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((short description|Official items of attire and decoration proper to the Pope))
((more citations needed|date=March 2013))
((Use dmy dates|date=September 2017))
[[File:Emblem of the Holy See usual.svg|thumb|upright|Official seal of the Holy See.<ref>((cite web| url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/insigne/triregno_en.html| publisher=Holy See Press Office| title=Tiara| date=4 March 2001| language=en| access-date=16 September 2017))</ref> The crossed keys symbolise the keys of [[Simon Peter]]. The keys are gold and silver to represent the power of loosing and binding. The triple crown (the [[papal tiara|tiara]]) symbolizes the triple power of the Pope as "father of kings", "governor of the world" and "Vicar of Christ". The gold cross on a [[Monde (crown)|monde]] (globe) surmounting the tiara symbolizes the sovereignty of Jesus.]]
((Roman Catholicism))

'''Papal regalia and insignia''' are the official items of attire and decoration proper to the [[Pope]] in his capacity as the visible head of the [[Catholic Church]] and [[Monarch|sovereign]] of the [[Vatican City|Vatican City State]].

==Regalia==
[[File:Papst_Pius_XII.%2C_Kr%C3%B6nung_1939JS.jpg|thumb|[[Pope Pius XII]] in papal regalia including the [[triregnum]], [[falda]] and the [[Cope|mantum]], while being carried on the [[sedia gestatoria]] and flanked by the [[flabellum]]]]

The [[regalia]] of the [[Pope|papacy]] include the [[papal tiara|triregnum]], a headgear with three crowns or levels, also called the triple tiara<ref name=stinger>((cite book| title=The Renaissance in Rome| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyuqCdm4SRsC&pg=PA216| date=22 September 1998| first=Charles L.| last=Stinger| page=216| publisher=Indiana University Press | isbn=978-0253212085))</ref><ref name=slovak>((cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3orG2yZ9mBkC&q=tiara&pg=PA285| page=285| title=Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon| first1=Viliam| last1=Cicaj| first2=Vladimir| last2=Seges| first3=Julius| last3=Bartl| first4=Dusan| last4=Skvarna| first5=Robert| last5=Letz| first6=Maria| last6=Kohutova| name-list-style=amp| publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers| isbn= 9780865164444| date=15 January 2002))</ref><ref name=congar>((cite book| title=Yves Congar: Theologian of the Church| last=Flynn| first=Gabirel|  url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CxucHPqvy5cC&pg=PA25| publisher=Peeters Publishers| date=31 December 2005| page=261| isbn=9789042916685| access-date=16 September 2017))</ref><ref name=seldes>((cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA97| title=The Vatican: yesterday, today, tomorrow| last=Seldes| first=George| publisher=Taylor & Francis| year=1934| page=97))</ref><ref name=answer>((cite book| title=The Catholicism Answer Book: The 300 Most Frequently Asked Questions| date=1 January 2007| first1=Kenneth |last1=Brighenti| first2=John Jr. | last2=Trigilio| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEmaqHANzXsC&pg=PA381| page=381| publisher=Sourcebooks| isbn=978-1402208065| access-date=16 September 2017))</ref> or triple crown. "Tiara" is the name of the headdress, even in the forms it had before a third crown was added to it. For several centuries, popes wore it during processions, as when entering or leaving [[Saint Peter's Basilica]], but during liturgies they used an episcopal [[mitre]] instead. Paul VI used it on 30 June 1963 at his [[Papal coronation|coronation]], but abandoned its use later. None of his successors have used it. On his [[coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI|personal coat of arms]], [[Pope Benedict XVI]] replaced the tiara with a mitre, but the tiara remains on the [[coat of arms of the Holy See]] and of [[Vatican City State]].

