You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.201.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 23:54, 31 July 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:55, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:55, 18 April 2025
Your current IP address is 44.201.28.123. The blocked range is 44.201.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Art style of Europe between the fall of Rome and the 11th century))
((More citations needed|date=January 2015))

[[File:Santa María del Naranco, Oviedo edited.jpg|thumb|right|The royal palace, later church, of [[Santa María del Naranco]], an example of [[Asturian architecture]] of the ''Ramirense'' period.]]
[[File:PM 33256 P Lourosa.jpg|thumb|The interior of the Church of São Pedro da Lourosa (Lourosa, [[Portugal]]).]]
[[File:Kopčany kostol - sever.JPG|thumb|right|[[Church of St. Margaret of Antioch, Kopčany]] ([[Kopčany]], [[Slovakia]], 9th–10th century).]]
'''Pre-Romanesque art and architecture''' is the period in [[Art of Europe|European art]] from either the emergence of the [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian kingdom]] in about 500 AD or from the [[Carolingian Renaissance]] in the late 8th century, to the beginning of the 11th century [[Romanesque art|Romanesque]] period. The term is generally used in English only for [[architecture]] and [[monumental sculpture]], but here all the arts of the period are briefly described.

The primary theme during this period is the introduction and absorption of [[Classical art|classical]] Mediterranean and [[Early Christian art|Early Christian]] forms with Germanic ones, which fostered innovative new forms. This in turn led to the rise of Romanesque art in the 11th century. In the outline of [[Medieval art]] it was preceded by what is commonly called the [[Migration Period art]] of the "barbarian" peoples: [[Insular art|Hiberno-Saxon]] in the British Isles and predominantly [[Merovingian art and architecture|Merovingian]] on the Continent.

In most of western Europe, the [[Roman architecture|Roman]] architectural tradition survived the collapse of the empire. The Merovingians ([[Franks]]) continued to build large stone buildings like [[monastery]] [[church architecture|churches]] and palaces.

The unification of the Frankish kingdom under [[Clovis I]] (465–511) and his successors, corresponded with the need for the building of churches, and especially monastery churches, as these were now the power-houses of the Merovingian church. Two hundred monasteries existed south of the [[Loire]] when [[St Columbanus]], an Irish missionary, arrived in Europe in 585.  Only 100 years later, by the end of the 7th century, over 400 flourished in the Merovingian kingdom alone.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.all-art.org/history128-2.html|title = History of Art:Barbarian Art))</ref> The building plans often continued the Roman basilica tradition.

Many Merovingian plans have been reconstructed from archaeology. The description in [[Bishop]] [[Gregory of Tours]]' ''History of the Franks'' of the basilica of Saint-Martin, built at [[Tours]] by [[Saint Perpetuus]] (bishop 460–490) at the beginning of the period and at the time on the edge of Frankish territory, gives cause to regret the disappearance of this building, one of the most beautiful Merovingian churches, which he says had 120 marble columns, towers at the East end, and several mosaics: "Saint-Martin displayed the vertical emphasis, and the combination of block-units forming a complex internal space and the correspondingly rich external silhouette, which were to be the hallmarks of the Romanesque".<ref>V.I. Atroshenko and Judith Collins, ''The Origins of the Romanesque'' (Lund Humphries, London) 1985, p. 48. ((ISBN|0-85331-487-X))</ref>

The Merovingian dynasty were replaced by the [[Carolingian dynasty]] in 752 AD, which led to [[Carolingian architecture]] from 780 to 900, and [[Ottonian architecture]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] from the mid-10th century until the mid-11th century. These successive Frankish dynasties were large contributors to [[Romanesque architecture]].
[[File:Baptistere Saint Sauveur by Malost.JPG|thumb|right|Baptistery of [[Aix Cathedral]], AD 500, built by the [[Merovingians]]]]

==Examples of Frankish buildings==
[[Merovingians|Merovingian]], [[Carolingian architecture|Carolingian]] and [[Ottonian architecture|Ottonian]]
[[File:Digitale Rekonstruktion - Geometrische Ausmalung, Innenansicht.jpg|thumb|right|Digital reconstruction of Ingelheim Palace, 800.]]
[[File:St Michaels Church Hildesheim.jpg|thumb|[[St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim]], 1031.]]
[[File:Palais d'Aix-la-Chapelle.svg|thumb|right|Reconstruction of [[Charlemagne]]'s palace in Aachen, 800.]]

