You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 3.238.0.0/16 has been blocked by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 05:34, 21 January 2026. Your current IP address is 3.238.27.177.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
This IP address range has been globally blocked.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis.
The IP address or range 3.238.0.0/16 has been globally blocked by ‪Jon Kolbert‬ for the following reason(s):

Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected

This block will expire on 05:35, 21 February 2029. Your current IP address is 3.238.27.177.

Even while globally blocked, you will usually still be able to edit pages on Meta-Wiki.

If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

Other useful links: Global blocks · Help:I have been blocked

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Translations of the Islamic holy book))
((Multiple issues|
((More citations needed|date=April 2007))
((Cleanup|reason=article links sound like peacocks, honorifics are used without checking|date=January 2016))))
((Use dmy dates|date=November 2015))

[[File:Der Koran by Friedrich Eberhard Boysen 1775.jpg|thumb|Title page of a German translation of the Qur'an published in 1775]]
((Quran|expanded=translation))
((Translation sidebar))
The [[Quran|Qur'an]] has been [[Translation|translated]] into most major African, Asian and European languages from [[Arabic]].<ref name="translation" />

== Islamic theology ==
Translation of the Qur'an from Arabic into other languages has always been a difficult issue in Islamic theology. Because Muslims revere the Qur'an as miraculous and inimitable (''i'jaz al-Qur'an''), they argue that the Qur'anic text should not be isolated from its true language or written form, at least not without keeping the Arabic text with it.<ref name="translation">((cite book
| last = Fatani
| first = Afnan
| contribution = Translation and the Qurʻan
| year = 2006
| title = The Qurʻan: an encyclopaedia
| editor-last = Leaman
| editor-first = Oliver
| pages = 657–669
| place = Great Britain
| publisher = Routledge
))</ref>

According to Islamic theology, the Qur'an is a [[revelation]] very specifically in Arabic, and so it should only be recited in [[Quranic Arabic]]. Translations into other languages are the work of humans and so, according to Muslims, no longer possess the uniquely sacred character of the Arabic original. Since these translations subtly change the meaning, they are often called "interpretations"<ref name="Malise Ruthven Page 90">((cite book| last = Ruthven| first = Malise| title = Islam in the World| year = 2006| publisher = Granta| isbn = 978-1-86207-906-9| page = 90 ))</ref> or "translation[s] of the meanings" (with "meanings" being ambiguous between the meanings of the various passages and the multiple possible meanings with which each word taken in isolation can be associated, and with the latter connotation amounting to an acknowledgement that the so-called translation is but one possible interpretation and is not claimed to be the full equivalent of the original). For instance, [[Marmaduke Pickthall|Pickthall]] called his translation ''[[The Meaning of the Glorious Koran]]'' rather than simply ''The Koran''.

The task of translation of the Qur'an is not an easy one; some native Arab speakers will argue that some Qur'anic passages are difficult to understand even in the original Arabic script. A part of this is the innate difficulty of any translation; in Arabic, as in other languages, a single word can have a variety of meanings.<ref name="Malise Ruthven Page 90"/> There is always an element of human judgement involved in understanding and translating a text. This factor is made more complex by the fact that the usage of words has changed a great deal between classical and modern Arabic. As a result, even Qur'anic verses which seem perfectly clear to native Arab speakers accustomed to modern vocabulary and usage may have an original meaning that is not obvious.

The original meaning of a Qur'anic passage will also be dependent on the historical circumstances of the prophet [[Muhammad]]'s life and the early community in which it originated. Investigating that context usually requires a detailed knowledge of [[hadith]] and [[Prophetic biography|sirah]], which are themselves vast and complex texts. This introduces an additional element of uncertainty that cannot be eliminated by any linguistic rules of translation.

== History ==
The first translation of the Qur'an was performed by [[Salman the Persian]], who translated [[Surah]] [[al-Fatiha]] into the [[Middle Persian]] in the early seventh century.<ref>An-Nawawi, Al-Majmu', (Cairo, Matbacat at-'Tadamun n.d.), 380.</ref> According to Islamic tradition contained in the [[hadith]], the [[Negus]] of the [[Ethiopian Empire]] and the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Heraclius]] received letters from Muhammad containing verses from the Qur'an((Citation needed|date=July 2011)). However, during Muhammad's lifetime, no passage from the Qur'an was ever translated into these languages nor any other.<ref name = translation />

The second known translation was into Greek and was used by [[Nicetas Byzantius]], a scholar from [[Constantinople]], in his 'Refutation of Qur'an' written between 855 and 870. However, we know nothing about who and for what purpose had made this translation. It is said that it was a complete translation.<ref>Christian Høgel, "An early anonymous Greek translation of the Qurʻan. The fragments from Niketas Byzantios' Refutatio and the anonymous Abjuratio", ''Collectanea Christiana Orientalia'' 7 (2010), pp. 65–119</ref><ref>((cite web |author-link=Kees Versteegh |first=Kees |last=Versteegh |title=Greek translations of the Qurʻan in Christian polemics (9th century) |url=https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/150525 |work=Zeitschrift der Deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft |volume=141 |year=1991 ))</ref><ref>Astérios Argyriou, "Perception de l'Islam et traductions du Coran dans le monde byzantin grec", ''Byzantion'' 75 (2005).</ref>

The first fully attested complete translations of the Qur'an were done between the 10th and 12th centuries into [[Persian language#Classical Persian|Classical Persian]]. The [[Samanid Empire|Samanid emperor]], [[Mansur I]] (961–976), ordered a group of scholars from [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] to translate the ''[[Tafsir al-Tabari]]'', originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of [[Khwaja Abdullah Ansari]] wrote a complete [[tafsir]] of the Qur'an in Persian. In the 12th century, [[Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi]] translated the Qur'an into Persian. The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times.

In 1936, translations in 102 languages were known.<ref name=translation />

=== European languages ===

==== Latin ====
[[File:Bertrandon de la Broquière offers a Koran to Duke Philip (detail of Bertrandon de la Broquière).jpg|thumb|[[Bertrandon de la Broquière]] giving a Latin translation of the Qur'an to [[Philip the Bold]] (detail). Illustration (folio 152v) by ((ill|Jean Le Tavernier|fr)) from [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|BnF]], MS fr. 9087, made in Lille in 1455.]]
[[Robert of Ketton|Robertus Ketenensis]] produced the first Latin translation of the Qur'an in 1143.<ref name = translation /> His version was entitled ''[[Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete]]'' ("The law of [[Muhammad|Mahomet]] the pseudo prophet"). The translation was made at the behest of [[Peter the Venerable]], [[abbot of Cluny]], and currently exists in the [[Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal]] in Paris. Ketenensis' work was republished in 1543 in three editions by [[Theodore Bibliander]] at [[Basel]]. All editions contained a preface by [[Martin Luther]]. Many later European translations of the Qur'an merely translated Ketenensis' Latin version into their own language, as opposed to translating the Qur'an directly from Arabic.

In the early thirteenth century, [[Mark of Toledo]] made another, more literal, translation into Latin, which survives in several manuscripts. In the fifteenth century, Juan of Segovia produced another translation in collaboration with the [[Mudéjar|Mudejar]] writer, Isa of Segovia. Only the prologue survives. In the sixteenth century, Juan Gabriel Terrolensis aided Cardenal Eguida da Viterbo in another translation into Latin. In the early seventeenth century, another translation was made, attributed to [[Cyril Lucaris]].