The [[Ring of the Fisherman]], another item of papal regalia, is a gold ring decorated with a depiction of St. Peter in a boat casting his net, with the name of the reigning Pope surrounding it. It was first mentioned in 1265 by [[Pope Clement IV]], who wrote in a letter to his nephew that popes were accustomed to sealing public documents with a leaden "[[Papal bull|bulla]]" attached and private letters with "the seal of the Fisherman". By the fifteenth century, the Fisherman's Ring was used to seal [[papal brief]]s. The Fisherman's Ring is placed on the newly elected pope's finger by the [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]]; on the Pope's death, the Cardinal Chamberlain used to deface and smash the Fisherman's Ring with a hammer as a symbolic representation of the end of the late pope's authority.

Modern popes bear the [[papal ferula]], a staff topped by a [[crucifix]], rather than a [[crozier]], a bent pastoral staff styled after a shepherd's crook. The use of the papal ferula is an ancient custom, established before the thirteenth century, though some popes since that time, notably [[Pope Leo XIII]], have used a crozier-like staff.

The use of other items of papal regalia has been discontinued, though they have not been abolished. The ''[[Sedia gestatoria]]'', a portable throne or armchair carried by twelve footmen (''palafrenieri'') in red uniforms, was accompanied by two attendants bearing the ''[[flabella]]'', large ceremonial fans made of white ostrich-feathers. The ''sedia gestatoria'' was used for the Pope's solemn entrance into a church or hall and for his departure on the occasion of [[liturgy|liturgical]] celebrations such as a [[papal Mass]] and for [[Audience (head of state)|papal audiences]]. The use of the ''flabella'' was discontinued by Pope Paul VI, and that of the ''sedia gestatoria'' by [[Pope John Paul II]].

==Vestments==
[[File:Benedictus XVI fanon 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] in papal vestments: The [[mitre]], [[pallium]], [[Papal fanon|fanon]], and the [[chasuble]]]]

The Pope wears the [[pallium]] over his [[chasuble]] when celebrating [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]]. The pallium is a circular band of fabric about two inches wide, from which two twelve-inch-long pendants hang down, one in the front and one in back. It is ornamented with six small, black crosses distributed about the shoulders, breast and back, and is fixed in place by three golden pins, symbolic of the nails with which Christ was crucified. Only the Pope wears the pallium by right, and he may wear it at all ecclesiastical functions without restriction. In the Latin/Western rite of the church, metropolitans (that is, archbishops who are the senior bishops of an ecclesiastical province) also wear a form of the pallium within their own province, and which they must receive from the Pope, either personally or in a ceremony at which another bishop delegated by the Pope presides. [[Pope Benedict XVI]], for his inauguration in 2005, introduced a special type of pallium that is worn only by the Pope. The new papal pallium is based upon the earlier form of the pallium, similar to the [[omophorion]] which is still worn by [[Eastern Christian]] bishops. The papal pallium is wider and longer than the ordinary pallium, and has red crosses on it. On the Feast of Sts. Peter and Paul in 2014, Pope Francis returned to the use of the usual black pallium. A [[vestment]] which is restricted to the Pope alone is the [[Papal fanon|fanon]] made out of alternating silver and gold stripes. The fanon is similar to a shawl, one end of which is passed under the [[Stole (vestment)|stole]] and the second over the chasuble; the pallium is then placed over the fanon. The fanon has gone out of common use, but Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI wore the fanon on a few occasions.

Prior to the liturgical reforms of the [[Second Vatican Council]], there were a number of other vestments which were worn only by the Pope:
*The [[sub-cinctorium]]—a strip of embroidered fabric similar to a [[maniple (vestment)|maniple]] which was suspended from the [[cincture]]. It was embroidered with a [[Christian cross|cross]] and the ''[[Agnus Dei]]''.
*The [[falda]]—a particular papal vestment which forms a long skirt extending beneath the hem of the [[alb]]. The skirts of the falda were so long that the Pope had train-bearers both in front and in back whenever he walked.
*The [[mantum]]—a very long [[cope]] worn only by the Pope. Originally, it was red in color, but later was made to correspond to the [[liturgical colours]].
When the Pope would stand on his throne or at the ''sedia gestatoria'', both the falda and the mantum would flow down to the lower steps, and had the effect of making the Pope look taller than the other dignitaries present. All three of these vestments were discontinued during the reign of Pope Paul VI.
* A special [[maniple (vestment)|maniple]], much the same in form as maniples formerly worn by priests, but with intertwined red and gold threads to symbolize the union of the Eastern and Western Churches.