* [[Baptistère de Riez]] built in the 4th, 5th and 7th centuries
* [[Fréjus Cathedral]] circa 450 AD
* [[Crypt of Saint-Laurent]] Grenoble circa 500
* [[Aix Cathedral]] circa 500, baptistery built by the [[Merovingians]]
* [[Baptistère Saint-Jean]] 507
* [[Baptistère de Venasque]] circa 500
* [[Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés]] circa 540
* [[Radegonde de Poitiers]] Tomb of St. Radegunda 587
* [[Jouarre Abbey]] 630, Merovingian crypt
* [[Kloster Reichenau]] 724
* [[Benedictine Convent of Saint John]], Müstair 780
* [[Granusturm]] 788, 20-meter-tall tower in Aarchen
* [[Lorsch Abbey]], gateway, (c. 800)
* [[Palatine Chapel in Aachen]] (Aix-la-Chapelle) (792–805)
* [[Imperial Palace, Ingelheim]] 800
*  Oratory of Bishop [[Theodulf of Orleans]] in [[Germigny-des-Prés]] 806
* [[Ursmar|St. Ursmar]]'s Collegiate church, in [[Lobbes]], [[Belgium]] (819–823)
* [[St. Michael, Fulda]], rotunda and crypt (822)
* [[Michelstadt#Einhard.E2.80.99s Basilica in the outlying centre of Steinbach|Einhard's Basilica]], Steinbach (827)
* [[Saint Justinus' church, Frankfurt-Höchst]] (830)
* [[Hildesheim Cathedral]], original build (872)
* [[Schloss Broich]] 883–884, Carolingian fortress 
* Broich Castle, Muelheim on the Ruhr (884)
* [[Abbey of Corvey]] (885)
* St. George, Oberzell in [[Reichenau Island]] (888)
* [[St. Georg (Reichenau-Oberzell)]] 900
* [[St. Johannis (Mainz)]] 910
* [[Church of St Philibert, Tournus]] 950
* [[St. Cyriakus, Gernrode]] 969

[[Ottonian architecture|Ottonian]] and [[Holy Roman Empire]]
* [[Mainz Cathedral]] begun 991 and 994 and retains some structure of this period. 
* [[St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim|St. Michael's Church]] Hildesheim, 1031

==Imperial styles==

===Carolingian art===
[[File:Ebbo Gospels St Mark.jpg|thumb|left|Saint Mark, from the so-called [[Ebbo Gospels]], a piece of Carolingian illustration.]]
((main|Carolingian art|Carolingian architecture))

Carolingian art is the roughly 120-year period from about 780 to 900, during [[Charlemagne]]'s and his immediate heirs' rule, popularly known as the [[Carolingian Renaissance]]. Although brief, it was very influential; northern European kings promoted classical Mediterranean Roman art forms for the first time, while also creating innovative new forms such as naturalistic figure line drawings that would have lasting influence. Carolingian churches generally are [[basilica]]n, like the [[Early Christian art and architecture|Early Christian]] churches of Rome, and commonly incorporated [[westwork]]s, which is arguably the precedent for the western facades of later medieval cathedrals. An original [[westwork]] survives today at the [[Abbey of Corvey]], built in 885. After a rather chaotic interval following the Carolingian period, the new [[Ottonian dynasty]] revived Imperial art from about 950, building on and further developing Carolingian style in [[Ottonian art]].

===Ottonian art===
((main|Ottonian art|Ottonian architecture))
[[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] pre-Romanesque art during the 120-year period from 936 to 1056 is commonly called Ottonian art after the three [[Ottonian dynasty|Saxon]] emperors named Otto ([[Otto the Great|Otto I]], [[Otto II]], and [[Otto III]]) who ruled the [[Holy Roman Empire]] from 936 to 1001.

