Arshtins
Арштхой
Орстхой
Orstkhoy abreks from Sogapashi
Regions with significant populations
 Russia?
     Ingushetia?
     Chechnya?
Languages
Ingush, Chechen
Religion
Sunni Islam

The Orstkhoy, exonyms: Karabulaks, Balsu[1] — historical ethnoterritorial society, among the Chechen and Ingushes. Homeland - the upper reaches of the Assa and Fortanga rivers - the historical region of Ärshti-Mokhk (modern most of the Sunzha region of Ingushetia, the Sernovodsky region of the Chechen Republic and the border part of the Achkhoi-Martan region of Chechnya, Russia). In the tradition of the Chechen ethno-hierarchy, it is considered one of the nine historical Chechen tukhums, in the Ingush tradition - one of the seven historical Ingush shahars.[2][3]

General information

Ethnicity

To the Chechens. In several encyclopedic dictionaries of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Karabulaks (Orstkhoys) are attributed to the Chechen people:[4][5][6][7]

“Chechens are usually divided into many groups, or societies, giving them a name from the rivers and mountains on which they lived, or from significant auls that reveal influence on others. Such are the Aldins, the Atagins, the Karabulaks (Orstkhois), the Michikians, the Kachkalyks, the Ichkerinians, the Aukhovites, and others, and others. But this division of the Chechen people into many separate clans was done, however, by Russians and, in the strict sense, matters only for them. It is completely unknown to the locals. The Chechens themselves call themselves Nakhche, that is, the people, and this name applies equally to all tribes and generations that speak the Chechen language and its dialects.

Historian N. F. Dubrovin in 1871 in his historical work (Russian doref. «History of war and dominion of Russians in the Caucasus») states the following: in addition to these societies, the Chechen tribe is divided into many generations, which are named by Russians by the names of auls, or mountains, or rivers, in the direction of which their auls were located. For example, Karabulaki (Orstkhoevtsy), on a plain irrigated by the rivers Assa, Sunzha, and Fortanga, etc.[8]

The military historian A. L. Zisserman, who served 25 years in the Caucasus, also mentions the Karabulaks of the Orstkhois in his book as follows: All this valley up to the right bank of the Terek River is inhabited …. Karabulaks and Chechens, etc., belonging by language and customs, with insignificant differences and shades, to one Chechen tribe (Nakhche).[9]

In the Bulletin of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society for 1859, Karabulaki-Orstkhois are noted as Chechens.[10]

There is a lot of historical information of the 19th century, including in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron, which mention the Orstkhoys as one of the Chechen societies.[11][12][13]

Caucasian scholar and military historian A. P. Berger in 1859, listing a number of Chechen societies (where he also attributed the Karabulaks (Orstkhoys to the Chechen societies), noted: “Here is the calculation of all the tribes into which it is customary to divide the Chechens. In the strict sense, however, this division has no basis. It is completely unknown to the Chechens themselves. They call themselves Nakhche, i.e. "people" and this refers to the entire people who speak the Chechen language and its dialects. The mentioned names were given to them either from auls, like Tsori, Galgay, Shatoi, etc., or from rivers and mountains, like Michikovtsy and Kachkalyks. It is very likely that sooner or later all or most of the names we have given will disappear and the Chechens will retain one common name.[14]

Military historian-Caucasian of the XIX century, V. A. Potto attributed the Karabulks (Orstkhois to the Chechen people: "Chechens are usually divided into many groups, or societies, giving them a name from the rivers and mountains on which they lived, or from significant auls that reveal influence on others. Such are the Aldins, the Atagins, the Karabulaks (Orstkhois), the Michikians, the Kachkalyks, the Ichkerinians, the Aukhovites, and others, and others. But this division of the Chechen people into many separate clans was done, however, by Russians and, in the strict sense, matters only for them. It is completely unknown to the locals. The Chechens themselves call themselves Nakhche, that is, the people, and this name applies equally to all tribes and generations that speak the Chechen language and its dialects).[15]

In the Great Encyclopedia, in the section Chechens, the following information is given about Karabulaki: Georgians call their Chechens Kista, Lezgins have Mizjegi, they call themselves Nakhchi. Chechens also include, Ichkerians in the Vedeno district, Karabulaks who lived in Assa and Sunzha, moved to Turkey.[16]

According to the data of the military collection for 1858, Karabulaki are marked as Chechens. Nakhche or Chechens: Galashi, Karabulaki, Tsori, Kist neighbors, Dzherakhi, Sunzha and Nadterechny Chechens.[17]