==Choir dress==
When not celebrating religious services, the Pope wears a cassock. Choir dress is worn when attending—but not celebrating—services, and formal occasions, such as audiences. The most immediately noticeable feature is a white cassock and zucchetto (skull cap). The cassock used to have a train on it, but Pope Pius XII discontinued this custom. For convenience, the train could be folded up and fastened to the back of the cassock. He used to wear a tufted fascia (white sash-like belt fastened about the waist, the ends of which fall down past the knees and are often embroidered with the Pope's coat of arms), until Paul VI replaced it with a simpler fringed sash. Previously, the tufted fascia (terminating in gold tassels) was worn with choir dress, and the fringed fascia (terminating in a simpler gold fringe) was worn with ordinary dress. Over his cassock the Pope will wear a lace rochet. Over the rochet is worn the red [[papal mozzetta]], a shoulder cape that has a collar and is buttoned all the way down the front. The red color is a vestige from the days when scarlet was the papal color (white only became associated with the papacy after the [[Napoleonic Wars]]). The papal mozzetta had a small hood on the back, which disappeared after Vatican II but has recently been restored. In wintertime, the papal mozzetta is of red velvet trimmed with ermine (this also fell out of use after Vatican II, but Pope Benedict XVI began again to wear a winter mozzetta trimmed in ermine fur). In summer, the papal mozzetta is of red satin. The pope wears a pectoral cross suspended on a gold cord over the mozzetta. He may also choose to wear a red stole with gold embroidery over the mozzetta, even when he is not officiating at a service.

Traditionally during the [[Octave of Easter]], the Pope wears the white paschal mozzetta, which is of white damask silk trimmed with white ermine. While the paschal mozzetta fell out of use during the pontificate of Pope John Paul II, it was returned to use in 2008 by Pope Benedict XVI. Since the 13th century many papal portraits have shown the pontiff wearing the [[camauro]], a red velvet cap which covers the ears, and is trimmed with ermine. The camauro fell out of fashion with the death of Pope John XXIII, but has recently been revived by Pope Benedict XVI. Traditionally, he wears special red satin or velvet papal slippers indoors, and red leather papal shoes outdoors. The papal shoes were traditionally red, although Pope John Paul II would sometimes wear black or brown leather shoes. Pope Benedict XVI restored the use of the traditional red papal shoes, but Pope Francis has reverted to black shoes.

==Ordinary dress==
The Pope's ordinary dress (also called house dress), which is worn for daily use outside of liturgical functions, consists of a white [[cassock]] with attached [[pellegrina]] and girded with a fringed white [[fascia (sash)|fascia]] (often with the papal coat of arms embroidered on it), a [[pectoral cross]] suspended from a gold cord, red [[papal shoes]], and a white [[zucchetto]].<ref>((cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/13/papal-clothing/1983263/| work=[[USA Today]]| date=14 March 2013| title=18th-century tailor shop prepares clothes for Francis| first=Eric J.| last=Lyman| access-date=16 May 2017))</ref><ref>((cite news| url=http://beaconnews.suntimes.com/news/18541547-418/like-benedict-bookstore-in-geneva-will-be-retiring-papal-figure.html| work=The Beacon News| date=28 February 2013| title=Like Benedict, bookstore will be retiring papal figure| access-date=28 May 2013| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524110043/http://beaconnews.suntimes.com/news/18541547-418/like-benedict-bookstore-in-geneva-will-be-retiring-papal-figure.html| archive-date=24 May 2013| df=dmy-all))</ref> On more formal occasions, the Pope may wear a red cape similar to the [[ferraiuolo]] except for its gold decoration. Alternatively, he may wear a red cape with a shoulder cape attached. Outdoors, the Pope may wear the ''[[cappello romano]]'', a wide-brimmed hat used by all grades of clergy. While most other clergy wear a black ''cappello romano'', the Pope's is usually red (although it may also be white).

