ref>((cite web|title=Tim Berners-Lee receives Draper Prize|date=5 January 2007 |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/draper-prize.html|publisher=MIT News, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]|access-date= 25 May 2008))</ref>

In 1994, Berners-Lee became one of only six members of the [[World Wide Web Hall of Fame]].<ref name="The World-Wide Web Hall of Fame">((cite web|title=The World-Wide Web Hall of Fame|url=http://botw.org/1994/awards/fame.html |publisher=[[Best of the Web Directory]]))</ref> In 2004, Berners-Lee was [[Order of the British Empire|knighted]] by Queen [[Elizabeth II]] for his pioneering work.<ref name=tecb>((cite news
  | title =Web's inventor gets a knighthood
  |publisher=BBC 
  |date=31 December 2003
| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3357073.stm
  | access-date=25 May 2008 ))</ref> In April 2009, he was elected a foreign associate of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences]], based in Washington, D.C.<ref>((cite magazine|title=Timothy Berners-Lee Elected to National Academy of Sciences|url=http://www.ddj.com/217200450|magazine=[[Dr. Dobb's Journal]]|access-date=9 June 2009))</ref><ref>((cite press release|access-date=17 January 2011|date=28 April 2009|title=72 New Members Chosen By Academy|publisher=United States National Academy of Sciences|url=http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=04282009))</ref> In 2012, Berners-Lee was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012"/>

===Robert Cailliau===
[[File:Robert Cailliau On Desk.jpg |thumb|150px |Robert Cailliau, 1995]]
((main|Robert Cailliau))
'''Robert Cailliau''' (((IPA-fr|kaˈjo|lang)), born 1947), is a [[Belgians|Belgian]] [[Informatics (academic field)|informatics engineer]] and [[computer scientist]] who, working with [[Tim Berners-Lee]] and [[Nicola Pellow]] at [[CERN]], [[Software developer|developed]] the [[World Wide Web]].<ref name="Berners-Lee"/> In 2012 he was inducted into the [[Internet Hall of Fame]] by the [[Internet Society]].<ref name="IHOF-2012"/>

===Nicola Pellow===
((main|Nicola Pellow))
'''Nicola Pellow''', one of the nineteen members of the ''WWW Project'' at [[CERN]] working with [[Tim Berners-Lee]], is recognized for developing the first cross-platform internet browser, [[Line Mode Browser]], that displayed web-pages on dumb terminals and was released in May 1991.<ref name="CERN10">((cite web|title=Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software|url=http://tenyears-www.web.cern.ch/tenyears-www/Story/WelcomeStory.html|publisher=CERN|access-date=21 July 2010))</ref> She joined the project in November 1990, while an undergraduate math student enrolled in a [[sandwich course]] at Leicester Polytechnic (now [[De Montfort University]]).<ref name="CERN10" /><ref name=":1">((Cite book|title=How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web|author1=Gillies, James|author2=Cailliau, R.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=0192862073|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/6 6]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/6))</ref> She left CERN at the end of August 1991, but returned after graduating in 1992, and worked with [[Robert Cailliau]] on [[MacWWW]],<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.internet-guide.co.uk/MacWWW.html|title=MacWWW: the first web browser for the Apple Macintosh platform|website=internet-guide.co.uk|access-date=2 November 2016))</ref> the first web browser for the [[classic Mac OS]].<ref>((cite web|first=Bill|last=Stewart|title=Web Browser History|url=http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_browse.htm|publisher=Living Internet |date=2015 |access-date=21 March 2017))</ref><ref name="Berners-Lee">((cite web|last=Berners-Lee|first=Tim|title=Macintosh Browser|date=3 November 1992|url=http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/Macintosh/Status.html|publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]]|access-date=2 June 2010))</ref>

===Mark P. McCahill===
((main|Mark P. McCahill))