Chechens live in one solid mass between Ossetians, Kabardians and the Terek army, which crashed into Chechnya (in Chechnya, a whole strip of lands of the Karabulak sector went under the Cossack villages, here we can state the obvious seizure of Chechen lands),[18] dividing it into Big and Small, and between Kumyks and Avars. They call themselves Nakhche, and consist of many societies: Karabulaks, Ichkerians, etc.[19]

It is known that Chechens, Aukhs, Ichkerians, Karabulaks and Melkhins, in essence, constitute one tribe, one people of Nakhche.[20]

Western karabulaks — Galai, who were called Galashians in Russian literature, came from the Chechen taipa Galai. Part of this taipa once moved to the area at the exit of the Assa River from a narrow gorge to the foothills and onto the plane, founding the village of Galashki.[21]

Many authors who wrote before 1917 emphasized the ethnic unity of the Karabulaks with the rest of the Chechen tribes. Actually, I. A. Guldenshtedt, S. M. Bronevsky, R. F. Rosen, I. I. Nordenstam, A. P. Berzhe, U. Laudaev and others were attributed to the Chechens of Karabulaks. So, Nordenstam reported: Karabulaki, Aukhites and Kachkalyk people speak dialects of the Chechen language. Baron R. F. Rosen believed that the Chechens are divided … into societies under the name of Chechens themselves or Mechigiz, Kachkalyks, Mechikovites, Aukhites and Karabulaks …[22]

According to Jacob Reineggs (1780), the Ingush language differs from the language of the Karabulaks: Having taken the language into consideration, we can fairly conclude that these peoples had different origins, because what the Ingush says is his neighbor, a Kist, sharing with him only one small river, does not understand, and both of them cannot answer Karabulak in his language.[23]

M. R. Ovkhadov is the only linguist who has specifically studied the Karabulak language. On the basis of field scientific materials, he classified their language as the Orstkhoi dialect of the Galanchozh dialect of the Chechen language.[24]

In the tribal villages: Tsecha-Akhke, Mereji, Gerite, Muzhgan, etc. in the censuses conducted before the deportation, the entire population is Chechens.[25][26]

To the Ingush. In the first ethnographic descriptions of the Orstkhoys in the works of European authors of the second half of the 18th century, the Orstkhoys are identified with the Ingush. In particular, the aforementioned J. A. Güldenstädt calls the «Karabulak district» and some Orstkhoy villages among other Ingush proper and opposes all of them together to the Chechens.[27] Ten years later, L. L. Shteder, making notes about the Karabulaks, gives an almost textbook description of the unique details of typical Ingush vestments, cited by travelers and authors of the late 18th-19th centuries, often replicated on the images of that era and no longer characteristic of any other of the peoples Caucasus.[28][a] The German scientist Professor Johann Gottlieb Georgi in his fundamental encyclopedic «Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state» in the section «Kists or Kists» wrote about Karabulaks that they: «Before anything they were called Yugush, but they call themselves Arshtas»,[29] another German scientist, P. S. Pallas, also argued that the Karabulaks come precisely from the Ingush (Ghalghaï).[30] Subsequently, S. M. Bronevsky confirmed the identity of the Orstkhois with the Ingush.[b]

"To the tribe of the Ingush, occupying the plane and basins of the Caucasus Mountains on the right side of the Terek to the upper parts of the Argun and up to the Fortanga, belong: 1) Nazranians with the Kombulei society, 2) Dzherakhins, 3) Karabulaks, 4) Tsorins, 5) Closeby Kistins with a small community of Malkhins who have again submitted, 6) Galgaï, 7) Galashkians, and 8) Distant Kists."

— Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire // Caucasian Territory, 1851[32]

In the Russian Empire, on the basis of scientific, statistical and ethnographic data, the Orstkhoys, under the name «Karabulaks», were officially classified as Ingush along with the Galashkians, Nazranians and other Ingush societies.[c][32] This is how the Orstkhoys were perceived, that is, they were called Ingush, also in the Imamate of Imam Shamil[34] In Soviet times, they were also officially included in the Ingush, fixing this in their passports.[d] In the scientific community in the 2nd half of the 20th — early 21st centuries, the ethnicity of the Orstkhois is defined as one of the Ingush societies.[e] Similarly, Julius Klaproth attributed Orstkhois (Karabulaks) to the Ingush, in his work «Journey through the Caucasus and Georgia, undertaken in 1807 and 1808 on behalf of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, containing a complete description of the Caucasian countries and its inhabitants»: Karabulaki (in Tatar — a black source), who call themselves Arshte, they are also called Ingush, and Chechens call them Arishta. They inhabit a large valley along which Martan flows, which they call Fartan, and among the streams Ashgan, Valarek and Chalash, falling to the right into the Sunja, have their pastures for cattle.[39]