== Insignia ==
The insignia of the papacy includes the image of two crossed keys, one gold and one silver, bound with a red cord. This represents the "keys to the Kingdom of Heaven" ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] ((bibleverse-nb||Matthew|16:19|KJV)); ''cf.'' [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] ((bibleverse-nb||Isaiah|22:22|KJV))) and is in many ways the quintessential symbol of the papacy as an institution and of its central role within the Catholic Church. Jesus's statement to [[Simon Peter]], "whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven",<ref>[[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]]((bibleverse-nb||Matthew|18:18|RSV))</ref> is understood in Roman Catholic theology as establishing two jurisdictions, Heaven and Earth; the silver and gold keys are said to represent these two jurisdictions. The silver key symbolises the power to bind and loose on Earth, and the gold key the power to bind and loose in Heaven (another interpretation says that the silver key represents "binding" and the golden key represents "loosing").

The primary emblem of the papacy is these two keys beneath a ''triregnum'' ([[papal tiara]]). This symbol is used in several instances. The Pope's personal arms are surmounted by the aforementioned two keys in [[saltire]] behind the [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] (one key silver and one key gold, tied with a red cord), and above them the silver ''triregnum'' bearing three gold crowns and red ''infulae'' (the [[lappet]]s which hang down from the back of the tiara and fall over the shoulders when it is worn). This tradition goes back to the 15th century, the symbolism of the [[keys of Peter]] was first used by [[Pope Nicholas V]] (elected 1447).((Citation needed|date=July 2013))

The latest two popes (as of 2013; [[Benedict XVI]] and [[Pope Francis]]) have replaced the tiara with a simple mitre on which is depicted the three tiered cross of the papacy, reminiscent of the three tiers of the tiara.<ref>((cite web| quote=The Holy Father Benedict XVI decided not to include the tiara in his official personal coat of arms. He replaced it with a simple mitre which is not, therefore, surmounted by a small [[globus cruciger|globe and cross]] as was the tiara.| title=Coat of Arms of His Holiness Benedict XVI| url=http://gsearch.vatican.va/search?q=cache:5XOru23f1voJ:www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/elezione/stemma-benedict-xvi_en.html+arms+of+benedict+xvi&site=default_collection&client=default_frontend&output=xml_no_dtd&proxystylesheet=default_frontend&ie=UTF-8&access=p&oe=ISO-8859-1| first=Mons. Andrea Cordero| last=Lanza di Montezemolo| publisher=Vatican Press Office))</ref> A listing of the coats of arms of the popes can be found at: [[papal coats of arms]].

The yellow and white flag of [[Vatican City]] also makes use of this emblem on the right hand side in the white half of the flag. The yellow and white colours were first adopted in 1808 as the flag of the personal guard of [[Pius VII]], when the other forces of what had been the Papal States were brought under [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon's]] control. The previous flag was red and gold, the traditional colours of the city of Rome. The 1808 flag was of course not that of Vatican City, which did not come into existence until 1929.

The [[coat of arms of the Holy See]] and that of Vatican City also use this papal emblem. The arms of the Holy See are [[blazon]]ed: ''gules, two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or.'' This means: on a red field are placed two keys, crossed as in the letter X, one gold, the other silver, bound by a gold cord placed through the rings, and, above the keys, a silver (white-coloured) tiara with gold (yellow-coloured) crowns. The arms of Vatican City are identical, except that the gold and silver keys are reversed<ref>((cite web| url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/va2.html| title=Vatican City (Holy See)| date=4 September 2017| publisher=[[Flags of the World (website)|Flags of the World]]| access-date=17 September 2017))<!--Myth #5 in this reference specifically contradicts this allegation--></ref> and the cord is red ("gules") and interlaced at the intersection of the two keys, as illustrated in Appendix B of the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, 7 June 1929.<ref>((cite web| url=http://www.uniroma2.it/didattica/Ecclesiastico/deposito/Leggi_Vaticane.pdf| title=All. B. Stemma Ufficiale dello Stato della Città del Vaticano| language=it| trans-title=Fundamental Law of the Vatican City State| access-date=17 September 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217230421/http://www.uniroma2.it/didattica/Ecclesiastico/deposito/Leggi_Vaticane.pdf| archive-date=17 December 2013| url-status=dead))</ref>