In 1518, [[Juan Gabriel of Teruel]] (formerly known as Ali Alayzar), a Muslim convert to Christianity, prepared a Latin translation of the Quran for [[Giles of Viterbo]], who had commissioned the translation for the purpose of converting Muslims to Christianity. [[Leo Africanus]], a Muslim convert who was a godson of Giles of Viterbo, revised the translation in 1525.<ref name="DeGruyter">((cite book | last=Starczewska | first=Katarzyna K. | title=The Iberian Qur’an | chapter=Translations from Arabic of Iberian Origin in Egidio da Viterbo’s Qur’an | publisher=De Gruyter | date=2022-09-05 | isbn=978-3-11-077884-7 | doi=10.1515/9783110778847-015 | page=399–420))</ref><ref name="Harrassowitz">((cite book | last=Starczewska | first=Katarzyna K. | title=Latin Translation of the Qur'an (1518/1621) | publisher=Harrassowitz | publication-place=Wiesbaden | date=2018 | isbn=978-3-447-10862-1 | oclc=on1027703412))</ref><ref name="Starczewska thesis">((cite web | last=Starczewska | first=Katarzyna Krystyna | title=Latin translation of the Qur’ān (1518/1621) commissioned by Egidio da Viterbo. Critical edition and introductory study | publisher=Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona | date=2012-11-29 | url=https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/311416 | access-date=2024-06-11))</ref> Surviving manuscripts of the translation are Cambridge MS Mm. v. 26 (C) and Milan MS D 100 inf. (M).<ref name="Gale">((cite web | title=Institution Finder | website=Gale | url=https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fid%3DGALE%257CA629723738&prodId=GVRL | access-date=2024-06-11))</ref><ref name="jstor">((cite book | last=Starczewska | first=Katarzyna K. | title=Latin Translation of the Qur'ān (1518/1621): Commissioned by Egidio da Viterbo. Critical Edition and Case Study | publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag | edition=1 | year=2018 | isbn=978-3-447-10862-1 | jstor=j.ctv11sn5pr | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11sn5pr | access-date=2024-06-11))</ref> MS D 100 Inf was copied by Scottish scholar David Colville in 1621, from a manuscript at the library of [[El Escorial]] in Spain. Colville later brought the manuscript to [[Milan]]. Today, it is archived at the [[Biblioteca Ambrosiana]].<ref name="Cambridge">((cite journal | last=Tommasino | first=Pier Mattia | title=Latin Translation of the Qur’ān (1518/1621), Commissioned by Egidio da Viterbo: Critical Edition and Case Study. Katarzyna Starczewska. Diskurse der Arabistik 24. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2018. cxxiv + 828 pp. €138. | journal=Renaissance Quarterly | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=73 | issue=1 | year=2020 | issn=0034-4338 | doi=10.1017/rqx.2019.558 | pages=311–312))</ref>

In 1622, the Genoese Jesuit priest [[Ignazio Lomellini]] (1560–1645) translated the Quran into Latin in the little-known ''Animadversiones, Notae ac Disputationes in Pestilentem Alcoranum'' (MS A-IV-4), a 1622 manuscript that is the oldest surviving example of a European translation of the Quran which also includes the complete original Arabic text.<ref name="Baroque Jesuits Encounter">((cite book |last=Shore |first=Paul |title=A Baroque Jesuit's Encounter with the Qur'an |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |publication-place=Wiesbaden |date=2023 |isbn=978-3-447-12044-9))</ref>

[[Louis Maracci]] (1612–1700), a teacher of Arabic at the [[Sapienza University of Rome]] and confessor to [[Pope Innocent XI]], issued an [[Marracci edition|Arabic edition]] and a second Latin translation in 1698 in [[Padua]].<ref>[[Samuel Marinus Zwemer]]: [http://www.muhammadanism.org/Quran/translations_koran.pdf Translations of the Koran] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025222146/http://www.muhammadanism.org/Quran/translations_koran.pdf |date=25 October 2007 )), The Moslem World, 1915</ref> His edition contains the Qur'an's Arabic text with a Latin translation, annotations to further understanding and – embued by the time's spirit of controversy – an essay titled "Refutation of the Qur'an", where Marracci disproves Islam from the then Catholic point of view. Despite the ''Refutation''(('))s anti-Islamic tendency, Marracci's translation is accurate, suitably commented, and quotes many Islamic sources.<ref>((cite journal |id=((INIST|14639389)) |last1=Borrmans |first1=Maurice |year=2002 |title=Ludovico Marracci et sa traduction latine du Coran |trans-title=Ludovico Marracci and its Latin translation of the Qur'ân |language=fr |journal=[[Islamochristiana]] |issue=28 |pages=73–86))</ref>

Marracci's translation too became the source of other European translations (one in France by Savory, and one in German by Nerreter). These later translations were quite inauthentic, and one even claimed to be published in [[Mecca]] in 1165 AH.<ref name = translation />

==== Modern languages ====
The first translation in a modern European language was in [[Castilian Spanish]] or [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] by the convert [[Juan Andrés]] (or so he claims in his ((lang|es|Confusión o Confutación de la secta mahomética y del alcorán))) but this translation is lost. A few dozen Qur'an verses into Castilian are found within the Confusión itself. There were lost translations in [[Catalan language|Catalan]], one of them by Francesc Pons Saclota in 1382, the other appeared in [[Perpignan]] in 1384.<ref>((Cite news|title=El català, primera llengua europea a la qual va ser traduït l'Alcorà|url=http://www.historical.cat/?msgOrigen=6&CODART=ART00513|language=ca|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528134019/http://www.histocat.cat/?msgOrigen=6&CODART=ART00513|archive-date=28 May 2018|url-status=live ))</ref> Another Romance translation was made into Italian, 1547 by Andrea Arrivabene, derived from Ketenensis'. The Italian translation was used to derive the first German translation [[Salomon Schweigger]] in 1616 in [[Nuremberg]], which in turn was used to derive the first Dutch translation in 1641.<ref name = translation />

The first French translation came out in 1647, and again in 1775, issued by [[André du Ryer]]. The Du Ryer translation also fathered many re-translations, most notably an English version by [[Alexander Ross (writer)|Alexander Ross]] in 1649. Ross' version was used to derive several others: a Dutch version by Glazemaker, a German version by Lange.<ref name = translation />

==== Adyghe ====
*The first [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] translation of the Qur'an was done by [[Iskhak Mashbash]]. A [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] edition was also published. It was translated from Russian.

==== English ====
((Main|English translations of the Quran))
((Advert|date=November 2023))
[[File:Lifeofmahomet.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|An engraving of [[Muhammad]] in ''The Life of Mahomet'', containing an English translation of the Qur'an derived from the French translation ((Lang|fr|[[L'Alcoran de Mahomet]])), initially published in 1649. Edition dating to 1719.]]
The earliest known translation of the Qur'an in any European language was the Latin works by [[Robert of Ketton]] at the behest of the [[Abbot of Cluny]] in ((Circa|1143)). This translation remained the only one until 1649 when the first English language translation was done by [[Alexander Ross (writer)|Alexander Ross]], chaplain to King Charles I, who translated from a French work ((Lang|fr|L'Alcoran de Mahomet)) by [[André du Ryer|du Ryer]].

