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((short description|American composer))
((Use mdy dates|date=December 2023))
((Infobox person
| name                = Marc Blitzstein
| image               =File:Cradle Will Rock Marc Blitzstein 394-1.jpg
| image_size          =
| alt                 =
| caption             = Blitzstein in 1937
| birth_name          = Marcus Samuel Blitzstein
| native_name         =
| native_name_lang    =
| alias               =
| birth_date          = ((birth date|1905|03|02))
| birth_place         = [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania
| death_date          = ((death date and age|1964|01|22|1905|03|02))
| death_place         = [[Martinique]]
| death_cause         = Homicide
| occupation          = ((flatlist|
* Composer
* lyricist
* librettist
))
| years_active        = 1926–1964
))

'''Marcus Samuel Blitzstein''' (March 2, 1905((spaced ndash))January 22, 1964), was an American [[composer]], [[lyricist]], and [[Libretto|librettist]].<ref>((Cite web |url=http://arcat.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127 |title=Marc Blitzstein Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society, retrieved 12 January 2014. |access-date=December 10, 2013 |archive-date=January 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140112170605/http://arcat.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127 |url-status=dead ))</ref> He won national attention in 1937 when his pro-[[Trade union|union]] musical ''[[The Cradle Will Rock]]'', directed by [[Orson Welles]], was shut down by the [[Works Progress Administration]]. He is known for ''The Cradle Will Rock'' and for his [[off-Broadway]] translation/adaptation of ''[[The Threepenny Opera]]'' by [[Bertolt Brecht]] and [[Kurt Weill]]. His works also include the opera ''[[Regina (Blitzstein)|Regina]]'', an adaptation of [[Lillian Hellman]]'s play ''[[The Little Foxes]]''; the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] [[musical theater|musical]] ''[[Juno (musical)|Juno]]'', based on [[Seán O'Casey]]'s play ''[[Juno and the Paycock]]''; and ''[[No for an Answer]]''. He completed translation/adaptations of Brecht's and Weill's musical play ''[[Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny]]'' and of Brecht's play ''[[Mother Courage and Her Children]]'' with music by [[Paul Dessau]]. Blitzstein also composed music for films, such as ''Surf and Seaweed'' (1931) and ''[[The Spanish Earth]]'' (1937), and he contributed two songs to the original 1960 production of Hellman's play ''[[Toys in the Attic (play)|Toys in the Attic]]''.

==Life and career==
((More citations needed section|date=January 2015))
[[File:Cradle-Will-Rock-Blitzstein-Stanton-1938.jpg|thumb|Blitzstein performing the oratorio version of ''[[The Cradle Will Rock]]'' in a [[Mercury Theatre]] presentation (January 1938)]]
Blitzstein was born in Philadelphia on March 2, 1905, to affluent parents. Blitzstein's musical gifts were apparent at an early age; he had performed a [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] piano concerto by the time he was seven. He went on to study [[piano]] with [[Alexander Siloti]] (a pupil of [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]] and [[Franz Liszt|Liszt]]), and made his professional concerto debut with the Philadelphia Orchestra in Liszt's [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Liszt)|E-flat Piano Concerto]] when he was 21.

After studying composition at the [[Curtis Institute of Music]], he went to [[Europe]] to continue his studies in [[Berlin]] with [[Arnold Schoenberg]] (with whom he did not get on), and in [[Paris]] with [[Nadia Boulanger]] (with whom he did). Despite his later political beliefs, he was, in the early years of his career, a self-proclaimed and unrepentant artistic snob, who firmly believed that true art was only for the intellectual elite. He was vociferous in denouncing composers—in particular [[Ottorino Respighi|Respighi]],  [[Maurice Ravel|Ravel]], and [[Kurt Weill]]—who, he felt, debased their standards to reach a wider public.

His works of this period, mostly pianistic vehicles such as the ''Piano Sonata'' (1927) and the [[Piano Concerto (Blitzen)|''Piano Concerto'' (Blitzen)]] are typical of the Boulanger-influenced products of American modernism&nbsp;— strongly rhythmic (though not influenced by [[jazz]]) and described by himself as "wild, dissonant and percussive."  These early works were far removed from the Schoenberg style.

The dramatic premiere of the pro-[[labor union|union]] ''The Cradle Will Rock'' took place at the Venice Theater on June 16, 1937. The cast had been locked out of the [[Maxine Elliott Theatre]] by the [[Works Progress Administration]], the government agency which had originally funded the production, so the cast and musicians walked with the audience to the nearby Venice. There, without costumes or sets, they performed the work concert-style, actors and musicians alike, sitting among the audience (to evade union restrictions on their performance) with Blitzstein narrating from the piano. In 1939,  [[Leonard Bernstein]] led a revival of the play at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], narrating from the piano just as Blitzstein had done. Blitzstein attended the performance, after which he and Bernstein became close friends; Bernstein would later say that Blitzstein's contribution to the American musical theatre was "incalculable".<ref name=lww>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQop2edOXrkC&pg=RA1-PA1975|last=Pollack|first=Howard|title=Marc Blitzstein: His Life, His Work, His World|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199977086))</ref> The 1999 film ''[[Cradle Will Rock]]'' was based on this event, though heavily embellished. In the film, Blitzstein (played by [[Hank Azaria]]) is portrayed as gaining inspiration through ghostly appearances by his idol Brecht and his late anorexic wife.<ref name=lww />