The ''[[umbraculum]]'' (Latin form for ''little umbrella'') is a canopy or umbrella (consisting of alternating red and gold stripes, the traditional colours of the city of Rome and so, until 1808, of the papacy) whose original function was quite simply to provide shade. As it was traditionally a royal prerogative to walk beneath a canopy, [[Pope Alexander VI]] began using the ''umbraculum'' to symbolise the temporal powers of the papacy; it was formerly carried by a man standing behind the Pope. It featured in the former arms of the [[Papal States]]. The practice of walking with the ''umbraculum'' has been discontinued, although it continues to feature in [[ecclesiastical heraldry]] and remains the insigne of a [[basilica]], usually displayed to the right of the [[high altar|main altar]]. It is sometimes carried in processions as a sign of a basilica's dignity. It also currently features in the [[coat of arms]] of the [[Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church]]: because the Camerlengo administers the property of the Holy See during a [[sede vacante]], there isn't any papal insignia when there is not a Pope in office, and the umbraculum represents the powers of Holy See, which did not cease with Pope's death, since they are entrusted to the Church itself. (see figure below).

<gallery class="center">
File:Coat of arms of Franciscus.svg|The [[coat of arms of Pope Francis]]
File:Coat of arms Holy See.svg|The [[coat of arms]] of the [[Holy See]]
File:Sede vacante.svg|The [[umbraculum]], emblem of the [[Holy See]] during a [[sede vacante]]
File:Coat of arms of the Vatican City.svg|The [[coat of arms]] of [[Vatican City]].
File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|[[Flag of Vatican City]].
</gallery>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="150" heights="250">
File:LeoXIIIcrown.jpg|[[Pope Leo XIII]] in papal regalia: The [[triregnum]], [[falda]], [[mantum]], and the [[Stole (vestment)|stole]].
File:PiusXbenedict XV.jpg|[[Pope Pius X]] (left) wearing the papal vestments at the [[episcopal consecration]] of [[Pope Benedict XV|Giacomo della Chiesa]] (later Benedict XV)
File:Papst Pius XI. 1JS.jpg|[[Pope Pius XI]] in ordinary dress: [[zucchetto]], [[pectoral cross]], [[cassock]], and the papal tabarro, that similar to the [[ferraiolo]].
File:Pope Benedict XVI 1.jpg|[[Pope Benedict XVI]] wearing the papal choir dress: [[papal mozzetta]], [[rochet]], [[cassock|white cassock]], [[pectoral cross]] and a red embroided [[stole (vestment)|stole]]
File:BenedettoXVIcamauro.JPG|Benedict XVI wearing a [[camauro]].
File:Francis 2013.jpg|[[Pope Francis]] in ordinary dress (white [[cassock]] with matching [[pellegrina]] and with white fringed [[Fascia (sash)|fascia]], [[pectoral cross]], and white [[zucchetto]]).  
</gallery>

==Notes==
((reflist))

==External links==
*[http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/6322/78/1600/St%20Pet%26Paul%20Chapter.jpg Procession with ''umbraculum''] by the collegiate chapter of the Basilica of Sts Peter and Paul in [[Gozo]], [[Malta]]

((Papal symbols and ceremonial))

[[Category:Holy See|Regalia]]
[[Category:Papal vestments|*]]
[[Category:Regalia]]
[[Category:State ritual and ceremonies]]
[[Category:Religion and politics]]

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