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((Short description|Motif present in traditional folklore))
((About|the term as it relates to myths|the novel of the same name|Procession of the Dead (novel)))
((refimprove|date=April 2021))

'''Procession of the dead''' is a motif present in the [[Folklore|folkloric traditions]] around the world. It mostly refers to a march of ghosts, phantoms or souls, sometimes commanded by a creature related to the [[Otherworld]], the [[Underworld]] or the [[Afterlife]]. The concept is taken to be of considerable antiquity,<ref>Milne, Louise. “Pieter Bruegel and Carlo Ginzburg: The Debatable Land of Renaissance Dreams”. In: ''Cosmos'' 29 (2013): 93.</ref> and is classified in [[Stith Thompson]]'s ''[[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature]]'' as Motif E491, "Procession of the dead".<ref>Thompson, Stith (1977). ''The Folktale''. University of California Press. p. 257. ((ISBN|0-520-03537-2)).</ref>

==Overview==
According to [[Carlo Ginzburg]], the procession of the dead, as described by [[Orderic Vitalis]],<ref>((cite book |editor1-last=Joynes |editor1-first=Andrew |chapter=The Fragmentary Tales of the Monk of Byland |pages=166–174 |jstor=10.7722/j.ctt169wfv4.31 |title=Medieval Ghost Stories: An Anthology of Miracles, Marvels and Prodigies |date=2001 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-0-85115-817-4 ))</ref>((Failed verification|date=September 2022)) comprised a march of sinners and damned people, being punished for their wrongdoings in life.<ref>Ginsburg, Carlo. ''The Night Battles: Witchcraft & Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventh Centuries''. Translated by John and Anne Tedeschi. Routledge. 2011. pp. 67-68.</ref>

Professor Christian Abry listed several alternate names for the phenomenon in [[Alps|Alpine]], Southern France and North Italy tradition: curs dj’ànime; La processione dei morti; Tòtòprossenziò (from [[German language|German]] ''Totenprozession''); ((lang|mis|italic=no|kór di trapacha (trépassés))); procession des revenants; cours di mort; lou cours de i anime ([[Occitan language]]); Lou cours d’li mouòrt (in [[Balme]]); il corso delle anime (in [[Traversella]]); il corteo dei morti.<ref>Abry, Christian. “Sur les traces des sentiers des âmes dans les outre-monts: in memoriam Gaston Tuaillon”. In: ''Nouvelles du Centre d’Etudes Francoprovençales''. Saint-Nicolas (Aoste, Italie), vol. 64, 2011. pp. 58-62, 67-68.</ref>

Professors Fabio Armand, Marie-Agnès Cathiard and Christian Abry suggest that "the procession of the dead", as described in Christian mediaeval literature, is a "remythification" of the [[Wild Hunt]] phenomenon.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Armand |first1=Fabio |last2=Cathiard |first2=Marie-Agnès |last3=Abry |first3=Christian |title=Death Divination within a non-Delusional Myth: The Procession of the Dead from the Alps to Himalayas… When a Theoria of 'Phantom-Bodies' meets its neural veridiction Theory|journal=Trictrac |date=13 June 2016 |volume=9 |doi=10.25159/1996-7330/1211 ))</ref>

==Europe==
===Continental Europe=== 
There are various myths of processions of the dead, most related to the [[Wild Hunt]].

A Croatian storyteller provided a tale with the motif of the "procesija mrtvih" ("procession of the dead") in the 1970s.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Zečević |first1=Divna |title=Usmena Kazivanja U Okolici Daruvara |trans-title=Oral Narrative in the Surrounding of Daruvar |journal=Narodna Umjetnost |date=15 May 1970 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=27–68 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/39258 |language=hr ))</ref>

In a Raeto-Romance tale, a man sees a procession of the dead and the last person is the soul of someone about to die.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Pult |first1=Jon |title=126. A Centre of Raeto-Romanic Culture in the Engadine |journal=Man |date=September 1947 |volume=47 |pages=117–119 |doi=10.2307/2791488 |jstor=2791488 ))</ref>

===Iberian Peninsula===
In Galicia and Asturias, it is known as [[Santa Compaña]].

In Portuguese tradition there exists tales about one's double that take part in this procession. There are also tales about incomplete baptized individuals that join this cursed retinue.<ref>((cite book |last1=Da Silva |first1=Francisco Vaz |chapter=Extraordinary Children, Werewolves, and Witches in Portuguese Folk Tradition |pages=255–268 |jstor=10.7829/j.ctv10tq58g.15 |editor1-last=Csonka-Takács |editor1-first=Eszter |title=Witchcraft Mythologies and Persecutions |date=2008 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=978-963-7326-87-5 ))</ref><ref>((cite journal |last1=Vaz da Silva |first1=Francisco |title=Iberian Seventh-Born Children, Werewolves, and the Dragon Slayer: A Case Study in the Comparative Interpretation of Symbolic Praxis and Fairytales |journal=Folklore |date=2003 |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=335–353 |doi=10.1080/0015587032000145379 |jstor=30035123 |hdl=10071/614 |hdl-access=free ))</ref>