In 1734, [[George Sale]] produced the first translation of the Qur'an direct from Arabic into English but relying heavily on [[Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of Lucca|O.M.D.]] [[Louis Maracci]]'s [[Vatican Quran]].<ref name=ODNB>Arnoud Vrolijk, [https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/24529 Sale, George] [[ODNB]], 28 May 2015</ref> Since then, there have been English translations by the clergyman [[John Medows Rodwell]] in 1861, and [[Edward Henry Palmer]] in 1880, both showing in their works several mistakes of mistranslation and misinterpretation, which brings into question their primary aim. These were followed by [[Richard Bell (Arabist)|Richard Bell]] in 1937 and [[Arthur John Arberry]] in the 1950s.

''The Qur'an'' (1910) by [[Mirza Abul Fazl]] (1865–1956), a native of [[East Bengal]] (now [[Bangladesh]]), later moved to [[Allahabad]], India. He was the first Muslim to present a translation of the Qur'an into English along with the original Arabic text. Among the contemporary Muslim scholars, Abul Fazl was a pioneer who took interest in the study of the chronological order of the Qur'an and drew the attention of Muslim scholars to its importance.

With the increasing population of English-speaking Muslims around the start of the 20th century, three Muslim translations of the Qur'an into English made their first appearance. The first was [[Muhammad Ali (writer)|Muhammad Ali]]'s 1917 translation, which is composed from an [[Ahmadiyya]] perspective, with some small parts being rejected as unorthodox by the vast majority of Muslims. This was followed in 1930 by the English convert to Islam [[Marmaduke Pickthall]]'s more literalist translation.

Soon thereafter in 1934, [[Abdullah Yusuf Ali]], published his translation, featuring copious explanatory annotation – over 6000 notes, generally being around 95% of the text on a given page, to supplement the main text of the translation. This translation has gone through over 30 printings by several different publishing houses, and is one of the most popular amongst English-speaking Muslims, alongside the Pickthall and Saudi-sponsored [[Noble Quran (Hilali–Khan)|Hilali-Khan]] translations.<ref name="meforum">((cite journal|url=http://www.meforum.org/717/assessing-english-translations-of-the-quran|title=Assessing English Translations of the Qurʻan|first=Khaleel|last=Mohammed|date=1 March 2005|journal=Middle East Quarterly|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627113335/http://www.meforum.org/717/assessing-english-translations-of-the-quran|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=live ))</ref>

With few new English translations over the 1950–1980 period, these three Muslim translations were to flourish and cement reputations that were to ensure their survival into the 21st century, finding favor among readers often in newly revised updated editions. Orientalist Arthur Arberry's 1955 translation and native [[Iraqi Jew]] [[N. J. Dawood]]'s unorthodox translation in 1956 were to be the only major works to appear in the post-war period. A. J. Arberry's ''[[The Koran Interpreted]]'' remains the scholarly standard for English translations, and is widely used by academics.<ref name="meforum"/>

The English translation of [[Kanzul Iman]] is called ''The Treasure of Faith'', which is translated by Farid Ul Haq. It is in simple, easy-to-understand modern-day English. Explanations are given in brackets to avoid ambiguity, provide better understanding and references to similar verses elsewhere.

[[Syed Abdul Latif (writer)|Syed Abdul Latif's]] translation published in 1967, is regarded highly by some. He was a professor of English at [[Osmania University]], Hyderabad. It was nevertheless short-lived due to criticism of his foregoing accuracy for the price of fluency.

''The Message of the Qur'an: Presented in Perspective'' (1974) was published by [[Hashim Amir Ali]]. He translated the Qur'an into English and arranged it according to chronological order. Hashim Amir-Ali (1903-((Circa|1987))) was a native of [[Salar Jung family|Salar Jung]], [[Hyderabad State]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]]. In 1938, he came under the influence of Abul Fazl and took a deep interest in the study of the Qur'an, and was aware of the significance of the chronological order of the passages contained in it.

Another Jewish convert to Islam, [[Muhammad Asad]]'s monumental work ''[[The Message of The Qur'an]]'' made its appearance for the first time in 1980.

Professor [[Ahmed Ali (writer)|Ahmed Ali]]'s ''Al-Qur'an: A Contemporary Translation'' (Akrash Publishing, Karachi, 1984, Reprinted by Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1987; [[Princeton University Press]], New Jersey, 1988, with 9th reprinting 2001). [[Fazlur Rahman Malik]] of the University of Chicago writes, "It brings out the original rhythms of the Qur'anic language and the cadences. It also departs from traditional translations in that it gives more refined and differentiated shades of important concepts". According to [[Francis Edward Peters]] of New York University, "Ahmed Ali's work is clear, direct, and elegant – a combination of stylistic virtues seldom found in translations of the Qur'an. His is the best I have read."

At the cusp of the 1980s, the [[1973 oil crisis]], the [[Iranian Revolution]], the [[Nation of Islam]] and a new wave of cold-war-generated Muslim immigrants to Europe and North America brought Islam squarely into the public limelight for the first time in Western Europe and North America. This resulted in a wave of translations as Western publishers tried to capitalize on the new demand for English translations of the Qur'an. [[Oxford University Press]] and [[Penguin Books]] were all to release editions at this time, as did indeed the Saudi Government, which came out with its own re-tooled version of the original Yusuf Ali translation. Canadian Muslim Professor [[T. B. Irving]]'s 'modern English' translation (1985) was a major Muslim effort during that time. ((citation needed|date=December 2014))

''Qur'an: The Final Testament'', Islamic Productions, Tucson, Arizona, (1989) was published by [[Rashad Khalifa]] (((lang|ar|رشاد خليفة)); 19 November 1935 – 31 January 1990) Khalifa wrote that he was a [[prophets and messengers in Islam|messenger of God]] and that the archangel Gabriel 'most assertively' told him that chapter 36, verse 3, of the Qur'an, 'specifically' referred to him.<ref>Appendix ii, (21), Authorized English Translation of the Qurʻan, Rashad Khalifa, Ph.D.</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://submission.org/quran/app2.html |title=God or Allah in Islam (Submission in English), Islam (Submission). Your best source for Islam on the Internet. Happiness is submission to God – Allah, God, Islam, Muslims, Moslems, Arabic, Farsi, Urdu, Indonesia, Arabia, Mecca, USA-Prophet Muhammed's Last S |access-date=2017-06-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724025606/http://submission.org/quran/app2.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 ))</ref> He is referred to as God's Messenger of the Covenant by his followers.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://submission.org/messenger/ |title=God's Messenger of the Covenant, the truth, the covenant, the issues, the proofs, the duties and the Quran.God in Islam (Submission in English),Islam (Submission). Your best source for Islam on the Intenet. Happiness is submission to God-Allah, God, Islam |access-date=3 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805062550/http://submission.org/messenger/ |archive-date=5 August 2008 |url-status=live ))</ref> He wrote that the Qur'an contains a mathematical structure based on the number 19. He made the controversial claim that the last two verses of chapter nine in the Qur'an were not canonical, telling his followers to reject them.<ref>"The idol worshipers were destined to tamper with the Qurʻan by adding 2 false verses (9:128–129)."</ref> He reasoned that the verses disrupted an otherwise flawless nineteen-based pattern and were sacrilegious since they appeared to endorse worship of Muhammad. Khalifa's research received little attention in the West. In 1980, Martin Gardner mentioned it in ''[[Scientific American]]''.<ref>((cite journal |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0980-20 |title=Mathematical Games |date=1980 |last1=Gardner |first1=Martin |journal=Scientific American |volume=243 |issue=3 |pages=20–24 |bibcode=1980SciAm.243c..20G ))</ref> Gardner later wrote a more extensive and critical review of Khalifa and his work.<ref>((cite web |url=https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1997/09/22165003/p16.pdf |title=The numerology of Dr. Rashad Khalifa – scientist |first=Martin |last=Gardner |work=Skeptical Inquirer |issue=September–October 1997 |access-date=28 November 2023 ))</ref>

The arrival of the 1990s ushered in the phenomenon of an extensive English-speaking Muslim population well-settled in Western Europe and North America. As a result, several major Muslim translations emerged to meet the ensuing demand. One of them was published in 1990, and it is by the first woman to translate the Qur'an into English, Amatul Rahman Omar, together with her husband, Abdul Mannan Omar.<ref>[http://www.islamusa.org/Authors/ Amatul Rahman Omar – The First Woman to Translate the Qurʻan into English] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306062725/http://www.islamusa.org/Authors/ |date=6 March 2016 ))</ref> In 1991 appeared an English translation under the title: ''The Clarion Call Of The Eternal Qur-aan'', by Muhammad Khalilur Rahman (b. 1906–1988), [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh. He was the eldest son of Shamsul Ulama Moulana Muhammad Ishaque of Burdwan, West Bengal, India, – a former lecturer of Dhaka University. ((citation needed|date=December 2014))

In 1996 the Saudi government financed a new translation "the [[Noble Quran (Hilali-Khan)|Hilali-Khan Qur'an]]" which was distributed free worldwide by the Saudi government.  It has been criticized for being in line with their particular interpretation.<ref>((cite web|url=https://noblequran.com/  |title=Interpretation of the Meanings of The Noble Quran |author=Hilali-Khan|date=1999|work=[[King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran]]|access-date=16 May 2020))</ref>

The ''[[Saheeh International]]'' Qur'an translation was published in 1997 in Saudi Arabia by three women converts. It remains extremely popular.

In 1999, a fresh translation of the Qur'an into English entitled ''The Noble Qur'an – A New Rendering of its Meaning in English'' by Abdalhaqq and the American [[Aisha Bewley]] was published by Bookwork,<ref>((cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/the-noble-qurn-a-new-rendering-of-its-meaning-in-english-translated-by-bewleyabdallhaqq-and-bewleyaisha-651-pages-glossary-norwich-uk-bookwork-1999-isbn-1-874216-36-3/65DAD9FAF6338DBDBE6C80A24DBE67F6|title=The Noble Qur'ān: A New Rendering of its Meaning in English, translated by BewleyAbdallhaqq and BewleyAisha. 651 pages, glossary. Norwich, UK: Bookwork, 1999. ISBN 1-874216-36-3|first=Rebecca B.|last=Molloy|journal=Review of Middle East Studies|volume=35|issue=1|pages=134|access-date=23 June 2017|via=Cambridge Core|doi=10.1017/S0026318400042188|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220215302/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/the-noble-qurn-a-new-rendering-of-its-meaning-in-english-translated-by-bewleyabdallhaqq-and-bewleyaisha-651-pages-glossary-norwich-uk-bookwork-1999-isbn-1-874216-36-3/65DAD9FAF6338DBDBE6C80A24DBE67F6|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live |year=2001|s2cid=191934801))</ref> with revised editions being published in 2005<ref>((cite book|title=The Noble Qurʻan: A New Rendering of Its Meaning in English|date=23 June 2017|publisher=Bookwork |isbn = 978-0-9538639-3-8))</ref> and 2011.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.diwanpress.com/shop/books-and-ebooks/the-core-collection/noble-quran-new-rendering-meaning-english/|title=The Noble Qurʻan – a New Rendering of its Meaning in English – Diwan Press|website=www.diwanpress.com|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701040508/http://www.diwanpress.com/shop/books-and-ebooks/the-core-collection/noble-quran-new-rendering-meaning-english/|archive-date=1 July 2017|url-status=live ))</ref>

In 2000, ''[[The Majestic Qur'an: An English Rendition of Its Meanings]]'' was published by a committee of four Turkish [[Sunni]] scholars who have divided the work as follows: [[Nurettin Uzunoğlu]] translated [[Surahs]] (chapters) 1 to 8; Tevfik Rüştü Topuzoğlu: 9 to 20; [[Ali Özek]]: 21 to 39; Mehmet Maksutoğlu: 40 to 114. The translation comes with an extensive commentary and annotations in modern [[standard English]], makes it easier to understand than the older translations.

''The Qur'an in Persian and English'' (Bilingual Edition, 2001) features an English translation by the Iranian poet and author [[Tahereh Saffarzadeh]]. This was the third translation of the Qur'an into English by a woman, after Amatul Rahman Omar,<ref>Amatul Rahman Omar, [https://www.amazon.com/Holy-Quran-Translation-Only/dp/097669722X/ "The Holy Qurʻan – English"], ''The Holy Qurʻan – English'', 1990. ((ISBN|0-9766972-3-8))</ref> and Aisha Bewley – and the first bilingual translation of the Qur'an.<ref name="amazon.com">((cite book |author=Quran |title=The Sublime Qurʻan: Laleh Bakhtiar: 9781567447507: Amazon.com: Books |isbn=978-1-56744-750-7 |year=2007 |publisher=Islamicworld.com |url=https://archive.org/details/sublimequranbas00bakh ))</ref><ref>[http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/7/26/MainPaper/3803/Page/12/MainPaper_3803_12.pdf Saffarzadeh Commemoration Due] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511034453/http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/7/26/MainPaper/3803/Page/12/MainPaper_3803_12.pdf |date=11 May 2012 )) Iran Daily, 18 October 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=181087 Art News in Brief] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911152103/http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=181087 |date=11 September 2015 )) Tehran Times, 28 October 2008</ref>

In 2003, the English translation of the 8-volume ''[[Ma'ariful Qur'an]]'' was completed and the translation of the Qurʻan used for it was newly done by [[Muhammad Taqi Usmani]] in collaboration with his brother Wali Raazi Usmani and his teachers, Professors Hasan Askari and Muhammad Shameem.

In 2004, a new translation of the Qur'an by [[Muhammad Abdel-Haleem]] was also published, with revised editions being published in 2005<ref>((cite book|url=http://www.eurobuch.com/buch/isbn/0192831933.html |isbn=0192831933 |publisher=Oxford University Press |title=The Qurʻan |access-date=23 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824012157/https://www.eurobuch.com/buch/isbn/0192831933.html|archive-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live ))</ref> and 2008.<ref>((cite book|title=The Qurʻan|date=17 April 2008|publisher=OUP Oxford |id= ((ASIN|0199535957|country=uk))))</ref>

In 2006, ''[[The Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English]]'' by [[Ali Ünal]] was published. The work is more like a simplified [[tafsir]] (Qur'anic exegesis) than a translation. He uses [[modern English]], and adds short notes between brackets amidst the translation when needed.

In 2007, ''Qur'an: a Reformist Translation'' by [[Edip Yüksel]], Layth Saleh al-Shaiban, and Martha Schulte-Nafeh, was published.

In 2007, ''The Meanings of the Noble Qur'an with Explanatory Notes'' by [[Muhammad Taqi Usmani]] was published. It has been published in 2 volumes at first and later, in a single volume. He also translated the Qur'an in simple Urdu, making him a translator of the Qur'an in dual languages.

In 2007 ''The Sublime Qur'an'' appeared by [[Laleh Bakhtiar]]; it is the second translation of the Qur'an by an American woman.<ref name="amazon.com"/><ref>((cite web |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-04-10/news/0704100141_1_translation-muslims-and-non-muslims-arabic |title=A new look at a holy text – tribunedigital-chicagotribune |publisher=Articles.chicagotribune.com |date=10 April 2007 |access-date=2015-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093316/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2007-04-10/news/0704100141_1_translation-muslims-and-non-muslims-arabic |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((cite web|last=Useem |first=Andrea |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/1-legacy/37-religion-book-reviews/article/10309-laleh-bakhtiar-an-american-woman-translates-the-qur-an-.html |title=Laleh Bakhtiar: An American Woman Translates the Qurʻan |publisher=Publishersweekly.com |date=18 April 2007 |access-date=2015-05-10))</ref><ref name="slate">((cite web|access-date=8 July 2011|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2204849/?from=rss|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|last=Aslan|first=Reza|title=How To Read the Qurʻan|date=20 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728133104/http://www.slate.com/id/2204849/?from=rss|archive-date=28 July 2011|url-status=live ))</ref>

In 2008, [[Tarif Khalidi]] completed ''The Qur'an: A New Translation'' for Penguin Classics and Viking Press. It did not include commentary, so as to give readers a sense of how the earliest Muslims would have read and listened to the Qur'an. It serves as a replacement to Penguin Classics' older translation by NJ Dawood, although the Dawood translation remains in print.

In 2009, [[Wahiduddin Khan]] translated the Qur'an in English, which was published by Goodword Books entitled ''The Qur'an: Translation and Commentary with Parallel Arabic Text''. This translation is considered as the easiest to understand due to simple and modern English. The pocket-size version of this translation with only English text is widely distributed as part of dawah work.<ref name=":0">((Cite web|date=2021-04-22|title=In Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, India loses an advocate of inter-religious harmony to Covid-19|url=https://theprint.in/india/in-maulana-wahiduddin-khan-india-loses-an-advocate-of-inter-religious-harmony-to-covid-19/643955/|access-date=2022-02-23|website=ThePrint|language=en-US))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=Maulana Wahiuddin Khan, Islamic Scholar, Dies Of COVID-19|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maulana-wahiuddin-khan-islamic-scholar-dies-of-covid-19-2419318|access-date=2022-02-23|website=NDTV.com))</ref>

A rhymed verse edition of the entire Qur'an rendered in English by Thomas McElwain in 2010 includes rhymed commentary under the hardback title ''The Beloved and I, Volume Five'', and the paperback title ''The Beloved and I: Contemplations on the Qur'an''.

In 2015, [[Mustafa Khattab]] of Al-Azhar University completed ''The Clear Qur'an: A Thematic English Translation'', after three years of collaboration with a team of scholars, editors, and proof-readers. Noted for its clarity, accuracy, and flow, this work is believed to be the first English translation done in Canada.<ref>((cite web |url=http://sirajpublications.com/clear_quran.html |title=The Clear Quran: Siraj Publications |access-date=2016-03-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307063210/http://sirajpublications.com/clear_quran.html |archive-date=7 March 2016 ))</ref>

A Turkish Scholar Hakkı Yılmaz worked on the Qur'an through the root meanings of the Arabic words and published a study called ''Tebyin-ül Qur'an'', and he also published a Division by Division Interpretation in the Order of Revelation in Turkish. His work was translated into English.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.quraninenglish.net |title=Qurʻan in English – Division by Division English Interpretation of the Qurʻan in the Order of Revelation |website=www.quraninenglish.net |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109164637/http://www.quraninenglish.net/ |archive-date=9 January 2019 |url-status=live ))</ref>

In 2018, [[Musharraf Hussain]] released ''The Majestic Quran: A Plain English Translation'', a reader-friendly presentation of the translation of the Qur'an aiming to help readers understand the topic being read, and learn the moving and transformative message of the Qur'an. There are 1500 sections with headings. Approved by [[Dar al-Ifta' al-Misriyya]] (Egyptian institute of Fatwas).<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.majesticquran.co.uk/ |title=The Majestic Qurʻan |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621222943/http://thequran.org.uk/ |archive-date=21 June 2018 |url-status=live ))</ref>

In 2019, Tahir Mahmood Kiani released ''The Easy Quran''. The translation was intended for readers at age 12, but was also comprehensible to readers as young as 6.<ref>((cite web |url=https://tahapublishers.com/book/the-easy-quran |title=The Easy Quran: A Translation in Simple English |work=tahapublishers.com ))</ref>

In 2021, Talal Itani released ''Quran in English: Super-easy to read. For ages 9 to 99.'' A Quran translation for children and adults.

In 2022, [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]] released ''The Quran Beheld''.  Based on two integral study readings over fifteen years with a teacher,<ref>((cite web |url= https://academic.oup.com/jis/article-abstract/34/2/242/7022053 |title= The Quran Beheld: An English Translation from the Arabic English text and Appendices by NUH HA MIM KELLER (transl.) |website=Journal of Islamic Studies |access-date=29 April 2023))</ref> it was described by a reviewer as "the first reliable plenary translation of the Quran into English."

In 2023, a new translation of the Quran was produced through a collaboration between Talal Itani and artificial intelligence. This translation is noted for its attempt to balance readability with linguistic precision. It aims to be accessible to a wide range of readers, including children and adults, as well as both Muslims and non-Muslims. The translation strives for a non-sectarian approach and emphasizes grammatical accuracy. The collaboration between Itani, a scholar in Quranic studies, and machine learning algorithms represents an innovative approach in the field of Quran translations.

==== French ====
[[File:Alcoran de Mahomet 1647.jpg|thumb|upright|((center|((Lang|fr|[[L'Alcoran de Mahomet]])) by [[André du Ryer]], 1647.))]]
((Lang|fr|L'Alcoran de Mahomet)) / translaté d'Arabe François par le Sieur Du Ryer, Sieur de la Garde Malezair., 1647, 1649, 1672, 1683, 1719, 1734, 1770, 1775, by André Du Ryer, was the first French translation. This was followed two centuries later in Paris by the 1840 translation by [[Albert Kazimirski de Biberstein|Kasimirski]] who was an interpreter for the French Persian legation. Then in the mid-twentieth century, a new translation was done by [[Régis Blachère]] a French Orientalist followed a few years later in 1959 by the first translation by a Muslim into the French Language from the original Arabic. This work of [[Muhammad Hamidullah]] continues to be reprinted and published in Paris and Lebanon as it is regarded as the most linguistically accurate of all translations although critics may complain there is some loss of the spirit of the Arabic original.

==== Modern Greek ====
The first Modern Greek translation was done by Gerasimos Pentakis in 1886, after receiving royal approval from [[George I of Greece]]. A second edition was published in 1928. Another three were published in 1958, 1980 and 2002, the most recent was done from Persa Koumoutsi. There is also an online translation. In Greek, there is also the 9th century translation of [[Nicetas Byzantios]] referred earlier in the article.

==== Russian ====
In 1716, [[Pyotr Postinkov]] published the first translation of the Quran in Russian based on the French translation of [[André du Ryer]]. [[Gordiy Sablukov]] published the first Russian translation of the Quran from the original Arabic text in 1873.<ref>((Cite wikisource |title=Коран (Мухаммед; Саблуков) |wslink=Коран (Мухаммед; Саблуков) |language=ru ))</ref> Nearly 20 translations in Russian have been published.

