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((more citations needed|date=February 2012))
[[File:Tandem and interspersed repeat schematic.png|right|thumb|upright=1.5|Tandem (top) versus interspersed (bottom) repeated nucleic acid sequence]]
'''Multiple loci VNTR analysis''' ('''MLVA''') is a method employed for the [[genetic analysis]] of particular [[microorganism]]s, such as [[pathogenic bacteria]], that takes advantage of the [[Gene polymorphism|polymorphism]] of [[Tandem repeat|tandemly repeated]] [[DNA sequence]]s. A "[[VNTR]]" is a "variable-number tandem repeat". This method is well known in [[forensic science]] since it is the basis of [[DNA fingerprinting]] in humans.  When applied to bacteria, it contributes to [[forensic microbiology]] through which the source of a particular [[Strain (biology)|strain]] might eventually be traced back, making it a useful technique for [[Public health surveillance|outbreak surveillance]].

In a typical MLVA, a number of well-selected and characterised (in terms of [[mutation rate]] and diversity) [[Locus (genetics)|loci]] are amplified by polymerase chain reaction ([[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]), so that the size of each locus can be measured, usually by [[electrophoresis]] of the amplification products together with reference DNA fragments (a so-called DNA size marker). Different electrophoresis equipment can be used depending on the required size estimate accuracy, and the local laboratory set-up, from basic [[agarose gel electrophoresis]] up to the more sophisticated and high-throughput [[capillary electrophoresis]] devices.<ref>((cite book |vauthors=Vergnaud G, Pourcel C |title=Molecular Epidemiology of Microorganisms |chapter=Multiple locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis |series=Methods Mol. Biol. |volume=551 |year=2009 |pmid=19521873 |pages=141–58 |doi=10.1007/978-1-60327-999-4_12|isbn=978-1-60327-998-7 ))</ref> From this size estimate, the number of repeat units at each locus can be deduced. The resulting information is a code which can be easily compared to reference databases  once the assay has been harmonised and standardised.<ref>((cite journal |vauthors=Grissa I, Bouchon P, Pourcel C, Vergnaud G |title=On-line resources for bacterial micro-evolution studies using MLVA or CRISPR typing |journal=Biochimie |volume=90 |issue=4 |year=2008 |pmid=17822824 |pages=660–8 |doi=10.1016/j.biochi.2007.07.014))</ref><ref>((cite journal |vauthors=Nadon CA, Trees E, Ng LK, Møller Nielsen E, Reimer A, Maxwell N, Kubota KA, Gerner-Smidt P, ((the MLVA Harmonization Working Group)) |title=Development and application of MLVA methods as a tool for inter-laboratory surveillance |journal=Euro Surveill. |volume=18 |issue=35 |year=2013 |pmid=24008231 |pages=20565 |doi=10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.35.20565 |pmc=5667538 |doi-access=free ))</ref>

MLVA has become a major first line typing tool in a number of pathogens where such an harmonisation could be achieved, including ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'',<ref>((cite journal |vauthors=Blouin Y, Hauck Y, Soler C, Fabre M, Vong R, Dehan C, Cazajous G, Massoure PL, Kraemer P, Jenkins A, Garnotel E, Pourcel C, Vergnaud G |title=Significance of the identification in the Horn of Africa of an exceptionally deep branching ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' clade |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=12 |year=2012 |pmid=23300794 |doi=    10.1371/journal.pone.0052841 |pmc=3531362 |pages=e52841
|doi-access=free ))</ref> ''Bacillus anthracis'',<ref>((cite journal |vauthors=Thierry S, Tourterel C, Le Flèche P, Derzelle S, Dekhil N, Mendy C, Colaneri C, Vergnaud G, Madani N |title=Genotyping of French ''Bacillus anthracis'' strains based on 31-loci multi locus VNTR analysis: epidemiology, marker evaluation, and update of the internet genotype database |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=6 |year=2014 |pmid=24901417 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0095131 |pages=e95131 |pmc=4046976|doi-access=free ))</ref> ''Brucella''.<ref>((cite journal |vauthors=Scholz HC, Vergnaud G |title=Molecular characterisation of ''Brucella'' species |journal=Rev. Sci. Tech. |volume=32 |issue=1 |year=2013 |pmid=23837373 |pages=149–62 |doi=10.20506/rst.32.1.2189))</ref><ref>((cite journal |vauthors=Lindstedt BA, Torpdahl M, Vergnaud G, Le Hello S, Weill FX, Tietze E, Malorny B, Prendergast DM, Ní Ghallchoir E, Lista RF, Schouls LM, Söderlund R, Börjesson S, Åkerström S |title=Use of multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) in eight European countries, 2012 |journal=Euro Surveill. |volume=18 |issue=4 |year=2013 |pmid=23369388 |url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20385 |pages=20385|doi=10.2807/ese.18.04.20385-en |doi-access=free |hdl=11250/219465 |hdl-access=free ))</ref>

==Some MLVA-associated web sites==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20141225151444/http://tandemrepeat.u-psud.fr/
* http://minisatellites.u-psud.fr/
* http://mlva.u-psud.fr/
* http://www.mlva.eu/
* http://www.umcutrecht.nl/subsite/MLVA/
* http://miru-vntrplus.org/
* http://www.pasteur.fr/recherche/genopole/PF8/mlva/
* http://mlva.net/
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082141/http://microgeno.org/

==Software for analysis of MLVA data==
* [https://products.appliedbiosystems.com/ab/en/US/adirect/ab?cmd=catNavigate2&catID=600798/ GeneMapper] A commercial software for normalisation and size calling of peaks from a certain brand of capillary electrophoresis machines.
* [http://www.applied-maths.com/applications/mlva/ BioNumerics] A commercial bioinformatics solution to store and analyze a large panel of biological data, including MLVA, and more generally character datasets. Normalisation, size calling, size correction, assignment of number of repeats and cluster analysis on MLVA data can be performed.

==References==
((reflist))

[[Category:Genetics techniques]]
[[Category:Repetitive DNA sequences]]

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