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((Short description|Upright support in arches or bridges))
((About|the architectural support|other uses|Pier (disambiguation)))
((Refimprove|date=December 2007))
[[File:Pont du Gard BLS.jpg|thumb|350px|The [[Pont du Gard]] (c.19 BC), [[Nîmes]]; 3 rows of piers with [[arch]]es springing from them to support the bridge.]]
A '''pier''', in [[architecture]], is an upright support for a structure or [[superstructure]] such as an [[arch]] or [[bridge]]. Sections of structural walls between openings (bays) can function as piers. External or free-standing walls may have piers at the ends or on corners.

==Description==
[[File:Wells Cathedral Arches, Somerset, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|right|Cruciform pier in [[Wells Cathedral]], England.]]
The simplest [[cross section (geometry)|cross section]] of the pier is [[square (geometry)|square]], or [[rectangle|rectangular]], but other shapes are also common. In [[medieval architecture]], massive [[circle|circular]] supports called drum piers, [[cruciform]] (cross-shaped) piers, and [[compound pier]]s are common architectural elements.

[[Column]]s are a similar upright support, but stand on a round base; in many contexts columns may also be called piers. In buildings with a sequence of [[Bay (architecture)|bays]] between piers, each opening (window or door) between two piers is considered a single bay.

==Bridge piers==
[[File:Poinciana Parkway RCMB bridge construction 4.jpg|thumb|left|A concrete [[girder bridge]] pier during construction prior to installation of the bridge deck and parapets, consisting of multiple angled pylons for support (bottom), a horizontal concrete cap (center), and girders (top) with temporary wood bracing]]
[[File:Quadruple support pillars for the fly-over at the traffic junction 24 Oktoberplein (Utrecht).jpg|thumb|right|A quadruple [[compound pier]] supporting the fly-over at the traffic junction ''24 Oktoberplein'' ([[Utrecht]], [[Netherlands]])]]((Main articles|Pier (bridge structure)))
Single-span [[bridge]]s have [[abutment]]s at each end that support the weight of the bridge and serve as retaining walls to resist lateral movement of the earthen [[cut and fill|fill]] of the bridge approach.<ref>((cite book
 | last =Abbett
 | first =Robert W.
 | title =American Civil Engineering Practice
 | publisher =John Wiley & Sons
 | volume =III
 | year =1957
 | location =New York
 | pages =26–32
 ))</ref> Multi-span bridges require piers to support the ends of spans between these abutments. In cold climates, the upstream edge of a pier may include a [[starling (architecture)|starkwater]] to prevent accumulation of broken ice during peak snowmelt flows. The starkwater has a sharpened upstream edge sometimes called a ''cutwater''. The cutwater edge may be of concrete or masonry, but is often capped with a steel angle to resist abrasion and focus force at a single point to fracture floating pieces of ice striking the pier. In cold climates, the starling is typically sloped at an angle of about 45°&nbsp; so current pushing against the ice tends to lift the downstream edge of the ice translating horizontal force of the current to vertical force against a thinner cross-section of ice until unsupported weight of ice fractures the piece of ice allowing it to pass on either side of the pier.<ref>((cite book
 | last =Urquhart
 | first =Leonard Church
 | title =Civil Engineering Handbook
 | publisher =McGraw-Hill Book Company
 | edition =4th
 | year =1959
 | location =New York
 | pages =8–75
 ))</ref>

==Examples==
[[Image:Arc Triomphe edit.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The [[Arc de Triomphe]], Paris, supported by four massive planar piers]]

In the [[Arc de Triomphe]], Paris (''illustration, right'') the central arch and side arches are raised on four massive ((clarify|text=planar piers|reason=What are "planar piers?|date=April 2022)).

===St Peter's Basilica===
[[Image:SaintPierre.svg|thumb|left|[[Donato Bramante|Bramante]]'s plan for [[St Peter's Basilica]]. In this illustration, the piers are rendered in solid black. Double lines between the piers indicate [[vault (architecture)|vaulting]].]]
[[Donato Bramante]]'s original plan for [[St Peter's Basilica]] in Rome has richly articulated piers. Four piers support the weight of the [[dome]] at the central crossing. These piers were found to be too small to support the weight and were changed later by [[Michelangelo]] to account for the massive weight of the dome.<ref name="Fazio312">M. Fazio, ''Buildings Across Time'', 312</ref>

The piers of the four [[apse]]s that project from each outer wall are also strong, to withstand the outward thrust of the half-domes upon them. Many [[niche (architecture)|niche]]s articulate the wall-spaces of the piers.<ref name="Fazio312"/>[[File:MontacuteNineWorthies.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Montacute House]] (England, ((circa|1598))). [[Niche (architecture)|Niche]]s in the piers of the [[long gallery]] are occupied by statues of the [[Nine Worthies]].]]
((-))
==See also==
*[[Column]] — ''pillar''
*[[Compound pier]]
*[[Pilaster]]
*[[Deep foundation]]

==References==
((Reflist|2))

((commons category|Piers (architecture)))

==External links==

((-))

((Authority control))
[[Category:Architectural elements]]
[[Category:Structural system]]
[[Category:Foundations (buildings and structures)]]
[[Category:Bridge components]]

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