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((Short description|Video compression format))
'''MPEG-4 Part 2''', '''MPEG-4 Visual''' (formally [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] 14496-2<ref name="iso-2004">((cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=39259 | title=ISO/IEC 14496-2:2004 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 2: Visual | author=ISO | publisher=ISO | access-date=2009-11-01))</ref>) is a [[video compression format]] developed by the [[Moving Picture Experts Group]] (MPEG). It belongs to the [[MPEG-4]] ISO/IEC standards. It uses block-wise [[motion compensation]] and a [[discrete cosine transform]] (DCT), similar to previous standards such as [[MPEG-1#Part 2: Video|MPEG-1 Part 2]] and [[H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2]].

Several popular [[codec]]s including [[DivX]], [[Xvid]], and [[Nero Digital]] implement this standard. [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|MPEG-4 Part 10]] defines a different format from MPEG-4 Part 2. MPEG-4 Part 10 is commonly referred to as H.264 or AVC, and was jointly developed by [[ITU-T]] and MPEG.

MPEG-4 Part 2 is [[H.263]] compatible in the sense that a basic H.263 bitstream is correctly decoded by an MPEG-4 Video decoder. (MPEG-4 Video decoder is natively capable of decoding a basic form of H.263.)<ref name="end_of_the_ride">((cite web |url=http://ride.chiariglione.org/end_of_the_ride_qm.php |title=Riding the Media Bits, End of the Ride? |author=chiariglione.org |date=2006-08-10 |access-date=2010-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101081359/http://ride.chiariglione.org/end_of_the_ride_qm.php |archive-date=2011-11-01 ))</ref><ref name="inside_MPEG-4_part_B">((cite web |url=http://ride.chiariglione.org/MP4_inside_part_B.php |title=Riding the Media Bits, Inside MPEG-4 - Part B |author=chiariglione.org |date=2003-10-25 |access-date=2010-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101090354/http://ride.chiariglione.org/MP4_inside_part_B.php |archive-date=2011-11-01 ))</ref><ref name="mpeg-4-video-faq">((cite web |url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/mp4-vid/mp4-vid.htm |title=MPEG-4 Video - Frequently Asked Questions |author=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 |publisher=chiariglione.org |date=March 2000 |access-date=2010-03-10))</ref> In MPEG-4 Visual, there are two types of video object layers: the video object layer that provides full MPEG-4 functionality, and a reduced functionality video object layer, the video object layer with short headers (which provides bitstream compatibility with base-line H.263).<ref name="natural-vide-paper">((cite web |url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/tutorials/papers/icj-mpeg4-si/07-natural_video_paper/7-natural_video_paper.htm |title=MPEG-4 Natural Video Coding - An overview |author=Touradj Ebrahimi and Caspar Horne |publisher=chiariglione.org |access-date=2010-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322190043/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/tutorials/papers/icj-mpeg4-si/07-natural_video_paper/7-natural_video_paper.htm |archive-date=2010-03-22 ))</ref> MPEG-4 Part 2 is partially based on ITU-T H.263.<ref name="inside_MPEG-1_part_A">((cite web |url=http://ride.chiariglione.org/development_of_MPEG-1_part_A.htm |title=Riding the Media Bits, The development of MPEG-1 - Part A |author=chiariglione.org |date=2009-09-06 |access-date=2010-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122013641/http://ride.chiariglione.org/development_of_MPEG-1_part_A.htm |archive-date=2011-01-22 ))</ref> The first MPEG-4 Video Verification Model (simulation and test model) used ITU-T H.263 coding tools together with shape coding.<ref>((cite web |url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/tutorials/papers/icj-mpeg4-si/02-overview_paper/2-overview_paper.htm |title=MPEG-4: Why, What, How and When? |author=Fernando Pereira |publisher=chiariglione.org |access-date=2010-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018071929/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/tutorials/papers/icj-mpeg4-si/02-overview_paper/2-overview_paper.htm |archive-date=2011-10-18 ))</ref>

== History ==
The MPEG-4 Visual format was developed by the [[Moving Picture Experts Group]] (MPEG) committee. The specification was authored by [[Iran|Iranian]]-[[Switzerland|Swiss]] engineer Touradj Ebrahimi (later the president of [[Joint Photographic Experts Group|JPEG]]) and [[Netherlands|Dutch]] engineer Caspar Horne.<ref name="natural-vide-paper"/> The standard was developed using patents from over a dozen organizations, listed by [[MPEG LA]] in a [[patent pool]]. The majority of patents used for the MPEG-4 Visual format were from three [[Japan|Japanese]] companies: [[Mitsubishi Electric]] (255 patents), [[Hitachi]] (206 patents), and [[Panasonic]] (200 patents).<ref name="mpegla"/> See ''[[#Patent holders|Patent holders]]'' below for a full list of patent holders.

== Editions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+MPEG-4 Visual editions<ref>((cite web|url=http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards.htm |title=MPEG standards - Full list of standards developed or under development |author=MPEG |publisher=chiariglione.org |access-date=2009-10-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420192552/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards.htm |archive-date=2010-04-20 ))</ref>
|-
! Edition
! Release date
! Latest amendment
! Standard
! Description
|-
| First edition
| 1999
| 2000
| ISO/IEC 14496-2:1999<ref>((cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=25034 | title=ISO/IEC 14496-2:1999 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 2: Visual | author=ISO | publisher=ISO | access-date=2009-11-01))</ref>
|
|-
| Second edition
| 2001
| 2003
| ISO/IEC 14496-2:2001<ref>((cite web | url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=36081 | title=ISO/IEC 14496-2:2001 - Information technology -- Coding of audio-visual objects -- Part 2: Visual | author=ISO | publisher=ISO | access-date=2009-11-01))</ref>
|
|-
| Third edition
| 2004
| 2009<ref name=iso-2004 />
| ISO/IEC 14496-2:2004<ref name=iso-2004 />
|
|}

==Profiles==
((More citations needed|section|date=May 2023))
To address various applications ranging from low-quality, low-resolution surveillance cameras to high definition TV broadcasting and DVDs, many video standards group features into profiles and levels. MPEG-4 Part 2 contains approximately 21 profiles.

The most commonly deployed profiles are the [[#Advanced Simple Profile (ASP)|Advanced Simple Profile]] (ASP or AS Profile) and the [[#Simple Profile (SP)|Simple Profile]] (SP), which is a subset of the ASP.

Other profiles include the Advanced Coding Efficiency Profile (ACEP or ACE Profile), the Advanced Real Time Simple Profile (ARTSP or ARTS Profile), the Core Profile (CP), the Main Profile (MP), and the [[#Simple Studio Profile (SStP)|Simple Studio Profile]] (SStP or SSt Profile).

Most of the video compression schemes standardize the [[bitstream]] (and thus the decoder) leaving the [[data compression|encoder]] design to the individual implementations. Therefore, implementations for a particular profile (such as DivX or Nero Digital which are implementations of Advanced Simple Profile and Xvid that implements both profiles) are all technically identical on the decoder side. A point of comparison would be that an MP3 file can be played in any MP3 player, whether it was created through iTunes, Windows Media Player, [[LAME]], or the common Fraunhofer encoder.

===Simple Profile (SP)===
The '''Simple Profile''' is mostly aimed for use in situations where low bit rate and low resolution are mandated by other conditions of the applications, like network bandwidth, device size etc. Examples are [[mobile phone]]s, some low end [[video conferencing]] systems, [[electronic surveillance#Surveillance cameras|electronic surveillance]] systems etc.