==== Spanish ====
There are four complete translations of the Qur'an in modern Spanish that are commonly available.
* '''Julio Cortes''' translation 'El Coran' is widely available in North America, being published by New York-based ''Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an'' publishing house.
* '''Ahmed Abboud and Rafael Castellanos''', two converts to Islam of Argentine origin, published 'El Sagrado Coran' (El Nilo, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1953).
* '''Kamel Mustafa Hallak''' fine deluxe hardback print 'El Coran Sagrado' is printed by Maryland-based ''Amana Publications''.
* '''Abdel Ghani Melara Navio''' a Spaniard who converted to Islam in 1979, his 'Traduccion-Comentario Del Noble Coran' was originally published by ''Darussalam Publications'', Riyadh, in December 1997. The ''King Fahd Printing Complex'' has its own version of this translation, with editing by Omar Kaddoura and Isa Amer Quevedo.

=== Asian languages ===
((more citations needed section|date=January 2016))
[[File:Mir Sayyid Ali - Portrait of a Young Indian Scholar.jpg|thumb|[[Mir Sayyid Ali]], writing a [[tafsir]] on the Qur'an during the reign of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]].]]

==== Bengali ====
In 1389, [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]], one of the oldest poets of [[Bengali literature]], was the first to translate [[surah]]s of the Qur'an into the old Bengali language.<ref name=":5">((Cite news |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/islamic-life/2019/07/26/795902 |script-title=bn:বাংলা ভাষায় কোরআন অনুবাদের ধারাক্রম |work=Kaler Kantho |date=25 July 2019 |language=bn))</ref> [[Girish Chandra Sen]], a [[Brahmo Samaj]] missionary, was the first person to produce a complete translation of the Qur'an into the [[Bengali language]] in 1886, although an incomplete translation was made by Amiruddin Basunia in 1808.<ref>((cite journal|last1=Dey|first1=Amit|title=Bengali Translation of the Quran and the Impact of Print Culture on Muslim Society in the Nineteenth Century|journal=University of Calcutta, Department of History|date=7 June 2012|pages=8–18|url=https://www.mruni.eu/upload/iblock/944/003_dey.pdf|access-date=24 January 2016))</ref><ref>((cite web |author=Hafez Ahmed |url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2008/07/13/39557.html |title=Al Qurʻan Academy to observe 200 years of translating Holy Qurʻan into Bengali |work=thefinancialexpress-bd.com |access-date=2017-06-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104212240/http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2008/07/13/39557.html |archive-date=4 November 2013 ))</ref> Abbas Ali of Chandipur, [[West Bengal]] was the first Muslim to translate the entire Qur'an into the Bengali language. [[Naimuddin|Muhammad Naimuddin]] of [[Tangail District|Tangail]] translated the first ten chapters of the Qur'an into Bengali in 1891.<ref>Sazzadur Rahman, Chayanir Publication, Tangail, Bangladesh</ref>

Besides many translated Qur'anic exegesis are available in Bengali language.<ref>((cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/11796656 |title=The Role Of Reading Motivation And Interest In Reading Engagement Of Qurʻanic Exegesis Readers &#124; Tareq M Zayed |website=Academia.edu |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2017-06-23|last1=Zayed |first1=Tareq M. ))</ref> [[Mohammad Akram Khan]] translated the 30th chapter of the Quran with commentary in 1926. In 1938, Muhammad Naqibullah Khan published a Bengali translation.<ref>((cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38007/page/n187/mode/2up |title=Calcutta Gazette |section=Arabic and Bengali|date=October–December 1939 |page=94 |location=Alipore, Bengal |publisher=Bengal Government Press))</ref> [[Muhiuddin Khan]] was also a known Bangladeshi who translated the Ma'arif al-Qur'an into Bengali.

==== Chinese ====
It is claimed that [[Yusuf Ma Dexin]] (1794–1874) is the first translator of the Qur'an into Chinese.((citation needed|date=January 2016)) However, the first complete translations into Chinese did not appear until 1927, although Islam had been present in China since the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907). [[Wang Jingzhai]] was one of the first Chinese Muslims to translate the Qur'an. His translation, the Gǔlánjīng yìjiě, appeared in either 1927<ref>Clinton Bennett, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ielLAQAAQBAJ&dq=Wang+Jingzhai&pg=PA298 The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies], pg. 298. London: [[A & C Black]], 2013. ((ISBN|9781441127884))</ref> or 1932, with new revised versions being issued in 1943 and 1946. The translation by [[Lǐ Tiězhēng]], a non-Muslim, was not from the original Arabic, but from [[John Medows Rodwell]]'s English via [[Sakamoto Ken-ichi]]'s Japanese. A second non-Muslim translation appeared in 1931, edited by Jī Juémí. Other translations appeared in 1943, by [[Liú Jǐnbiāo]], and 1947, by Yáng Zhòngmíng.<ref>((Cite book|last=Lynn|first=Aliya Ma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC|title=Muslims in China|publisher=University of Indianapolis Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-88093-861-7|pages=29|language=en))</ref> The most popular version today is the Gǔlánjīng, translated by [[Muhammad Ma Jian|Mǎ Jiān]], parts of which appeared between 1949 and 1951, with the full edition being published posthumously only in 1981.

[[Tóng Dàozhāng]], a Muslim Chinese American, produced a modern translation, entitled Gǔlánjīng, in 1989. The most recent translation appeared in Taipei in 1996, the Qīngzhēn xīliú – Gǔlánjīng xīnyì, translated by Shěn Xiázhǔn, but it has not found favor with Muslims.<ref>((cite web| url= http://folk.uio.no/ivos/files/MA_Thesis_IvoSpira.pdf | title="Chinese Translations of the Qur'ān: a Close Reading of Selected Passages", by Ivo Spira, MA thesis, Oslo University, 2005 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120910081520/http://folk.uio.no/ivos/files/MA_Thesis_IvoSpira.pdf | archive-date= 10 September 2012 ))</ref>

The latest translation 古兰经暨 中文译注 was translated and published by [[Yunus Chiao Shien Ma]] in 2016 in Taipei ((ISBN|978-957-43-3984-6)).

==== Gujarati ====
[[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Imam Ahmed Raza Khan]] translated the first Gujarati Quran in 1911 called [[Kanzul Iman]] based on the Urdu Translation of Shah Abdul Qadir Dehlvi. ''Quran Majeed Gujarati Tarjuma Sathe'' by Ahmedbhai Sulaiman Jumani in 1930.<ref>((cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/KanzulImanHindi |title=Kalamu Rahman &#124; Barkati Publishers; By Sayyad Aale Rasool Hasnain Miya Nazmi|date=2015-09-30))</ref><ref name=":0" />

==== Hebrew ====
The translation of the Qur'an to Hebrew by Oz Yona and his staff was published by Goodword books in 2019.<ref>((Cite web|title=Hebrew|url=https://www.cpsquran.com/index.php/hebrew|access-date=2020-08-22|website=www.cpsquran.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=Hebrew-Quran|url=https://archive.org/details/cps-quran_201907))</ref>