'''Mark P. McCahill''' (born 1956) is an American programmer and systems architect. While working at the [[University of Minnesota]] he led the development of the [[Gopher (protocol)|Gopher]] protocol (1991), the effective predecessor of the [[World Wide Web]], and contributed to the development and popularization of a number of other Internet technologies from the 1980s.<ref>[http://www.opencobalt.org/community/contributors-volunteers/mark-mccahill-collaborative-systems-architect "Mark McCahill, Collaborative Systems Architect"], Biographical sketch, Open Cobalt. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</ref><ref>[http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2067063/A-Pre-Web-Search-Engine-Gopher-Turns-Ten "A Pre-Web Search Engine, Gopher Turns Ten"], Chris Sherman, Search Engine Watch, 5 February 2002.</ref><ref>[http://www.jucs.org/jucs_1_4/evolution_of_internet_gopher "Evolution of Internet Gopher"], Mark P. McCahill and Farhad X. Anklesaria, ''Journal of Universal Computer Science'', vol 1, issue 4 (April 1995), pages 235-246.</ref>

===Simon S. Lam===
[[File:Simon_S_Lam_2009.jpg |thumb|150px |Simon S. Lam in June 2009]]
((main|Simon S. Lam))
'''Simon S. Lam''' (born 1947) is an American computer scientist.  He was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame (2023) by the [[Internet Society]] for “inventing secure sockets in 1991 and implementing the first secure sockets layer, named SNP, in 1993.”<ref>[https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductee/simon-s-lam ''Simon S. Lam, 2023 Internet Hall of Fame inductee'']</ref>

In 1990, while a professor at [[University of Texas at Austin]], he was inspired after writing a paper on formal semantics of upper and lower interfaces of a protocol layer <ref>"((cite book |last1=Lam |first1=Simon |last2=Shankar |first2=Udaya|last3=Woo |first3=Thomas |chapter=Applying a theory of modules and interfaces to security verification |title= Proceedings. 1991 IEEE Computer Society Symposium on Research in Security and Privacy |date=May 1991    |chapter-url=https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/lam/Vita/IEEE/LSW91.pdf | pages=136–154|doi=10.1109/RISP.1991.130782 |isbn=0-8186-2168-0 |s2cid=18581606 | access-date=1 October 2023))</ref> and he conceived the idea of a new security sublayer in the Internet protocol stack.  The new sublayer, at the bottom of the Application layer, would make use of transport layer sockets for data transfer and offer corresponding secure sockets to application processes. This way, application programmers do not need to know much about implementation details for security.  Also, the upper interface of the sublayer would enable implementation changes in the future.

Lam’s idea of a sublayer which offers a “secure sockets interface” to applications was novel and a radical departure from contemporary security research for Internet applications (e.g., MIT’s Kerberos, 1988-1992). Lam wrote a proposal to the [[National Security Agency|NSA]] University Research Program, which was funded for two years.<ref>Simon S. Lam (PI/PD), "Applying a Theory of Modules and Interfaces to Security Verification", NSA INFOSEC University Research Program grant no. MDA 904-91-C-7046, 6/28/91 to 6/27/93.</ref> By early 1993, Lam, with the help of 3 graduate students (Woo, Bindignavle, and Su), designed and implemented the first secure sockets layer, named [[Secure Network Programming]] (SNP).
They demonstrated SNP to their [[National Security Agency|NSA]] program manager when he visited UT-Austin in June 1993. They also published and presented SNP in the [[USENIX]] Summer Technical Conference on June 8, 1994, including its architecture, system design, and performance evaluation results to demonstrate its efficiency and practicality <ref name="SNP-USENIX">((cite journal |last1=Woo |first1=Thomas |last2=Bindignavle |first2=Raghuram |last3=Su |first3=Shaowen |last4=Lam |first4=Simon |title=SNP: An Interface for Secure Network Programming |journal=Proceedings USENIX Summer Technical Conference |date=June 1994 |url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/lam/Vita/Cpapers/WBSL94.pdf |accessdate=1 October 2023))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/bos94/ |title=1994 USENIX Summer Technical Conference Program, Boston, 6-10 June 1994))</ref>

