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((citations needed|date= November 2019))
((Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Russo-Persian War of 1796
| partof = [[Russo-Persian Wars]]
| image = Приведение к присяге на верность России Гасим хана графом Зубоввым.jpg
| caption = ''Oath of allegiance of the Novoshemakhan Gasim [[Khan (title)|khan]] to [[Russian Empire|Russia]] among the corps under the command of Count [[Valerian Zubov|V. A. Zubov]] off the Aksuchay River in 1796'' by ((ill|Gavriil Sergeev|ru|Сергеев, Гаврило Сергеевич)). A late 1790s painting.
| date = April – November 1796
| place = [[North Caucasus]], [[South Caucasus]]
| result = Russian withdrawal
| combatant1 = ((flag|Russian Empire))
| combatant2 = [[Image:Flag of Agha Mohammad Khan.svg|23px]] [[Qajar dynasty]]
| commander1 = ((flagicon|Russian Empire)) [[Catherine the Great]] <br> ((flagicon |Russian Empire)) [[Valerian Zubov]]
| commander2 = [[Image:Flag of Agha Mohammad Khan.svg|22px]] [[Agha Mohammad Khan]]
| strength1 = 50,000<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VCTipPJdKBwC&dq=qajars+conquer+georgia&pg=PA54 ''Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800''] p 51</ref> (other estimates suggest 30,000–40,000)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VCTipPJdKBwC&dq=qajars+conquer+georgia&pg=PA54 ''Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800''] p 51</ref>
| strength2 = Tofangchi musketeers <br> Royal regiment of Mohammad Khan <br> Northern town watch
| casualties1 = 2,150 men
| casualties2 = Unknown
| casus = Persian attack on Georgia
|))
((Campaignbox Russo-Persian Wars))

The '''Persian expedition of Catherine the Great''' in 1796, like the [[Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)|Persian expedition of Peter the Great]] (1722–1723), was one of the [[Russo-Persian Wars]] of the 18th century which did not entail any lasting consequences for either belligerent.

The last decades of the 18th century were marked by continual strife between rival claimants to the [[Peacock Throne]]. Empress [[Catherine the Great]] of [[Russia]] (((reign|1762|1796))) took advantage of the disorder to consolidate her control over the weak polities of the [[Caucasus]], which was, for swaths of it, an integral Persian domain. The kingdom of [[Georgia (country) |Georgia]], a subject of the Persians for many centuries, became a Russian protectorate in 1783, when King [[Heraclius II of Georgia|Erekle II]] signed the [[Treaty of Georgievsk]], whereby the Empress promised to defend him in the case of  Iranian attack. The [[shamkhal (title)|shamkhals]] of [[Tarki]] followed this lead and accepted Russian protection three years later.

With the enthronement of [[Agha Mohammad Khan]] as Shah of Persia in 1794 the political climate changed. He put an end to the period of dynastic strife and proceeded to re-strengthen the Persian hold on the Caucasus by re-garrisoning the Iranian territories and cities in the area of modern-day [[Dagestan]], [[Azerbaijan]], and [[Armenia]], as well as [[Battle of Krtsanisi |ravaging and recapturing Georgia]] and reducing its capital [[Tbilisi]] to a pile of ashes in 1795. Belatedly, the Empress Catherine determined to mount a [[punitive expedition]] against the Shah. The ultimate goal for the Russian government involved toppling the anti-Russian shah and replacing him with a half-brother of Agha Mohammad Khan, namely [[Morteza Qoli Khan Qajar| Morteza Qoli Khan]], who had defected to Russia, and was therefore pro-Russian.<ref>Cronin, Stephanie. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VCTipPJdKBwC&dq=qajars+conquer+georgia&pg=PA54 ''Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800''] Routledge 2013. ((ISBN|978-0415624336)) p 51.
</ref><ref>
Mikaberidze, Alexander. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&dq=valerian+zubov+derbent+1796&pg=PA763 ''Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia (2 volumes): A Historical Encyclopedia''] ABC-CLIO, 22 jul. 2011 ((ISBN|978-1598843378)) page 763.
</ref>

Although it was widely expected that a 50,000-strong Russian corps would be led by a seasoned general ([[Ivan Gudovich|Gudovich]]), the Empress followed the advice of her lover, [[Platon Zubov|Prince Platon Zubov]], and entrusted the command to Zubov's youthful brother, Count [[Valerian Zubov]]. The Russian troops set out from [[Kizlyar]] in April 1796 [[Storming of Derbent|and stormed]] the key fortress of [[Derbent]] on 10 May. The  Russian court poet [[Gavrila Derzhavin|Derzhavin]] glorified this event in a famous ode; he would later comment bitterly on Valerian Zubov's inglorious return from the expedition in another remarkable poem.

By mid-June Zubov's troops had overrun—without any resistance—most of the territory of modern-day [[Azerbaijan]], including three principal cities—[[Baku]], [[Shemakha]] and [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]]. By November they were stationed at the confluence of the [[Araks]] and [[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kura River]]s, poised to attack mainland [[Iran]].

[[File:Camp of Catherine II's soldiers by Benois.jpg|thumb|center|''Soldiers of Catherine II'' by [[Alexandre Benois]]]]

In that month the Empress of Russia died. Her successor, the Emperor [[Paul I of Russia|Paul]], who detested the Zubovs and had other plans for the army, ordered the troops to retreat back to Russia. This reversal aroused the frustration and enmity of the powerful Zubovs and other officers who took part in the campaign: many of them would join the conspiracy which arranged Paul's assassination five years later.

== References ==
((reflist))

== Sources ==
*Gen. [[Vasily Potto|V.A. Potto]]. ''The Caucasian Wars of Russia from the 16th century onward''. Volumes 1-5. SPb, 1885–86, reprinted in 2006. ((ISBN|5-9524-2107-5)).

((Russian colonial campaigns))

[[Category:Conflicts in 1796]]
[[Category:1796 in Europe]]
[[Category:18th century in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:1790s in Iran]]
[[Category:18th century in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:18th century in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Russo-Persian Wars]]
[[Category:Military history of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Wars involving Qajar Iran]]
[[Category:Catherine the Great]]
[[Category:History of Dagestan]]
[[Category:Military history of Derbent]]
[[Category:History of the Caucasus under the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Invasions of Iran]]
[[Category:Invasions by Russia]]

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