==== Urdu ====
The first Modern Urdu translation was done by Shah Abdul Qadir, son of [[Shah Abdul Aziz]] Dehlawi, in 1826. A translation of Quran in both Hindi and Urdu was done by [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Imam Ahmed Raza Khan]] in 1911 named as [[Kanzul Iman]]. One of the authentic translations of the Qur'an in [[Urdu]] was done by [[Abul A'la Maududi]] and was named [[Tafhim-ul-Quran|Tafhimu'l-Qur'an]]. Molana Ashiq Elahi Merathi also translated the Qur'an in Urdu. [[Tafseer e Merathi]] is a renowned translation of Qur'an along with tarsier and Shan e Nazool in Urdu by [[Ashiq Ilahi Bulandshahri]], In 1961 ''Mafhoom-ul-Quran'' was written by [[Ghulam Ahmed Perwez]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://islamicdawn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/mq.pdf |title=Mafhoom'ul Quran |publisher=Tolueislam.com |access-date=2013-12-23))</ref> In 1985, [[Wahiduddin Khan|Maulana Wahiduddin Khan]] wrote the Urdu Translation and Commentary titled [[Tazkirul Quran]]. He also translated Quran in Hindi.<ref name=":0"/><ref>((Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Maulana Wahiduddin Khan: He lived in faith and forgiveness|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/maulana-wahiduddin-khan-he-lived-in-faith-and-forgiveness-245030|access-date=2022-02-23|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en))</ref> Arshad Madani & Pro Sulaiman translated Hindi Quran titled, ''Quran Sharif: Anuvad aur Vakhya'' in 1991. Irfan-ul-Qurʻan is an Urdu translation by [[Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.irfan-ul-quran.com/quran/urdu/index.html|title=Urdu Qurʻan اردو قرآن - عرفان القرآن : قرآنِ مجید کا عام فہم اور جدید ترین پہلا آن لائن يونيکوڈ اُردو ترجمہ - Irfan-ul-Qurʻan, Read Listen Search Download & Buy|first=Minhaj Internet|last=Bureau|website=www.irfan-ul-quran.com|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629024054/http://www.irfan-ul-quran.com/quran/urdu/index.html|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=live ))</ref>
[Mutalaeh Qur'an مطالعہ قرآن] by ABDULLAH, 2014, is an Urdu Translation.<ref>((cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/view/myquran/page-1|title=MY QURAN PAK|website=sites.google.com|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917034813/https://sites.google.com/site/myquranpak/|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=live ))</ref>

==== Indonesian languages ====
The Qur'an has also been translated to [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], [[Buginese language|Buginese]], [[Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] of [[Indonesia]], the most populous Muslim country in the world. Translation into Acehnese was done by Mahijiddin Yusuf in 1995; into Buginese by Daude Ismaile and Nuh Daeng Manompo in 1982; into Gorontalo by Lukman Katili in 2008; into Javanese by Ngarpah (1913), Kyai Bisyri Mustafa Rembang (1964), and K. H. R. Muhamad Adnan; in Sundanese by A.A. Dallan, H. Qamaruddin Shaleh, Jus Rusamsi in 1965; and in Indonesian at least in three versions: A Dt. Madjoindo, H.M Kasim Bakery, Imam M. Nur Idris, A. Hassan, [[Mahmud Yunus]], H.S. Fachruddin, H., Hamidy (all in the 1960s), Mohammad Diponegoro, Bachtiar Surin (all in the 1970s), and Departemen Agama Republik Indonesia (Indonesian Department of Religious Affair).<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.alagr.com/download/Quran%28Indonesian_Translation%29.pdf |title=Al-Quran Dan Terjemahnya |website=Alagr.com |access-date=2017-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707102458/http://www.alagr.com/download/Quran(Indonesian_Translation).pdf |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=live ))</ref>

==== Japanese ====
The first translation into Japanese was done by [[Sakamoto Ken-ichi]] in 1920. Sakamoto worked from [[John Medows Rodwell|Rodwell]]'s English translation. [[Takahashi Goro]], [[Bunpachiro (Ahmad) Ariga]] and [[Mizuho Yamaguchi]] produced Japan's second translation in 1938. The first translation from the Arabic was done by [[Toshihiko Izutsu]] in 1945.<ref>((cite web| url= http://www.quran.org.uk/articles/ieb_quran_translators.htm | title = The Qu'ran and its translators | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120621190007/http://www.quran.org.uk/articles/ieb_quran_translators.htm | archive-date= 21 June 2012 ))</ref> In 1950, another translation appeared by [[Shūmei Ōkawa]]. Other translations have appeared more recently by [[Ban Yasunari]] and [[Osamu Ikeda]] in 1970 and by Umar [[Ryoichi Mita]] in 1972.

In 2015, a [[Japanese language]] [[manga]] adaptation of the Qur'an was published in Japan as part of the East Press ''[[Manga de Dokuha]]'' series, which seeks to adapt historic books into an accessible manga format.<ref>((cite news |title=Manga Version of Koran to Be Published in Japan |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-02-14/manga-version-of-koran-to-be-published-in-japan/.84441 |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=Manga News Network |date=14 February 2015))</ref> This version is framed for Japanese cultural sensibilities around a narrative in which a [[wise old man|wise old Muslim man]] meets a [[kawaii]]-coded [[djinn]] in a mosque who is drawn to the sound of Qur'an recitation and wishes to learn more about Islam. The two then embark on a journey through time and space as the story of the Qur'an unfolds. Various surahs are included in full throughout. The nameless protagonist, not Muhammad, is the man on the book's cover. Muhammad does appear and even speaks to the two main characters, but he is depicted as a cloaked figure without a face.<ref>((cite web |title=Qur'an (Japanese language page) |url=https://mangadedokuha.jp/lineup/053-koran/ |website=Manga de Dokuha official site |access-date=12 March 2024))</ref>

==== Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages ====
[[William Shellabear]] (1862–1948) a British scholar and missionary in Malaysia, after translating the Bible into the [[Malay language]] began a translation of the Qur'an, but died in 1948 without finishing it.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Hunt |first1=Robert |year=2002 |title=The Legacy of William Shellabear |journal=International Bulletin of Missionary Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=28–31 |url=http://www.internationalbulletin.org/files/html/2002-01-contents.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702154648/http://www.internationalbulletin.org/files/html/2002-01-contents.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 |doi=10.1177/239693930202600108 |s2cid=151333563 ))</ref>

==== Sindhi ====
Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (Urdu: آخوند أعزاز الله) (Sindhi: مولانا اعزاز اللہ ) was a Muslim theologian from Sindh. Akhund Azaz is considered to be the first person who translated the Qur'an from Arabic to Sindhi. According to Sindhi tradition the first translation was made by in 270 AH / 883 CE by an Arab scholar. Later, it was translated into the Sindhi language by Imam Abul Hassan bin Mohammad Sadiq Al-Sindhi Al-Ma.