[[File:Marc Blitzstein 1943.jpg|thumb|alt= Blitzstein playing the piano beneath a BBC microphone|Blitzstein in U.S. Army Air Corps uniform (London 1943)]]
Additional major compositions include the autobiographical radio song play ''[[I've Got the Tune]]'', ''[[The Airborne Symphony]]'' (1946), ''[[Regina (Blitzstein)|Regina]]'' (1949), ''[[Reuben, Reuben (opera)|Reuben, Reuben]]'' (1955), and ''[[Juno (musical)|Juno]]'' (1959). At the time of his death Blitzstein was at work on ''[[Idiots First]]'', a one-act [[opera]] based on the eponymous story by [[Bernard Malamud]]&nbsp;– intended to be part of a set of one-acters called ''[[Tales of Malamud]]''&nbsp;– which [[Ned Rorem]] has called "his best work". This was followed by the work Blitzstein intended to be his ''magnum opus'', a three-act opera commissioned by the [[Ford Foundation]] and optioned by the [[Metropolitan Opera]] entitled ''[[Sacco and Vanzetti (Blitzstein opera)|Sacco and Vanzetti]]''. Both ''Tales of Malamud'' and ''Sacco and Vanzetti'' were completed posthumously, with the approval of Blitzstein's estate, by composer [[Leonard Lehrman]]. Lehrman's long-awaited ''Marc Blitzstein: A Bio-Bibliography'', published in 2005 by [[Praeger Publishers|Praeger]], is the longest published biographical bibliography of any American composer at 645 pages.<ref>((cite book|url=http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/GR0027.aspx |title=Marc Blitzstein&nbsp;— www.greenwood.com |isbn=0313300275 |publisher=Greenwood.com |date=September 30, 2005 |access-date=March 29, 2010))</ref>

In 1958, Blitzstein was subpoenaed to appear before the U.S. [[House Committee on Un-American Activities]] (HUAC). Appearing first in a closed session, Blitzstein admitted his membership in the Communist Party (ending in 1949) and, challenging the right of HUAC to question him at all, refused to name names or cooperate any further. He was recalled for a further public session, but after a day sitting anxiously in a waiting room he was not called to testify.<ref>Jansson, John (2001). [http://www.marcblitzstein.com/pages/life/chapters/life05.htm "Marc Blitzstein: a brief biography 1958-1964"], marcblitzstein.com; accessed June 8, 2017.</ref>

During a visit to [[Martinique]] in 1964, at the age of 58, Blitzstein was murdered by three sailors he had picked up in a bar,<ref name="Moonlight"/> one of whom he was said to have propositioned. He is buried at Chelten Hills Cemetery in [[Philadelphia]].<ref>Wilson, Scott. ''Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons'', 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 4244-4245). McFarland & Company, Inc. Kindle Edition.<!--ISSN/ISBN needed, if any--></ref>

== Personal life and family ==
Blitzstein was [[coming out|openly]] [[gay]].<ref name=nytimes>((citation |first=Anthony |last=Tommasini |periodical=[[New York Times]] |date=October 24, 2004 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/24/arts/music/24tomm.html?oref=login&pagewanted=all| title=What's So Gay About American Music? | access-date=May 12, 2010))</ref> He wrote to his sister in 1929, regarding prior attempts to suppress or hide his orientation, "it is absurd to assume there are no sins; there are definitely Cardinal sins -- sins against oneself, against one's law. My sin is, has been... the willingness to corrupt my nature."<ref>Gordon, Eric A. ''Ethics and Evidence on Gay and Lesbian Studies'' Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies at the Graduate School and University Center of the City University of New York, February 1989</ref> His first lover was the conductor [[Alexander Smallens]], with whom he traveled to Europe in 1924.<ref>((Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of American Jewish history, volume 2 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2007 |page=691))</ref><ref name="Moonlight">((Cite news |work=The New York Times Book Review |title='Moonlight' and Marxism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/16/books/moonlight-and-marxism.html |date=July 16, 1989 |first=Don |last=Shewey))</ref> Blitzstein nevertheless married novelist [[Eva Goldbeck]] on March 2, 1933. They had no children.
His mother-in-law was [[Berlin]]-born musical star and opera singer [[Lina Abarbanell (soprano)|Lina Abarbanell]]. He dedicated a number of works, including ''Romantic Piece for Orchestra'' (1930), String Quartet, 'The Italian' (1930), the ballet ''Cain'' (1930), and the ''Serenade for String Quartet'' (1932) to his wife-to-be. She died of [[anorexia nervosa|anorexia]] in 1936, and his grief prompted him to throw himself into the work of creating ''The Cradle Will Rock''.<ref>Jansson, John (2001). [http://www.marcblitzstein.com/pages/life/chapters/life02.htm "Marc Blitzstein: a brief biography 1935-1941"]. marcblitzstein.com</ref>