====Levels====
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Level
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Max. buffer
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Max. bitrate
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Max. delay at max. bitrate
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Max. VP size
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Max. VOP size
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Max. decoder rate
!scope="col" colspan="5"|Max. framesize
|-
!scope="col"|@ 30&nbsp;Hz
!scope="col"|@ 25&nbsp;Hz
!scope="col"|@ 24&nbsp;Hz
!scope="col"|@ 15&nbsp;Hz
!scope="col"|@ 12.5&nbsp;Hz
|-
!|0
|style="text-align:right"|160||style="text-align:right"|64||rowspan="3" style="text-align:right"|2.50
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:right"|2,048||rowspan="3" style="text-align:right"|99||rowspan="3" style="text-align:right"|1,485
|rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#CCC"|—||rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|<abbr title="Quarter Common Intermediate Format">QCIF</abbr> (176×144)
|-
!|0b
|style="text-align:right"|320||style="text-align:right"|128
|-
!|1
|style="text-align:right"|160||style="text-align:right"|64
|style="text-align:center"|128×96||style="text-align:center"|144×96||style="text-align:center"|160×96
|-
!|2
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:right"|640||style="text-align:right"|128||style="text-align:right"|5.00
|style="text-align:right"|4,096||rowspan="2" style="text-align:right"|396||style="text-align:right"|5,940
|style="text-align:center"|256×192||style="text-align:center"|304×192, 288×208||style="text-align:center"|304×208||colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|[[Common Intermediate Format|<abbr title="Common Intermediate Format">CIF</abbr>]] (352×288)
|-
!|3
|style="text-align:right"|384||style="text-align:right"|1.66
|style="text-align:right"|8,192||style="text-align:right"|11,880
|colspan="5" style="text-align:center"|CIF (352×288)
|-
!|4a
|style="text-align:right"|1,280||style="text-align:right"|4,000||style="text-align:right"|0.32
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:right"|16,384
|style="text-align:right"|1,200||style="text-align:right"|36,000
|colspan="5" style="text-align:center"|VGA (640×480)
|-
!|5
|style="text-align:right"|1,792
|style="text-align:right"|8,000||style="text-align:right"|0.22
|style="text-align:right"|1,620||style="text-align:right"|40,500
|D1 NTSC (720×480)||colspan="4" style="text-align:center"|D1 PAL (720×576)
|-
!|6
|style="text-align:right"|3,968
|style="text-align:right"|12,000||style="text-align:right"|0.33
|style="text-align:right"|3,600||style="text-align:right"|108,000
|colspan="5" style="text-align:center"|720p (1280x720)
|-style="background:#EEEEFF;font-size:smaller"
!scope="row" style="text-align:right"|Units
|scope="col" style="text-align:right"|kbits
|scope="col" style="text-align:right"|kbits/s
|scope="col" style="text-align:right"|seconds
|scope="col" style="text-align:right"|bits
|scope="col" style="text-align:right"|macroblocks
|scope="col" style="text-align:right"|macroblocks/s
|scope="col" colspan="5" style="text-align:center"|pixels
|}

===Advanced Simple Profile (ASP)===
The '''Advanced Simple Profile''' was not included in the original standard. Its notable technical features relative to the Simple Profile, which is roughly similar to [[H.263]], include:
* Support for "MPEG"-style quantization
* Support for [[Interlaced video|interlace]]d video
* Support for [[B-frame|B pictures]] (a.k.a. ''[[B-frame]]s'')
* Quarter Pixel [[motion compensation]] ([[Qpel]])
* [[Global motion compensation]] (GMC)

The MPEG quantization and interlace support are designed in basically similar ways to the way it is found in [[MPEG-2]] Part 2. The B picture support is designed in a basically similar way to the way it is found in MPEG-2 Part 2 and [[H.263|H.263v2]].

The quarter-pixel motion compensation feature of ASP was innovative, and was later also included (in somewhat different forms) in later designs such as [[MPEG-4 Part 10]], [[High Efficiency Video Coding|HEVC]], [[VC-1]] and [[Versatile Video Coding|VVC]].<!-- chronological order --> Some implementations of MPEG-4 Part 2 omit support for this feature, because it has a significantly harmful effect on the speed of software decoders and it is not always beneficial for quality.

The global motion compensation feature is not actually supported in most implementations although the standard officially requires decoders to support it.  Most encoders do not support it either, and some experts say that it does not ordinarily provide any benefit in compression. When used, ASP's global motion compensation has a large unfavorable impact on speed and adds considerable complexity to the implementation.

====Levels====
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Level
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Max. buffer
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Max. bitrate
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Max. delay at max. bitrate
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Max. VP size
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Max. VOP size
!scope="col" rowspan="2"|Max. decoder rate
!scope="col" colspan="5"|Max. framesize
|-
!scope="col"|@ 30&nbsp;Hz
!scope="col"|@ 25&nbsp;Hz
!scope="col"|@ 24&nbsp;Hz
!scope="col"|@ 15&nbsp;Hz
!scope="col"|@ 12.5&nbsp;Hz
|-
!|0
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:right"|160||rowspan="2" style="text-align:right"|128||rowspan="2" style="text-align:right"|1.25
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:right"|2,048||rowspan="2" style="text-align:right"|99||rowspan="2" style="text-align:right"|2,970
|rowspan="2" colspan="5" style="text-align:center"|QCIF (176×144)
|-
!|1
|-
!|2
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:right"|640||style="text-align:right"|384||style="text-align:right"|1.66
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:right"|4,096||rowspan="3" style="text-align:right"|396||style="text-align:right"|5,940
|style="text-align:center"|256×192||style="text-align:center"|304×192, 288×208||style="text-align:center"|304×208||colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|CIF (352×288)
|-
!|3
|style="text-align:right"|768||style="text-align:right"|0.86
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:right"|11,880
|rowspan="2" colspan="5" style="text-align:center"|CIF (352×288)
|-
!|3b
|style="text-align:right"|1,040||style="text-align:right"|1,500||style="text-align:right"|0.69
|-
!|4
|style="text-align:right"|1,280||style="text-align:right"|3,000||style="text-align:right"|0.43
|style="text-align:right"|8,192||style="text-align:right"|792||style="text-align:right"|23,760
|colspan="5" style="text-align:center"|352×576, 704×288
|-
!|5
|style="text-align:right"|1,792||style="text-align:right"|8,000||style="text-align:right"|0.22
|style="text-align:right"|16,384||style="text-align:right"|1,620||style="text-align:right"|48,600
|colspan="5" style="text-align:center"|720×576
|-style="background:#EEEEFF;font-size:smaller"
!scope="row" style="text-align:right"|Units
|scope="col" style="text-align:right"|kbits
|scope="col" style="text-align:right"|kbits/s
|scope="col" style="text-align:right"|seconds
|scope="col" style="text-align:right"|bits
|scope="col" style="text-align:right"|macroblocks
|scope="col" style="text-align:right"|macroblocks/s
|scope="col" colspan="5" style="text-align:center"|pixels
|}

===Simple Studio Profile (SStP)===
The '''Simple Studio Profile''' has six levels, ranging from [[standard-definition television|SDTV]] to [[4K resolution]].<ref name=MPEG4SonyNAB2010>((cite news |title=4K End-to-End HPA Technology Retreat 2010 |author=Yasuhiko Mikami |author2=Hugo Gaggioni |publisher=Sony |url=http://www.hpaonline.com/assets/documents/2010_TR_Pres_Mikami_Gaggioni.pdf |access-date=2012-11-28 ))((dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref> SStP allows for up to 12-bit [[color depth|bit depth]] and up to 4:4:4 [[chroma subsampling]],<ref name=MPEG4SonyNAB2010/> using intra-frame coding only.<ref>((cite web|author1=Caroline R. Arms|author2=Carl Fleischhauer|author3=Kate Murray|title=MPEG-4, Visual Coding, Simple Studio Profile|url=http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000049.shtml|website=Sustainability of Digital Formats|date=December 2011 |publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=9 March 2015|ref=digitalpreservationSStP))</ref> SStP is used by [[HDCAM#HDCAM SR|HDCAM SR]].<ref name=MPEG4SonyNAB2010/>

====Levels====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; "
|+ Levels with maximum property values<ref name=MPEG4SonyNAB2010/>
|-
! Level
! Max. bit depth and<br/>chroma subsampling
! Max. resolution<br/>and frame rate
! Max. data rate<br/>(Mbit/s)
|-
! 1
| 10-bit 4:2:2
| SDTV
| 180
|-
! 2
| 10-bit 4:2:2
| 1920×1080 30p/30i
| 600
|-
! 3
| 12-bit 4:4:4
| 1920×1080 30p/30i
| 900
|-
! 4
| 12-bit 4:4:4
| 2K×2K 30p
| 1,350
|-
! 5
| 12-bit 4:4:4
| 4K×2K 30p
| 1,800
|-
! 6
| 12-bit 4:4:4
| 4K×2K 60p
| 3,600
|}

==Patent holders==
MPEG-4 Part 2 [[patent]]s [[Term of patent|expired]] worldwide, with the exception of only Brazil. The last US patent expired on November 14, 2023.<ref name=PatentList>((cite web |title=MPEG-4 Visual Patent List|url=https://www.via-la.com/licensing-2/mpeg-4-visual/mpeg-4-visual-patent-list/))</ref> The following organizations held patents for MPEG-4 Visual technology, as listed in the [[patent pool]] administered by [[MPEG LA]].
<section begin="MP4 patents"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Organization<ref>((cite web |title=Licensors Included in the MPEG-4 Visual Patent Portfolio License |url=https://www.mpegla.com/programs/mpeg-4-visual/licensors/ |website=[[MPEG LA]] |access-date=6 July 2019))</ref>
! Patents<ref name="mpegla">((cite web |title=MPEG-4 Visual - Patent List |url=https://www.mpegla.com/wp-content/uploads/m4v-att1.pdf |website=[[MPEG LA]] |access-date=6 July 2019))</ref>
|-
| [[Mitsubishi Electric]]
| 255
|-
| [[Hitachi]]
| 206
|-
| [[Panasonic]]
| 200
|-
| Sun Patent Trust
| 125
|-
| [[Toshiba]]
| 96
|-
| [[Samsung Electronics]]
| 92
|-
| [[Sony]]
| 84
|-
| [[Philips]]
| 73
|-
| [[Sharp Corporation]]
| 44
|-
| [[Pantech]]
| 36
|-
| [[Robert Bosch GmbH]]
| 27
|-
| [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]]
| 24
|-
| GE Technology Development
| 23
|-
| CIF Licensing
| 20
|-
| [[Dolby]] 
| 19
|-
| [[Telenor]]
| 19
|-
| [[Siemens AG]]
| 15
|-
| [[JVC Kenwood]]
| 14
|-
| [[Orange S.A.]]
| 14
|-
| [[LG Electronics]]
| 13
|-
| [[Fujitsu]]
| 11
|-
| [[ZTE]]
| 10
|-
| [[Google]]
| 9
|-
| [[BT Group]]
| 3
|-
| Calmare Therapeutics
| 2
|-
| [[Cable Television Laboratories, Inc.]]
| 1
|-
| [[Canon Inc.]]
| 1
|-
| [[KDDI]]
| 1
|-
| [[Microsoft]]
| 1
|-
| [[Oki Electric Industry]]
| 1
|-
| [[Sanyo]]
| 1
|} <section end="MP4 patents"/>

==Criticisms==
MPEG-4 Part 2 has drawn some industry criticism. [[FFmpeg]]'s maintainer Michael Niedermayer has criticised MPEG-4 for lacking an in-loop [[Deblocking filter (video)|deblocking filter]], GMC being too computationally intensive, and [[Motion compensation#Overlapped block motion compensation|OBMC]] being defined but not allowed in any profiles among other things.<ref>((Cite web|last=Melanson|first=Mike|title=15 reasons why MPEG4 sucks|url=https://guru.multimedia.cx/15-reasons-why-mpeg4-sucks/|access-date=2021-09-11|website=Lair of the Multimedia Guru))</ref> [[Microsoft]]'s Ben Waggoner states "Microsoft (well before my time) went down the codec standard route before with MPEG-4 part 2, which turns out to be a profound disappointment across the industry - it didn't offer that much of a compression advantage over MPEG-2, and the protracted license agreement discussions scared off a lot of adoption. I was involved in many digital media projects that wouldn't even touch MPEG-4 in the late 1990s to early 2000s because there was going to be a 'content fee' that hadn't been fully defined yet."<ref>[http://forum.doom9.org/showthread.php?p=1026807#post1026807 VC-1 and H264 - Page 2 - Doom9's Forum<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

==Popular software implementations==
* [[3ivx]]
* [[DivX]]
* [[HDX4]]
* [[libavcodec]]
* [[Nero Digital]]
* [[QuickTime]]
* [[Xvid]]

== See also ==
* [[High Efficiency Video Coding]]
* [[Advanced Video Coding]]
* [[Quantization (image processing)]] 
* [[FourCC]]
* [[MP3]]
* [[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29]]

==Notes==
((reflist))

== External links ==
* [http://kazus.ru/nuke/modules/Downloads/pub/144/0/ISO-IEC-14496-2-2001.pdf MPEG-4 Part 2: Visual]
* ((Cite web |url=http://www.m4if.org/resources/profiles/index.php |title=Levels for MPEG-4 Visual Profiles |access-date=2006-03-02 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100108152416/http://www.m4if.org/resources/profiles/index.php |archive-date=2010-01-08 |url-status=dead ))
* [http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/ Official MPEG web site]
* [http://www.mpegla.com/main/programs/M4V/Pages/PatentList.aspx MPEG-4 Visual Patent List (MPEG LA)]

((Compression formats))
((MPEG))

[[Category:MPEG-4]]
[[Category:Open standards covered by patents]]
[[Category:Videotelephony]]
[[Category:1999 software]]
[[Category:20th-century inventions]]

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