A well-known appeal through the newspaper of the initiative group of the Orstkhoys, outraged by some Chechen researchers who classify the Orstkhois as Chechens. According to the sender of the appeal, the data about the appearance of thousands of Orstkhois … cause a smile or bewilderment, but we do not take this seriously … ".[40][verification needed] The Ingush are a people of the Chechen tribe inhabiting the central and southern parts of the Sunzha department (the former Ingush district) of the Terek region. and got its name from the large, now defunct aul Angusht or Ingush in the Tara Valley; I. call themselves lamour. I. break up into Dzherahovtsy, Kistins (Kists), Gal (a) Gaevtsy, Nazranians and Galashevtsy, according to the name of the villages, valleys, mountains or rivers on which they live; the transfer of rural administrations from one aul to another sometimes entailed a change in the name of the society.[41]

History

Chronology of major events

1807 - "Pacification" of the Orstkhoys by Russian troops led by Major General P. G. Likhachev . Military historian V. A. Potto called this act "the last feat of Likhachev's fifteen years of service in the Caucasus".[42]

1825 - Russian troops made a military expedition to the Orstkhoy settlements along the Assa and Fortanga rivers.

1827 - Another recognition of Russian citizenship by the Orstkhoys. Along with some other North Caucasian peoples, the Orstkhoys swore allegiance to Russia thanks to the actions of the commander of the troops on the Caucasian line , in the Black Sea and Astrakhan (as well as the head of the Caucasian region ) - General G. A. Emmanuel , who was rewarded for this accession, made not by force of arms, but smart orders, was granted the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky.[43]

1858 - the Orstkhoys, together with the Nazranians, the Galashians and the inhabitants of the Tarskin Valley, took part in one of the episodes of the Great Caucasian War - the Nazran uprising, which ended unsuccessfully.

1865 (after the end of the war) - several thousand Orstkhoys were evicted/resettled in Turkey , in particular 1366 families, in fact, the main part of them - in the ESBE it was even reported that the Orstkhoys/Karabulaks are a tribe that “completely moved to Turkey”.

Notes

  1. ^ For example Peter Simon Pallas, Julius Klaproth and others
  2. ^ [31]

    «Кисты сами себя называют попеременно Кисты, Галга, Ингуши, и одно названiе вместо другаго употребляютъ»

    «...следовательно можно было бы разделить Кистинскую область на две части: то есть на обитаемую Кистами в теснейшемъ смысле, подъ именемъ коихъ разумеются Ингуши, Карабулаки и прочiе колена, и на область Чеченскую»

    «Въ земле Ингушей или Карабулаковъ есть соляной ключъ, изъ подъ горы выходящій, коего разсолъ такъ силенъ, что изъ двухъ меръ разсола выходитъ одна мера соли. Сей ключъ, по сказаніямъ впадаетъ посредствомъ другого ручья въ Фартамъ»..
  3. ^ ,[33] referring to the “Statement of the peoples living between the Black and Caspian Seas in the area subject to Russia with the meaning of the population of these tribes, the degree of their obedience to the government and the form of government”, 1833 (RGVIA F. 13 454., Op. 12., D 70), an extract from Statement... was published in the appendix to the Military Statistical Description of the Terek Region by G. N. Kazbek, part I, Tiflis, 1888, p. 4.
  4. ^ [35]; [36] (referring to [37])
  5. ^ For example [38], [3]