==== Tagalog ====
In 1982, Abdul Rakman H. Bruce translated the quran in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] which is locally known as "Ang Banal na Kuran".<ref>((cite web | url = http://quranphil.com/home | title = Ang Banal na Kuran | author = Abdul Rakman Bruce | access-date = 14 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180822052747/http://quranphil.com/home | archive-date = 22 August 2018 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all ))</ref>

==== Tamil ====
Translated as Fathhur-Rahma Fi Tarjimati Tafsir al-Qur'an (Qur'an translation) by Sheikh Mustafa (1836 – 25 July 1888) Beruwala Sri Lanka;
Later on Abdul Hameed Bhakavi Tamil Nadu- India

==== Turkish ====
The earliest Quranic translation in the Turkish or Turkic language dates back to the 11th century.<ref>A. İnan, Kuran-ı Kerim’in Türkçe Tercümeleri Üzerinde Bir İnceleme, Ankara 1961, s.8.</ref> One of his later translation works is the copy written in the Khorezmian Turkic language in 1363, which is registered in Istanbul's Suleymaniye Library, Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa mosque No:2.<ref>J. Eckmann, “Eastern Turkic Translations of the Koran”, Studia Turcica, Budapest 1971, s. 155.</ref> This translation in Khorezmian Turkic, like other translations of the Qur'an, is important for language studies. Because the sanctity of the text that is subject to translation will cause the translator to behave more carefully, the errors encountered in the text are not included in such works. Besides, attention was paid to the religious terminology to be understood by the public and that is why Turkic words are given weight.<ref>A. Erdoğan, “Kur’an tercemelerinin Dil Bakımından Değerleri”, Vakıflar Dergisi, 1 (1969), s. 47-51.</ref> G. Sağol worked on the translation in question.<ref>An Interlinear Translatıon of the Qur’an Into Khwarazm Turkish, I. Introduction-Text, Turkish Sources XIX, Harvard University 1993, XL+369[2]s.; II. Glossary, Harvard University 1993; III. Facsimile, Harvard University 1996.</ref>
[[Muhammed Hamdi Yazır]] worked on [[tafsir]] (Qur'anic exegesis) in the [[Maturidi]] context, and published his ''[[Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili|Hakk Dīni Kur'an Dili]]'', the first [[Turkish language|Modern Turkish]] translation of Quran in 1935 by the orders of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Kemal Ataturk]].((citation needed|date=January 2016))

[[File:Elmalı 35 baskısı.jpg|thumb| The first edition 1935 prints of [[Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili|Hakk Dīni Kur'an Dili]]. A [[tafsir]] and translation of the Qur'an in the modern Turkish language ordered by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]].]]

In 1999, the Turkish translation of the Qur'an, MESAJ by [[Edip Yüksel]] was published, about seven years after the publication of his book, ''Türkçe Kuran Çevirilerindeki Hatalar'' ("Errors in Turkish Translations of the Qur'an"). The translation is a [[Quranism|Quranist]] translation, similar to the translation by [[Yaşar Nuri Öztürk]], and does not consider hadith and sectarian traditional jurisprudence as an authority in understanding the Qur'an. It differs greatly from Sunni and Shia traditions in the translation of numerous crucial words and verses.

Hakkı Yılmaz worked on the Qur'an through the root meanings of the Arabic words and published a study called Tebyin-ül Qur'an. And he also published a Division by Division Interpretation in the Order of Revelation.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.istekuran.net |title=Hakkı Yılmaz – İşte Kuran |website=www.istekuran.net |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325031821/http://istekuran.net/ |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=live ))</ref>

=== African languages ===
*Translation of the Qur'an to [[Oromo language|Oromo]] by Sheikh [[Mohammed Rashad Abdulle ]].
*Translation of the Qur'an to [[Swahili language|Swahili]] by Sheikh [[Ali Muhsin al-Barwani]].
*Translation of the Qur'an to [[Swahili language]] by Sheikh Said Moosa Mohamed al-Kindy.<ref>title: asili ya uongofu</ref>
*Translation of the Qur'an to [[Hausa language|Hausa]] by Sheikh Muhamud Gumi.
*Translation of the Qur'an to [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] by Sheikh Adam Abdullah Al-Ilory.
*Translation of the Qur'an to [[Dagbani language|Dagbanli]] by Sheikh M. Baba Gbetobu.<ref name="dag">((cite news | url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/First-Dagbani-Version-of-Holy-Quran-Launched-154886 | title=First Dagbani Version of Holy Quran Launched | date=December 19, 2008 | agency=GhanaWeb | access-date=September 25, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927123513/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/First-Dagbani-Version-of-Holy-Quran-Launched-154886 | archive-date=27 September 2016 | url-status=live ))</ref>

=== Esperanto ===
After the fall of the Shah, [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]] of Iran called on Muslims to learn [[Esperanto]]. Shortly thereafter, an official Esperanto translation of the Qur'an was produced by the state.

[[Muztar Abbasi]] also translated the Qur'an into Esperanto and wrote a biography of Muhammad and several other books in Esperanto and Urdu.

In 1970, Professor Italo Chiussi, an Ahmadi, translated the Qur'an into Esperanto.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.alislam.org/quran/Holy-Quran-Esperanto.pdf |title=La Nobla Korano |access-date=2016-03-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074626/https://www.alislam.org/quran/Holy-Quran-Esperanto.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 ))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of translations of the Quran]]
* [[History of the Qur'an]]
* [[Literary translation]]
* [[Tafsir]]

== References ==
((Reflist|30em))
<!--
* ((cite book| last = Arberry| first = A.J.| title = The Koran Interpreted A Translation| url = https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar| url-access = registration| year = 1996| publisher = Simon and Schuster| isbn = 0-684-82507-4 ))
* ((cite book| title = The Meaning of the Glorious Koran| year = 1992| publisher = Everyman's Library| isbn = 978-0-679-41736-1 ))
Kanz ul Iman by Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan
-->

== Further reading ==
* [[Muhammad Mohar Ali|Ali, Muhammad Mohar]] (2004). ''[https://archive.org/details/Quran_And_Orientalists_Mohar_Ali/page/n3 The Qurʻan and the Orientalists]''. [[Jamiat Ihyaa Minhaaj al-Sunnah]] (JIMAS), Ipswich, United Kingdom. ((ISBN|0954036972)).
* ((cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.1962.tb02588.x |title=Is the Qur'ān Translatable? |year=1962 |last1=Tibawi |first1=A. L. |journal=The Muslim World |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=4–16))
* Pearson, J.D., ‟Bibliography of Translations of the Qur'ān into European Languages", in: A.F.L. Beeston et al. (eds), ''Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp.&nbsp;502–520.
* ((cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0020743809091132 |title=The First Translations of the Qurʾan in Modern Turkey (1924–38) |year=2009 |last1=Wilson |first1=M. Brett |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=419–35|s2cid=73683493 ))
* ((cite book| last1 = Bein| first1 = Amit| title = Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition| year = 2011| publisher = Stanford University Press| isbn = 978-0-8047-7311-9 ))
* ((cite book| last1 = Fitzpatrick| first1 = Coeli| last2 = Walker| first2 = Adam| title = Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God| year = 2014| publisher = Abc-Clio Incorporated| isbn = 978-1-61069-177-2 | pages = 510–512 ))

== External links ==
* [[George Grigore]], [https://www.academia.edu/4048918/George_Grigore_Les_contraires_-_al-_a_dad_-_dans_le_Coran_et_leur_equivalence_dans_les_traductions_in_Romano-Arabica_no._4._Bucharest_Center_for_Arab_Studies._2004_33-46 Les contraires – al-aDdad – dans le Coran et leur equivalence dans les traductions, Bucarest, 2004]
((Authority control))

[[Category:Quran translations| ]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Quran translations (edit)
Template:' (view source) (protected)
Template:1x (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:ASIN (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Advert (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Apostrophe (view source) (protected)
Template:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Center (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Circa (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Citation (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite wikisource (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite wikisource/make link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cleanup (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMC (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:INIST (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:ISBN (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ill (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Interlanguage link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Longitem (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:More citations needed section (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nbsp (view source) (protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Quran (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:SUBJECTSPACE formatted (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Separated entries (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Spaces (view source) (protected)
Template:Terminate sentence (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Translation info (edit)
Template:Translation sidebar (edit)
Template:Trim (view source) (protected)
Template:Use dmy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno-yes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Quran translations.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_translations"