===Italy===
The [[Benandanti]] in the [[Friuli]] are said to participate in these processions. Female ''benandanti'' were seen as connected to the processions of the dead,<ref>((cite journal |last1=Milne |first1=Louise |title=Pieter Bruegel and Carlo Ginzburg: The Debatable Land of Renaissance Dreams |journal=Cosmos |date=2013 |issue=29 |pages=59–126 ))</ref> as beneficient protectors against the ''malandanti''.<ref>Eason, Cassandra. ''Fabulous Creatures, Mythical Monsters, and Animal Power Symbols: A Handbook''. Greenwood Press. 2008. p. 108. ((ISBN|978-02-75994-25-9)).</ref>

===Ancient Greece===
In Ancient Greece, the festival of [[Anthesteria]] was performed to honor and placate the dead, who were thought to walk freely among the streets.

==Pacific Ocean Islands==
===Hawai'i===
The ''[[Nightmarchers]]'' of [[Hawaiian mythology]] are also considered to be a version of the "procession of the dead".<ref>((cite book |last1=Kirtley |first1=Bacil F. |chapter=The Dead |pages=236–268 |jstor=j.ctvp2n3hb.12 |title=A Motif-Index of Traditional Polynesian Narratives |date=1971 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctvp2n3hb.12 |isbn=978-0-87022-416-4 |s2cid=240935243 ))</ref>

==Asia==
===Nepal===
Professors Fabio Armand, Marie-Agnès Cathiard and Christian Abry state they have found an occurrence of the theme of the procession of the dead "in the rural areas outside the [[Kathmandu Valley]] of Central Nepal". This retinue, called ''panchabhāya'' ("five" + "younger brother") manifest as "five or more spirits" riding on horses and dressed in white.<ref>Armand, Fabio & Cathiard, Marie-Agnes & Abry, Christian. (2016). "Death Divination within a non-Delusional Myth: The Procession of the Dead from the Alps to Himalayas… When a Theoria of "Phantom-Bodies" meets its neural veridiction Theory". In: ''TricTrac: Journal of World Mythology and Folklore'' Vol. 9, No. 1. pp. 11-12, 14-17. 10.25159/1996-7330/1211.</ref>

==Americas==
===Brazil===
The motif is also present in cultural traditions of [[Brazil]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/brasil/2016/03/26/interna-brasil,524177/procissao-cultural-encena-lendas-do-folclore-popular-nas-ruas-de-maria.shtml|title = Procissão cultural encena lendas do folclore popular nas ruas de Mariana|date = 26 March 0312))</ref>

==References==
((reflist|))

==Further reading==
* Abry, Christian; Joisten, Alice. "[https://wikisource.org/wiki/Histoire_des_Alpes_-_Storia_delle_Alpi_-_Geschichte_der_Alpen_(1998)/07#cite_note-1 De la migrance ä l'errance ou les Italiens entre «La Mort du Grand Pan» et «La Procession des Morts»]". In: ''Histoire des Alpes = Storia delle Alpi = Geschichte der Alpen''. Band 3. Internationale Gesellschaft für historische Alpenforschung IGHA. Zürich: Chronos Verlag. 1998. pp. 75-90.
* ((cite book |last1=Belsey |first1=Catherine |chapter=All in the Mind? |pages=175–194 |title=Tales of the Troubled Dead: Ghost Stories in Cultural History |date=2019 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-1738-9 ))
* ((cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=John |last2=Eichelberger |first2=Julia |chapter=The Doctor to the Dead |pages=1–55 |jstor=j.ctv10tq38h.5 |title=The Doctor to the Dead: Grotesque Legends and Folk Tales of Old Charleston |date=2020 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-64336-137-6 ))
* ((cite journal |last1=Canziani |first1=Estella |title=Abruzzese Folklore |journal=Folklore |date=1928 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=209–247 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1928.9716783 |jstor=1256186 ))
* ((cite journal |last1=Hutton |first1=Ronald |title=The Wild Hunt and the Witches' Sabbath |journal=Folklore |date=2014 |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=161–178 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.2014.896968 |jstor=43297752 |hdl=1983/f84bddca-c4a6-4091-b9a4-28a1f1bd5361 |s2cid=53371957 |url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/38162196/WildHunt_first_edit.pdf ))
* ((cite book |last1=Hutton |first1=Ronald |chapter=The Hosts of the Night |pages=120–146 |jstor=j.ctv1bzfpmr.11 |title=The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1bzfpmr.11 |isbn=978-0-300-22904-2 ))
* [[Claude Lecouteux|Lecouteux, Claude]]. ''Phantom Armies of the Night: The Wild Hunt and Ghostly Processions of the Undead''. Translated by Jon E. Graham. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. 2011.

((Ghosts))
[[Category:Ghosts]]

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