After the decline of the Carolingian Empire, the Holy Roman Empire was re-established under the Saxon (Ottonian) dynasty. From this emerged a renewed faith in the idea of Empire and a reformed Church, creating a period of heightened cultural and artistic fervour. It was in this atmosphere that masterpieces were created that fused the traditions from which Ottonian artists derived their inspiration: models of Late Antique, Carolingian, and Byzantine origin.

Much Ottonian art reflected the dynasty's desire to establish visually a link to the Christian rulers of Late Antiquity, such as [[Constantine I (emperor)|Constantine]], Theoderich, and [[Justinian]] as well as to their Carolingian predecessors, particularly [[Charlemagne]].

Ottonian monasteries produced some of the most magnificent medieval illuminated manuscripts. They were a major art form of the time, and monasteries received direct sponsorship from emperors and bishops, having the best in equipment and talent available.

==Regional styles==

===Croatia===
((Main|Croatian Pre-Romanesque art and architecture))
[[File:Zadar2.jpg|thumb|right|Pre-Romanesque Church of [[Donatus of Zadar|St Donatus]] in [[Zadar]], from the 9th century.]]

In the 7th century the [[Croats]], with other [[Slavs]] and [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]], came from Northern Europe to the region where they live today.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.rastko.org.rs/arheologija/vsedov-slavs_2.html |title=&#91;Projekat Rastko&#93; Valentin V. Sedov: Slavs in the Early Middle Ages |access-date=2010-03-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111211445/http://www.rastko.org.rs/arheologija/vsedov-slavs_2.html |archive-date=2013-11-11 ))</ref> The first Croatian churches were built as royal sanctuaries, and the influence of Roman art was strongest in Dalmatia where urbanization was thickest. Gradually that influence was neglected and certain simplifications and alterations of inherited forms, and even creation of original buildings, appeared.

All of them (a dozen large ones and hundreds of small ones) were built with roughly cut stone bounded with a thick layer of mortar on the outside. Large churches are longitudinal with one or three [[naves]] like [[Church of Holy Salvation, Cetina|Church of Holy Salvation]] (((lang-hr|Crkva Sv. Spasa))) at the spring of the river [[Cetina]], built in the 9th century, along with the [[Church of Saint Cross]] in [[Nin, Croatia|Nin]]. The largest and most complicated central based church from the 9th century is dedicated to [[Donatus of Zadar|Saint Donatus]] in [[Zadar]].

[[Altar]] rails and windows of those churches were highly decorated with transparent shallow string-like [[Ornament (architecture)|ornament]] that is called ''[[pleter]]'' (meaning to weed) because the strings were threaded and rethreaded through itself. Motifs of those reliefs were taken from Roman art; sometimes figures from the Bible appeared alongside this decoration, like ''relief in Holy Nedjeljica'' in Zadar, and then they were subdued by their pattern. This also happened to engravings in early Croatian script – [[Glagolitic]]. Soon, the Glagolitic writings were replaced with [[Latin]] on altar rails and [[architrave]]s of old-Croatian churches.

From the ''Crown Church of [[King Zvonimir]]'' (so called ''Hollow Church'' in [[Solin, Croatia|Solin]]) comes the altar board with ''figure of Croatian King'' on the throne with [[Carolingian]] crown, servant by his side and subject bowed to the king.

By joining the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] crown in the twelfth century, Croatia lost its full independence, but it did not lose its ties with the south and the west, and instead this ensured the beginning of a new era of [[Central Europe]]an cultural influence.

===British Isles===
((main|Anglo-Saxon art|Anglo-Saxon architecture))
[[File:Meister des Benedictionale des Heiligen Aethelwold 001.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Benedictional of St. Æthelwold|Benedictional of Saint Aethelwold]], an [[List of illuminated Anglo-Saxon manuscripts|Anglo-Saxon illuminated manuscript]].]]

