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((Short description|Type of concerto of consisting of a solo piano composition accompanied by an orchestra))
((More citations needed|date=January 2011))
[[File:Concerto on stage.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Performance of a piano concerto involves a piano on stage with the orchestra]]
A '''piano concerto,''' a type of [[concerto]], is a solo composition in the [[classical music]] genre which is composed for [[piano]] accompanied by an [[orchestra]] or other large [[musical ensemble|ensemble]]. Piano concertos are typically virtuosic showpieces which require an advanced level of technique. Piano concertos are typically written out in [[music notation]], including sheet music for the pianist (which is typically memorized for a more virtuosic performance), orchestral parts, and a full score for the [[conducting|conductor]].

The standard practice in the Baroque and Classical eras (together spanning from circa 1600 to circa 1800), was for the orchestra to provide subordinate accompaniment over which the piano plays solo parts. However, at the end of the classical era, the orchestra had an equal role to the pianist and frequently had “dialogue” or “conversation” between the two. When music students and music competition auditionees play piano concertos, the orchestra part may be performed in an [[orchestral reduction]], a conversion of the orchestra parts into a part for an [[accompanist]] playing piano or [[pipe organ]], as it is very expensive to hire a full orchestra. Keyboard concerti were common in the time of [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] in the Baroque music era, during the Classical period and during the [[Romantic music]] era (1800–1910). Keyboard concertos are also written by [[contemporary classical music]] composers. Twentieth- and 21st-century piano concertos may include experimental or unusual performance techniques. In the 20th and 21st centuries, J. S. Bach's [[harpsichord concerto]]s are sometimes played on piano. There are variant types of piano concertos, including double piano concertos, for two solo pianists and orchestra, and double or triple (or larger solo groups) concertos in which the piano soloist is joined by a violinist, cellist, or another instrumentalist.

==History==
((See also|Harpsichord concerto))
The earliest piano concertos were composed in London.  Inspired by instrument maker [[Johannes Zumpe]], composers such as [[Georg Friedrich Händel]] and [[Carl Friedrich Abel]] began writing concertos for piano and string ensemble in about 1770.

During the Classical era, the form quickly took hold across Europe, especially Germany and Austria, becoming established with works especially by [[Piano concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], along with lesser-known examples by [[List of concertos by Joseph Haydn#For harpsichord, organ or piano|Haydn]], [[Carl Stamitz]], and [[Joseph Wölfl]].  In the early [[Romantic period (music)|Romantic period]] the piano concerto repertoire was added to most notably by [[Beethoven]], [[Schumann]], [[Mendelssohn]], [[Chopin]], [[Johann Nepomuk Hummel|Hummel]], [[Ferdinand Ries]], and [[John Field (composer)|John Field]].

Well-known examples from the middle to late [[Romantic music|Romantic]] era include concertos by [[Edvard Grieg]], [[Johannes Brahms]], [[Camille Saint-Saëns]], [[Franz Liszt]], [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]], and [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]. [[Alexander Scriabin]], [[Antonín Dvořák]], [[Edward MacDowell]], and [[Franz Xaver Scharwenka]] wrote some lesser-known concertos during this time. In 1899, [[Amy Beach]] completed her [[Piano Concerto (Beach)|Piano Concerto in C-sharp minor]], the first piano concerto composed by a female American composer. [[Edward Elgar]] made sketches for a piano concerto but never completed it. In the 19th century, [[Henry Litolff]] blurred the boundary between piano concerto and symphony in his five works entitled ''Concerto Symphonique'', and [[Ferruccio Busoni]] added a male choir in the last movement of his hour-long [[Piano Concerto (Busoni)|concerto]]. [[Wilhelm Furtwängler]] wrote his [[Piano Concerto (Furtwängler)|Symphonic Concerto for Piano and Orchestra]], which lasts more than one hour, in 1924–1937. In a more general sense, the term "piano concerto" could extend to the numerous often programmatic concerted works for piano and orchestra from the era – Beethoven's ''[[Choral Fantasy (Beethoven)|Choral Fantasy]]''. Liszt's ''[[Totentanz (Liszt)|Totentanz]]'' and ''Ruins of Athens'' Variations, and [[Richard Strauss]]'s ''[[Burleske]]'' are only a few of the hundreds of such works. The few well-known piano concertos that dominate 20th-century and 21st-century concert programs and discographies are only a small part of the repertoire that proliferated on the European music scene during the 19th century.

===20th century and contemporary===
The piano concerto form survived through the [[20th-century classical music|20th century]] into [[Contemporary classical music|the 21st]], with examples being written by [[Leroy Anderson]], [[Milton Babbitt]], [[Samuel Barber]], [[Béla Bartók]], [[Arthur Bliss]], [[York Bowen]], [[Benjamin Britten]], [[Elliott Carter]], [[Carlos Chávez]], [[Piano Concerto (Copland)|Aaron Copland]], [[Peter Maxwell Davies]], [[Emma Lou Diemer]], [[Keith Emerson]], [[George Gershwin]], [[Alberto Ginastera]], [[Philip Glass]], [[Ferde Grofé]], [[Aram Khachaturian]], [[György Ligeti]], [[Magnus Lindberg]], [[Witold Lutosławski]], [[Gian Francesco Malipiero]], [[Frank Martin (composer)|Frank Martin]], [[Bohuslav Martinů]], [[Nikolai Medtner]], [[Peter Mennin]], [[Peter Mieg]], [[Selim Palmgren]], [[Dora Pejačević]], [[Willem Pijper]], [[Francis Poulenc]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]], [[Behzad Ranjbaran]], [[Einojuhani Rautavaara]], [[Maurice Ravel]], [[Alfred Schnittke]], [[Arnold Schoenberg]], [[Peter Sculthorpe]], [[Peter Seabourne]], [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], [[Roger Smalley]], [[Arthur Somervell]], [[Igor Stravinsky]], [[Heinrich Sutermeister]], [[Alexander Tcherepnin]], [[Michael Tippett]], [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]], [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]], [[Pancho Vladigerov]], [[Charles Wuorinen]], [[Yalil Guerra]], and others.

====Works for piano left-hand and orchestra====
The Austrian [[Paul Wittgenstein]] lost his right arm during [[World War I]], and on resuming his musical career asked a number of composers to write pieces for him that required the left hand only. The Czech [[Otakar Hollmann]], whose right arm was injured in the war, did likewise but to a lesser degree. The results of these commissions include [[List of works for piano left-hand and orchestra|concertante pieces for orchestra and piano left hand]] by [[Sergei Bortkiewicz|Bortkiewicz]], [[Benjamin Britten|Britten]], [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]], [[Leoš Janáček|Janáček]], [[Erich Wolfgang Korngold|Korngold]], [[Bohuslav Martinů|Martinů]], [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]], [[Maurice Ravel|Ravel]], [[Franz Schmidt (composer)|Franz Schmidt]], [[Richard Strauss]], and others.

===Works for two or more pianists and orchestra===
Concertos and concert works for two solo pianos have been written by [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] (two to four pianos, [[Keyboard concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach|BWV 1060–65]], actually harpsichord concertos, but often performed on pianos), [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] (two, [[Piano Concerto No. 7 (Mozart)|K 242]] (originally for three pianos and orchestra) and [[Piano Concerto No. 10 (Mozart)|K 365]]), [[Felix Mendelssohn]] (two, 1823–4), [[Max Bruch]] (1912), [[Béla Bartók]] (1927/1932, a reworking of his Sonata for two pianos and percussion), [[Francis Poulenc]] (1932), [[Arthur Bliss]] (1924), [[Arthur Benjamin]] (1938), [[Peter Mieg]] (1939–41), [[Darius Milhaud]] (1941 and 1951), [[Bohuslav Martinů]] (1943), [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] (c. 1946), [[Roy Harris]] (1946), [[Gian Francesco Malipiero]] (two works, both 1957), [[Walter Piston]] (1959), [[Luciano Berio]] (1973), and [[Harald Genzmer]] (1990). Apart from the Bach and Mozart examples, works for more than two pianos and orchestra are considerably rarer, but have been written by [[Morton Gould]] (''Inventions'' for four pianos and orchestra, 1954), [[Peter Racine Fricker]] (''Concertante'' for three pianos, timpani, and strings, 1951), [[Wolfgang Fortner]] (''Triplum'' for three pianos and orchestra, 1966)<ref>Maurice Hinson, Music for Piano and Orchestra, an annotated guide, Indiana University Press, 1993</ref> and [[Georg Friedrich Haas]] (''limited approximations'' for six microtonally tuned pianos and orchestra, 2010).