SNP was created for Internet applications in general, concurrently and independently of the invention and development of [[WWW]], which had only dozens of servers worldwide in early 1993. Subsequent secure sockets layers, SSL and [[Transport Layer Security|TLS]], developed years later, follow the same architecture and key ideas of SNP. Today’s [[Transport Layer Security|TLS]] 1.3 is used for all [[e-commerce]] applications (banking, shopping, etc.), for email, and many other Internet applications.

Lam and his students won the 2004 [[ACM Software System Award]] for SNP. He received the 2004 ACM [[SIGCOMM Award]] for lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks. He was inducted into the [[National Academy of Engineering]] in 2007.

===Marc Andreessen===
[[File:Marc Andreessen.jpg |thumb|150px |Marc Andreessen, 2007]]
((main|Marc Andreessen))
'''Marc L. Andreessen''' (born 1971) is an American [[software engineer]], [[entrepreneur]], and [[investor]]. Working with [[Eric Bina]] while at [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications|NCSA]], he co-authored [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]], the first widely used [[web browser]]. He is also co-founder of [[Netscape Communications Corporation]].<ref name="co-founder">((cite web|url=http://www.alleyinsider.com/2008/6/marc-andreessen-joins-facebook-board |title=Marc Andreessen Joins Facebook Board |publisher=Alleyinsider.com |first=Dan |last=Frommer |access-date=5 October 2008))</ref>

===Eric Bina===
((main|Eric Bina))
'''Eric J. Bina''' (born 1964) is an American [[computer programmer]]. In 1993, together with [[Marc Andreessen]], he authored the first version of [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] while working at [[National Center for Supercomputing Applications|NCSA]] at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]].<ref name="The World-Wide Web Hall of Fame"/> Mosaic is famed as the first [[killer application]] that popularized the Internet. He is also a co-founder of [[Netscape Communications Corporation]].<ref>[http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/Projects/mosaic.html "About NCSA Mosaic"] ((webarchive|url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20160605115205/http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/Projects/mosaic.html |date=5 June 2016)), NCSA web site, University of Illinois</ref>

==Birth of the Internet plaque==
A plaque commemorating the "Birth of the Internet" was dedicated at a conference on the history and future of the internet on 28 July 2005 and is displayed at the [[Gates Computer Science Building, Stanford|Gates Computer Science Building]], Stanford University.<ref>((cite news |title= Cyber-pioneer Vint Cerf to headline July 28 forum on the future of Internet |work= Press release |publisher= Stanford Report |date= 13 July 2005 |first= David |last= Orenstein |url= http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/july13/forum-071305.html |access-date= 7 April 2011 ))</ref> The text printed and embossed in black into the brushed bronze surface of the plaque reads:<ref>[http://mercury.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/plaque.html "Stanford University 'Birth of the Internet' Plaque"], web page, J. Noel Chiappa, Laboratory for Computer Science, MIT</ref>

<div class="center" style="font-size:85%;">
<poem>
'''BIRTH OF THE INTERNET'''

THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET AND THE DESIGN OF
THE CORE NETWORKING PROTOCOL TCP (WHICH LATER BECAME TCP/IP)
WERE CONCEIVED BY VINTON G. CERF AND ROBERT E. KAHN DURING 1973
WHILE CERF WAS AT STANFORD'S DIGITAL SYSTEMS LABORATORY AND
KAHN WAS AT ARPA (LATER DARPA). IN THE SUMMER OF 1976, CERF LEFT STANFORD
TO MANAGE THE PROGRAM WITH KAHN AT ARPA.

THEIR WORK BECAME KNOWN IN SEPTEMBER 1973 AT A NETWORKING CONFERENCE IN ENGLAND.
CERF AND KAHN'S SEMINAL PAPER WAS PUBLISHED IN MAY 1974.