Prior to King Alfred the dominant art style in England was the [[Hiberno-Saxon]] culture, producing in [[Insular art]] the fusion of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic techniques and motifs, which had largely ceased in Ireland and Northern England with the [[Viking]] invasions. The period from the time of [[King Alfred]] (885) is known as the Anglo-Saxon period proper, with the revival of English culture after the end of the Viking raids, to the early 12th century, when [[Romanesque art]] became the new movement. Anglo-Saxon art is mainly known today through [[illuminated manuscripts]] and metalwork.

===France===
After the demise of the Carolingian Empire, France split into a number of feuding provinces, so that lacking any organized Imperial patronage, French art of the 10th and 11th centuries became localised around the large monasteries, and lacked the sophistication of a court-directed style.

Multiple regional styles developed based on the chance availability of Carolingian manuscripts (as models to draw from), and the availability of itinerant artists. The monastery of [[Saint Bertin]] became an important centre under its abbot [[Odbert]] (986–1007) who created a new style based on Anglo-Saxon and Carolingian forms. The nearby abbey of [[Abbey of St. Vaast|Saint Vaast]] created a number of works. In southwestern France at the [[Abbey of Saint Martial, Limoges|monastery of Saint Martial]] in [[Limoges]] a number of manuscripts were produced around year 1000, as were produced in [[Albi]], [[Figeac]] and [[Saint-Sever-de-Rustan]] in [[Gascony]]. In Paris there developed a style at the abbey of [[Saint Germain-des-Prés]]. In [[Normandy]] a new style developed from 975 onward.

===Spain and Portugal===
((main|Iberian pre-Romanesque art and architecture))
[[File:Capela de S. Frutuoso.JPG|thumb|right|[[Saint Frutuoso Chapel]] in [[Braga]], Portugal.]]
The first form of Pre-Romanesque in [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] was the [[Visigothic art]], that brought the horse-shoe arches to the latter [[Moorish architecture]] and developed jewellery.

After the Moorish occupation, Pre-Romanesque art was first reduced to the [[Kingdom of Asturias]], the only Christian realm in the area at the time which reached high levels of artistic depuration. (See ''[[Asturian art]]''). The Christians who lived in Moorish territory, the [[Mozarab]]s, created their own architectural and illumination style, [[Mozarabic art]].

The best preserved Visigothic monument in [[Portugal]] is the [[Saint Frutuoso Chapel]] in [[Braga]].

===Italy===
((See also|Lombard Romanesque))
Southern Italy benefited from the presence and cross-fertilization of the Byzantines, the Arabs, and the Normans, while the north was mostly controlled first by the Carolingians. The [[Italo-Norman|Normans]] in Sicily chose to commission Byzantine workshops to decorate their churches such as [[Monreale]] and [[Cefalù Cathedral]]s where full iconographic programmes of [[mosaic]]s have survived. Important frescos and illuminated manuscripts were produced.

==See also==
((Commons category|Pre-Romanesque architecture))  
* [[Asturian architecture]]

==References==
((Reflist))
* Joachim E. Gaehde (1989). "Pre-Romanesque Art". ''[[Dictionary of the Middle Ages]]''. ((ISBN|0-684-18276-9))
* Jacques Fontaine (1995) ''L'art pré-roman hispanique'', Nuit des temps, [[Editions zodiaque]] ((ISBN|2-7369-0215-7))

==External links==
* [http://www.circulo-romanico.com El Portal del Arte Románico Visigothic, Mozarabe and Romanesque art in Spain.]

((Archhistory))
((Western art movements))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Pre-Romanesque Art And Architecture))
[[Category:Pre-Romanesque architecture in Spain| ]]
[[Category:Medieval architecture]]
[[Category:Medieval art]]
[[Category:Architectural history]]
[[Category:Romanesque architecture| ]]
[[Category:Western art]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Pre-Romanesque art and architecture (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Archhistory (edit)
Template:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Commons category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:History of architecture (edit)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:ISBN (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang-hr (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Preview warning (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Replace (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:See also (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Tooltip (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Tooltip/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Western art movements (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno-yes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If preview (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If preview/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If preview/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Pre-Romanesque art and architecture.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture"