Barry Kues and Katherine Giles have recommended the division of the Madera Group into the Gray Mesa Formation and Atrasado Formation in its western and southern exposures, which extend from the Nacimiento Mountains through the Lucero Uplift to the Los Robles Mountains. For the eastern exposures of the Sandia and Manzano Mountains and Estancia Basin, they recommend division into the Los Moyos Formation and Wild Cow Formation. They recommend abandoning the name Madera Group in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains.[8] More recently, Spencer G. Lucas and coinvestigators have recommended abandoning the names Los Moyos Formation and Wild Cow Formation and using Grey Mesa Formation and Atrasado Formation throughout the Madera Group.[9]
The group is underlain at most locations by the Sandia Formation, with its base typically placed at the first massive marine limestone bed above the shales of the Sandia Formation. It is overlain everywhere by the Abo Formation or its equivalents, with the transition typically gradational, with the base of the Abo placed at the top of the last massive marine limestone bed below the fluvial redbeds typical of the Abo. The transitional zone between the Madera Group and the Abo Formation is sometimes assigned to the Bursum Formation, which is not included in the Madera Group.[8]
Fossils
The exposures near Jemez Springs include some of the richest brachiopod fossil beds in North America. Crinoid stems and bryozoans are also part of the fossil assemblage. The formation is also exposed in the canyon of Rio Grande del Rancho south of Talpa, New Mexico, where brachiopods, crinoids, rugose coral, and graptolite fossils can be found. The fossil assemblage dates the Madera Group to the middle to late Pennsylvanian.[10]
History of investigation
In 1903, C.R. Keyes applied the name, Madera limestone, to what he identified as upper Carboniferous beds in the Sandia Mountains. The unit was named for the town of La Madera.[1] The name was subsequently applied to Pennsylvanian marine limestones throughout central and northern New Mexico. D.A. Myers first proposed that the unit be raised to group rank in 1973.[6]
The Pennsylvanian stratigraphy of New Mexico has historically been unusually complex and inconsistent, with dozens of names for groups, formations, and members.[11][9] Kues and Giles recommended that the name Madera Group be applied to similar exposures of shelf and marginal basin beds of Desmoinean (upper Moscovian) to early Virgilian age found from north-central and central New Mexico south along the west side of the Orogrande Basin as far as the Caballo and Robledo Mountains.[12]
Baltz, E.H.; Myers, D.A. (1983). "Porvenir Formation (new name) - and other revisions of nomenclature of Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Lower Permian rocks, southeastern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico". Contributions to Stratigraphy. Bulletin 1537-B.
Bolyard, D.W. (1959). "Pennsylvanian and Permian Stratigraphy in Sangre de Cristo Mountains Between La Veta Pass and Westcliffe, Colorado". AAPG Bulletin. 43 (8): 1896–1939. doi:10.1306/0BDA5E79-16BD-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Keyes, C.R. (1903). "Geological formations of New Mexico". Report of the Governor of New Mexico to the Secretary of the Interior, 1903. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 337–340.
Kues, B.S.; Giles, K.A. (2004). "The late Paleozoic Ancestral Rocky Mountain system in New Mexico". In Mack, G.H.; Giles, K.A. (eds.). The geology of New Mexico. A geologic history: New Mexico Geological Society Special Volume 11. pp. 95–136. ISBN9781585460106.
Sutherland, Patrick K.; Harlow, Francis H. (1967). "Late Pennsylvanian Brachiopods From North-Central New Mexico". Journal of Paleontology. 41 (5): 1065–1089. JSTOR1302076.