CERF, YOGEN K. DALAL, AND CARL SUNSHINE
WROTE THE FIRST FULL TCP SPECIFICATION IN DECEMBER 1974.
WITH THE SUPPORT OF DARPA, EARLY IMPLEMENTATIONS OF TCP (AND IP LATER)
WERE TESTED BY BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN (BBN),
STANFORD, AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON DURING 1975.

BBN BUILT THE FIRST INTERNET GATEWAY, NOW KNOWN AS A ROUTER, TO LINK NETWORKS TOGETHER.
IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS, RESEARCHERS AT MIT AND USC-ISI, AMONG MANY OTHERS,
PLAYED KEY ROLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SET OF INTERNET PROTOCOLS.

'''KEY STANFORD RESEARCH ASSOCIATES AND FOREIGN VISITORS'''

[[Vint Cerf|VINTON CERF]]
DAG BELSNES  JAMES MATHIS
RONALD CRANE JUNIOR  [[Robert Metcalfe|BOB METCALFE]]
YOGEN DALAL  DARRYL RUBIN
[[Judith Estrin|JUDITH ESTRIN]]  [[John Shoch|JOHN SHOCH]]
RICHARD KARP  CARL SUNSHINE

[[Gérard Le Lann|GERARD LE LANN]]  KUNINOBU TANNO

'''DARPA'''
[[Robert E. Kahn|ROBERT KAHN]]

'''COLLABORATING GROUPS'''

'''BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN'''
WILLIAM PLUMMER • GINNY STRAZISAR •  [[Ray Tomlinson|RAY TOMLINSON]]

'''MIT'''
[[Noel Chiappa|NOEL CHIAPPA]] • DAVID CLARK • [[Stephen Kent (network security)|STEPHEN KENT]] • [[David P. Reed|DAVID P. REED]]

'''NDRE'''
[[Yngvar G. Lundh|YNGVAR LUNDH]] • [[Pål Spilling|PAAL SPILLING]]

'''UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON'''
FRANK DEIGNAN • MARTINE GALLAND • PETER HIGGINSON
ANDREW HINCHLEY • [[Peter T. Kirstein|PETER KIRSTEIN]] • [[Adrian V. Stokes|ADRIAN STOKES]]

'''USC-ISI'''
[[Bob Braden|ROBERT BRADEN]] • [[Daniel I. A. Cohen|DANNY COHEN]] • DANIEL LYNCH • [[Jon Postel|JON POSTEL]]

ULTIMATELY, THOUSANDS IF NOT TENS TO HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
HAVE CONTRIBUTED THEIR EXPERTISE TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET.

DEDICATED 28 July 2005
</poem>
</div>

==See also==
((Portal|Internet))
<!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order & add a short description [[WP:SEEALSO]] -->
((div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes))
* [[History of the Internet]]
* [[History of hypertext]]
* [[History of the World Wide Web]]
* [[IEEE Internet Award]]
* [[Internet Hall of Fame]]
((div col end))
<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order -->

== References ==
((Reflist))

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721025312/http://www.internethalloffame.org/ Internet Hall of Fame], established by the [[Internet Society]] in April 2012.
* ((Ref RFC|1336|ref=no))
* [https://www.ietf.org/about/groups/iesg/past-members/ "Past IESG Members and IETF Chairs"], IETF web site
* [http://www.iab.org/about/history.html "A Brief History of the Internet Advisory / Activities / Architecture Board"] from the IAB web site includes historical lists of IAB Members, IAB Chairs, IAB Ex-Officio and Liaison Members (IETF Chairs), IRTF Chairs, RFC Editors, and much more historical information.
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/pioneers/ "Internet Pioneers"], web pages at [http://ibiblio.org ibiblio.org], a collaboration of the School of Information and Library Science and the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
* [http://www.wiwiw.org/pioneers/ "Pioneers Gallery"], from the Who Is Who in the Internet World (WiWiW) web site.
* [http://www.xconomy.com/national/2009/03/03/the-greatest-internet-pioneers-you-never-heard-of-the-story-of-erwise-and-four-finns-who-showed-the-way-to-the-web-browser/ "The Greatest Internet Pioneers You Never Heard Of: The Story of Erwise and Four Finns Who Showed the Way to the Web Browser"], Juha-Pekka Tikka, 3 March 2009, Xconomy web page.

===Oral histories===

* ((cite interview |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107387 |title=Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn |publisher=[[Charles Babbage Institute]] |location=Minneapolis |date=24 April 1990 |access-date=15 May 2008|subject=Kahn, Robert E. |interviewer=Judy O'Neill)) Focuses on Kahn's role in the development of computer networking from 1967 through the early 1980s. Beginning with his work at [[Bolt Beranek and Newman]] (BBN), Kahn discusses his involvement as the ARPANET proposal was being written and then implemented, and his role in the public demonstration of the ARPANET. The interview continues into Kahn's involvement with networking when he moves to IPTO in 1972, where he was responsible for the administrative and technical evolution of the ARPANET, including programs in packet radio, the development of a new network protocol (TCP/IP), and the switch to TCP/IP to connect multiple networks.
* ((cite interview |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107214 |title=Oral history interview with Vinton Cerf |publisher=[[Charles Babbage Institute]] |location=Minneapolis |date=24 April 1990 |access-date=1 July 2008|subject=Cerf, Vinton G. |interviewer=Judy O'Neill)) Cerf describes his involvement with the ARPA network, and his relationships with Bolt Beranek and Newman, Robert Kahn, Lawrence Roberts, and the Network Working Group.
* ((cite interview |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107101 |title=Oral history interview with Paul Baran |publisher=[[Charles Babbage Institute]] |location=Minneapolis |date=5 March 1990 |access-date=1 July 2008|subject=Baran, Paul |interviewer=Judy O'Neill)) Baran describes his work at RAND, and discusses his interaction with the group at ARPA who were responsible for the later development of the ARPANET.
* ((cite interview |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107411 |title=Oral history interview with Leonard Kleinrock |publisher=[[Charles Babbage Institute]] |location=Minneapolis |date=3 April 1990 |access-date=1 July 2008|subject=Kleinrock, Leonard |interviewer=Judy O'Neill)) Kleinrock discusses his work on the ARPANET.
* ((cite interview |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107608 |title=Oral history interview with Larry Roberts |publisher=[[Charles Babbage Institute]] |location=Minneapolis |date=4 April 1989 |access-date=1 July 2008|subject=Roberts, Lawrence G. |interviewer=Arthur L. Norberg)) The interview focuses on Robert's work at the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at ARPA including discussion of ARPA and IPTO support of research in computer science, computer networks, and artificial intelligence, the ARPANET, the involvement of universities with ARPA and IPTO, J. C. R. Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, Steve Lukasik, Wesley Clark, as well as the development of computing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Lincoln Laboratory.
* ((cite interview |url=http://purl.umn.edu/107471 |title=Oral history interview with Mark P. McCahill |publisher=[[Charles Babbage Institute]] |location=Minneapolis |date=13 September 2001 |access-date=24 July 2013 |subject=McCahill, Mark P. |interviewer=Philip L. Frana)) Focuses on McCahill's work at the University of Minnesota where he led the team that created Gopher, the popular client/server software for organizing and sharing information on the Internet as well as his work on development of Pop Mail, Gopher VR, Forms Nirvana, the Electronic Grants Management System, and the University of Minnesota Portal.

((DEFAULTSORT:Internet Pioneers))
[[Category:Internet pioneers| ]]
[[Category:History of the Internet]]
[[Category:Lists of computer scientists]]
[[Category:People in information technology]]

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