== Selected works ==
((See also|Category:Compositions by Marc Blitzstein))
* ''Triple-Sec'' (1928)
* ''Garrick Gaieties'' (1930)&nbsp;— [[revue]]&nbsp;— contributing [[composer]] (revival of ''[[Triple-Sec]]'')
* ''The Harpies'', [[opera]] (1931)
* ''The Condemned'' (1932, unproduced)
* ''[[Philip Loeb|Parade]]'' (1935)&nbsp;— revue&nbsp;— featured [[songwriter]]
* ''[[The Spanish Earth]]'' (1937)&nbsp;— composer with [[Virgil Thomson]]
* ''[[Caesar (Mercury Theatre)|Caesar]]'' (1937)&nbsp;— [[play (theatre)|play]] [[revival (play)|revival]]&nbsp;— [[incidental music]] composer
* ''[[Pins and Needles]]'' (1937)&nbsp;— revue&nbsp;— contributing [[book (musical theater)|bookwriter]]
* ''[[The Cradle Will Rock]]'' (1937)&nbsp;— [[musical theater|musical]]&nbsp;— [[composer]], [[lyricist]], bookwriter, [[Theatre director|director]], [[pianist]], and actor in the roles of Clerk, First Reporter, and Professor Mamie
* ''[[Danton's Death]]'' (1938)&nbsp;— play revival&nbsp;— incidental music composer
* ''[[I've Got the Tune]]'' (1938)&nbsp;— [[radio opera]]
* ''[[No for an Answer]]'' (1941)
* ''[[Native Land]]'' (1942)
* ''[[The Airborne Symphony]]'' (1946)&nbsp;— [[symphony]]&nbsp;— composer
* ''[[Another Part of the Forest]]'' (1946)&nbsp;— play&nbsp;— incidental music composer
* ''[[Androcles and the Lion (play)|Androcles and the Lion]]'' (1946)&nbsp;— play revival&nbsp;— incidental music composer
* ''[[Regina (Blitzstein)|Regina]]'' (1949)&nbsp;— opera&nbsp;— composer and [[orchestrator]], [[librettist]]
* ''[[Benjamin Britten|Let's Make an Opera]]'' (1950)&nbsp;— special performance&nbsp;— director
* ''[[King Lear]]'' (1950)&nbsp;— play revival&nbsp;— incidental music composer
* ''[[The Threepenny Opera]]'' (1954)&nbsp;— [[operetta]] revival&nbsp;— [[editing|editor]] of [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s book and [[lyrics]] into English
* ''[[Reuben, Reuben (opera)|Reuben, Reuben]]'' (1955)&nbsp;— opera
* ''[[Juno (musical)|Juno]]'' (1959)&nbsp;— musical&nbsp;— composer, lyricist and co-orchestrator
* ''[[Toys in the Attic (play)|Toys in the Attic]]'' (1960)&nbsp;— play&nbsp;— featured songwriter for "French Lessons in Songs" and "Bernier Day"
* ''[[Tales of Malamud]]'' (two one-act operas): ''[[Idiots First]]'' (1963, unfinished, completed by [[Leonard Lehrman]], 1973) and ''[[The Magic Barrel]]'' (1964, unfinished)
* ''[[Sacco and Vanzetti (Blitzstein opera)|Sacco and Vanzetti]]'' (1964, unfinished opera, completed by [[Leonard Lehrman]], 2001)

== References ==
((reflist|30em))

==Sources==
* John Warrack and Ewan West (1992), ''The Oxford Dictionary of Opera''. ((ISBN|0-19-869164-5))
* Eric A. Gordon (1989), ''Mark the Music: The Life and Work of Marc Blitzstein''. New York: St. Martin's Press. Reprinted: New York: iUniverse, 2000. ((ISBN|0-595-09248-9))

== External links ==
((Commons category|Marc Blitzstein))
* [http://marc-blitzstein.org/ Official Blitzstein website], managed by Kurt Weill Foundation for Music and the Blitzstein Estate
* [http://www.marcblitzstein.com/ Unofficial Blitzstein website], managed by John Jansson
* [http://arcat.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127/ Marc Blitzstein Papers] ((Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131210043618/http://arcat.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=127/ |date=December 10, 2013 )) at the [[Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research]]
* ((IBDB name|7489))
* ((IOBDB name|1554))
* [http://ljlehrman.artists-in-residence.com/Blitzstein100.html Marc Blitzstein] at ljlehrman.artists-in-residence.com
* ((find a Grave|7028350))
* [http://soundwordsight.com/?p=2036 Marc Blitzstein plaque in Philadelphia]
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Blitzstein, Marc))
[[Category:1905 births]]
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