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((Short description|Means of communication used in Ancient Greece))
((more citations needed|date=January 2021))
'''Phryctoria''' (((lang-el|φρυκτωρία))) was a [[semaphore]] system used in [[Ancient Greece]]. The ''phryctoriae'' were towers built on selected mountaintops so that one tower (''phryctoria'') would be visible to the next tower (usually 20 miles away). The towers were used for the transmission of a specific prearranged message. One tower would light its flame, the next tower would see the fire, and light its own.

In [[Aeschylus]] tragedy ''[[Agamemnon (Aeschylus)|Agamemnon]]'', a slave watchman character learns the news of [[Troy]]'s fall from [[Mycenae]] by carefully watching a fire beacon.<ref>((cite book |last1=Aeschylus |title=Oresteia, Agamemnon |orig-date=500-400BC |page=2 |language=Greek |quote=καὶ νῦν φυλάσσω λαμπάδος τό σύμβολον, αὐγὴν πυρὸς φέρουσαν ἐκ Τροίας φάτιν ἁλώσιμόν τε βάξιν))500-400BC</ref><ref>((cite book |last1=Sommerstein |first1=Alan H. |title=Aeschylus. Oresteia: Agamemnon |date=2009 |publisher=Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA
|language=English |quote=So now I am still watching for the signal-flame, the gleaming fire that is to bring news from Troy and tidings of its capture)) </ref> [[Thucydides]] wrote that during the [[Peloponnesian War]], the [[Peloponnese|Peloponnesians]] who were in [[Corcyra]] were informed by night-time beacon signals of the approach of sixty Athenian vessels from [[Lefkada]].<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.perseus-grc1:3.80 Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, 3.80]</ref>

==Phryctoriae and Pyrseia==
[[File:Torches.png|alt=|thumb|Diagram of a fire signal using the [[Polybius cipher]]]]
Ιn the 2nd century BC, the [[Greeks|Greek]] engineers from [[Alexandria]], Cleoxenes (((lang-el|Κλεόξενος))) and Democletus (((lang-el|Δημόκλειτος))) invented the pyrseia (((lang-el|πυρσεία))). Πυρσεία from πυρσός which means torch.
The letters of the [[Greek alphabet]] were listed on a table. Each letter corresponded to a row and a column on the table. By using two groups of torches (five torches in every group), the left indicating the row and the right the column of the table, they could send a message by defining a specific letter  through combination of light torches. <ref>Polybius. The Histories, Volume IV: Book 10 P. 46. Translated by W. R. Paton. Revised by F. W. Walbank, Christian Habicht. Loeb Classical Library 159. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.  "These torches having been lowered the dispatcher of the message will now raise the first set of torches on the left side indicating which tablet is to be consulted, i.e., one torch if it is the first, two if it is the second, and so on. Next he will raise the second set on the right on the same principle to indicate what letter of the tablet the receiver should write down" </ref>

The coding system was as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5
|-
! 1
| [[Α]] || [[Β]] || [[Γ]] || [[Δ]] || [[Ε]]
|-
! 2
| [[Ζ]] || [[Η]] || [[Θ]] || [[Ι]] || [[Κ]]
|-
! 3
| [[Λ]] || [[Μ]] || [[Ν]] || [[Ξ]] || [[Ο]]
|-
! 4
| [[Pi (letter)|Π]] || [[Ρ]] || [[Σ]] || [[Τ]] || [[Υ]]
|-
! 5
| [[Φ]] || [[Χ]] || [[Ψ]] || [[Ω]] || 
|}	

When they wanted to send the letter ''O'' ([[omicron]]), they fired five torches on the right set and three torches on the left set.

== See also ==
* [[Byzantine beacon system]]
* [[Optical communication]]
* [[Polybius square]]
* [[Hydraulic telegraph#Greek hydraulic semaphore system|Greek hydraulic semaphore system]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050104045338/http://www.fotios.cc/papers/articles/medean_wars/part2.htm The Medean Wars - Part II]

[[Category:Ancient Greek technology]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek military terminology]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek military equipment]]
[[Category:Communications in Greece]]
[[Category:History of telecommunications]]
[[Category:Signalling lights]]
[[Category:Beacons]]
[[Category:Semaphore]]


((AncientGreece-stub))

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