See also

References

  1. ^ Гюльденштедт 2002, p. 243.
  2. ^ Anchabadze 2009, p. 29.
  3. ^ a b Павлова 2012, pp. 56, 83.
  4. ^ "Человек - Чугуевский полк". Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 86 Volumes (82 Volumes and 4 Additional Volumes). St. Petersburg. 1890–1907.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Encyclopedia of military and naval sciences: in 8 volumes / Ed. G. A. Leera. — St. Petersburg: Type. V. Bezobrazov and Co., 1889. — T. 4: Cabal — Lyakhovo. — p. 51.
  6. ^ Chechens // Garnet Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 58 volumes. — M., 1910—1948.
  7. ^ Geographical and Statistical Dictionary of the Russian Empire, T. 5. — St. Petersburg, 1885, p.-698.
  8. ^ Dubrovin has 1871, 368
  9. ^ Zisserman A. L. — Twenty-five years in the Caucasus. (1842—1867). Volume 2. p. — 432. St. Petersburg. 1879.
  10. ^ Bulletin of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. 1859. Part 27. p. — 109.
  11. ^ Chechens. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
  12. ^ E. G. Veidenbaum. The ethnographer Veidenbaum attributed the Karabulaks [Orstkhoys] to the Chechen tribe. Guide to the Caucasus, Tiflis, 1888. p. 70.
  13. ^ Nadezhdin has 1869, 109
  14. ^ Berzhe A.P., Chechnya and Chechens, Tiflis, 1859. p. 79, 81, 83.
  15. ^ Potto V.A., The Caucasian War in separate essays, episodes, legends and biographies, Vol. 2, St. Petersburg, 1887. p. 63, 64.
  16. ^ Chechens // Big Encyclopedia: Dictionary of public information on all branches of knowledge. / Ed. S. N. Yuzhakova. In 20 volumes. — St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the Prosveshchenie t-va. T. 20. — p. 86.
  17. ^ Общий Обзор Кавказского Края // Военный сборникъ: журнал издаваемый по Высочайшему повелению. Спб., Пг.: Тип. Главнаго управл. Удѣловъ, 1858—1917. — 1858 год, Т. 4, № 8. — С. 387.
  18. ^ Tsalikov, 1913, p. 35.
  19. ^ Rittikh A. F. , 1875, p. 331.
  20. ^ Tkachev, 1911, p. 150
  21. ^ Elmurzaev, 1993, p. 7.
  22. ^ Elmurzaev, 1993, p. 7.
  23. ^ Elmurzaev, 1993, p. 7.
  24. ^ Elmurzaev, 1993, p. 7.
  25. ^ Statistical tables of populated areas of the Terek region / ed. Tersk. stat. com. ed. Evg. Maksimov. — Vladikavkaz, 1890—1891. — 7 t. p. 60
  26. ^ Settled results of the 1926 census in the North Caucasus region — Don State Public.
  27. ^ Гюльденштедт 2002, pp. 238, 241–242.
  28. ^ Штедер 2010, pp. 210–211.
  29. ^ Георги 1799, p. 62(84).
  30. ^ Паллас 1996, p. 248.
  31. ^ Броневский 1823, pp. 153, 156, 169.
  32. ^ a b "Военно-статистическое обозрение Российской империи // Кавказский край, 1851. Page 137".
  33. ^ Генко 1930, p. 685.
  34. ^ "ДОКЛАД О ГРАНИЦАХ И ТЕРРИТОРИИ ИНГУШЕТИИ (основные положения)". Назрань. 2021.

    “According to information from the Arabic "Map of Shamil's possessions", stored in the National Archives of Georgia and its Russian translation of the same year with "Explanation to the districts of Dagestan" for the retinue of His Imperial Majesty, entitled "Dagestan's Imam and Warrior Shamil". The map was compiled by a Chechen naib Yusuf Safarov from Aldy on Shamil's orders specifically for Sultan Abdul-Majid I (1839-1861), and sent to Istanbul with the Ottoman officer Hadji Ismail, who arrived from him to Shamil, but was intercepted on the way back in Georgia. In a special table, twice entitled “Explanation of how many districts in Dagestan are on this map and into how many parts Dagestan is divided”, there is a special column “Ingush division (iklim)”, under which are named “Mardzhy”, “Galgai”, “Inkush”, "Kalash", "Karabulak". Total "5"
  35. ^ Волкова 1973, p. 170.
  36. ^ Шнирельман 2006, pp. 209–210.
  37. ^ Волкова 1973, pp. 162, 170–172.
  38. ^ Крупнов 1971, pp. 119, 152, 174.
  39. ^ Капрот, Юлиуас (1807–1808). Путешествие по Кавказу и Грузии, предпринятое в 1807 и 1808 годах по поручению Императорской академии наук Санкт-Петербурга, содержащее полное описание Кавказских стран и ее жителей. Санкт-Петербург.((cite book)): CS1 maint: date format (link)
  40. ^ Коригов, Мержоев, Белхороев, Х., М., М. (1990). Последнее слово — за нами : ст., рубрика «Резонанс» // Комсомольское племя : газ. / орган Чечено-Ингушского Рескома ВЛКСМ. — Гр., 01.11.1990. — № 44 (5555). — (издавалась в 1957—96, с 1991 под назв. «Республика», с 2003 преемницей считается газ. «Молодежная смена»).((cite book)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ ""Ingush - Encyclopedia, Brockhaus-Efron"". gatchina3000.ru. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  42. ^ Потто В. А. С древнейших времён до Ермолова // Каваказская война. — Ставрополь: «Кавказский край», 1994. — Т. 1. — С. 623.
  43. ^ Эммануэль 1912.

Bibliography

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