The concerto for [[piano four hands]] is a rare genre, but [[Leopold Koželuch]] (1747–1818) wrote one (in B flat major, P IV: 8), and [[Alfred Schnittke]] (1934–1998) wrote another (in 1988).

==Characteristics==

===Form===
A classical piano concerto is often in three movements.

#A moderately quick opening movement in [[sonata allegro form]] often including a virtuoso [[cadenza]] (which may be [[improvisation|improvised]] by the soloist).
#A slow movement that is freer and more expressive and lyrical. Usually in [[Ternary form]].
#A faster [[rondo]].

Examples by [[Mozart]] and [[Beethoven]] follow this model, but many others do not. Beethoven's [[Piano Concerto No. 4 (Beethoven)|Piano Concerto No. 4]] includes a last-movement cadenza, and many other composers introduced innovations. For example, [[Liszt]]'s [[Piano Concerto No. 2 (Liszt)|second]] and [[Piano Concerto No. 3 (Liszt)|third]] concertos are played without breaks between the different sections, [[Brahms]]'s [[Piano Concerto No. 2 (Brahms)|Piano Concerto No. 2]] and Liszt's [[Piano Concerto No. 1 (Liszt)|Piano Concerto No. 1]] have 4 movements and [[Tchaikovsky]]'s [[Piano Concerto No. 3 (Tchaikovsky)|Piano Concerto No. 3 in E-flat major]] has only one (''Allegro brillante'').

==Popular concertos==

[[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]'s mature piano concertos are considered by connoisseurs to be not only among the greatest of all piano concertos, but even to represent a pinnacle of western classical music as a whole. Their formal perfection is matched by a consistent melodic beauty and inventiveness, and they remain staples of the classical music repertoire of all major orchestras in the 21st-century. [[Piano Concerto No. 21 (Mozart)|Piano Concerto No. 21]] in C major, K. 467 has always been immensely popular, while [[Piano Concerto No. 20 (Mozart)|Piano Concerto No. 20]] in D minor, K. 466, was in the performance repertoires of both Beethoven and Liszt. [[Piano Concerto No. 9 (Mozart)|Piano Concerto No. 9]] in E-flat major, K. 271, written when Mozart was 21 years old was his first unequivocal masterpiece of the form (according to [[Charles Rosen]]) and is still often recorded and performed in concert.

The "Emperor" piano concerto by [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] was composed in 1809 and was the last of Beethoven's five piano concertos. By 1809, Beethoven was quite deaf, and could no longer perform his own piano concertos in public. The work had to wait until 1812 for its premiere performance, most likely due to the Napoleonic wars, which affected the situation in Vienna. With this concerto, Beethoven did away with the tradition of the performer improvising his own cadenza at the end of the first movement, in favor of a cadenza composed by the composer himself, and in this sense Beethoven's 5th piano concerto was groundbreaking.<ref>((cite web | url=https://www.riphil.org/blog/the-story-behind-beethovens-piano-concerto-emperor | title=THE STORY BEHIND: Beethoven's Piano Concerto No.5 ("Emperor") | date=9 June 2021 ))</ref>

[[Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)|Piano Concerto No. 2]] in C minor by [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]] is one of the most famous and well respected piano concertos.

==See also==
* [[List of compositions for piano and orchestra]]
* [[List of piano concertos by key]]
* [[List of works for piano left-hand and orchestra]]
* [[Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra (disambiguation)]]
* [[Concerto for solo piano]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

==External links==
* [http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/s.asp?s=S_1 Hyperion's Romantic Piano Concerto Series] (a commercial website selling recordings on CD)
* [http://classyclassical.blogspot.com/2005/09/rachmaninoffs-works-for-piano-and.html Rachmaninoff's Works for Piano and Orchestra] An analysis of Rachmaninoff's Works for Piano and Orchestra including the Piano Concertos and the Paganini Rhapsody.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130615062604/http://piano-concertos.org/ Classical and Romantic Piano Concertos], an extensive list of Classical and Romantic piano concertos, and other music for piano and orchestra from the same period.
* [http://www.siue.edu/~aho/discography/Discography.pdf Music for Piano and Orchestra: The Recorded Repertory], An exhaustive list of recorded works for piano and orchestra.

((Concertos))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Piano concertos| ]]

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