You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.223.0.0/16 has been blocked by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 23:54, 31 July 2024. Your current IP address is 44.223.80.188.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
This IP address range has been globally blocked.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis.
The IP address or range 44.223.0.0/16 has been globally blocked by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬ for the following reason(s):

Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected

This block will expire on 13:57, 18 November 2024. Your current IP address is 44.223.80.188.

Even while globally blocked, you will usually still be able to edit pages on Meta-Wiki.

If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

Other useful links: Global blocks · Help:I have been blocked

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Meaning-for-meaning translation of a text))
((multiple issues|
((cleanup reorganize|date=June 2012))
((Citations missing|date=September 2019))
))

((Translation sidebar))

'''Sense-for-sense translation''' is the oldest [[Norm (social)|norm]] for [[translation|translating]]. It fundamentally means translating the meaning of each whole sentence before moving on to the next, and stands in normative opposition to word-for-word translation (also known as [[literal translation]]).

==History==
[[Jerome]], a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[priest]], [[Theology|theologian]], and [[historian]] coined the term "sense-for-sense" when he developed this translation method when was tasked by [[Pope Damasus I|Pope Damasus]] to review the existing translations of the Gospel and produce a more reliable Latin version.<ref>((Cite book|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version|last=Coogan|first=Michael David|last2=Brettler|first2=Marc Zvi|last3=Newsom|first3=Carol Ann|last4=Perkins|first4=Pheme|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195288803|location=Oxford|pages=466))</ref> He described this method in his "Letter to [[Saint Pammachius|Pammachius]]", where he said that, "except of course in the case of [[Religious text|Holy Scripture]], where even the [[syntax]] contains a mystery," he translates ''non verbum e verbo sed sensum de sensu'': not word for word but sense for sense.<ref>Douglas Robinson, ed., ''Western Translation Theory from Herodotus to Nietzsche'' (Manchester, UK: St. Jerome, 1997, 2ed 2002), 25.</ref> He adopted a framework that corrected the mistakes of previous translators as well as the alterations of critical scholars and the errors made by careless copyists<ref name=":0">((Cite book|title=The Murderous History of Bible Translations: Power, Conflict and the Quest for Meaning|last=Freedman|first=Harry|date=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781472921673|location=London|pages=45))</ref> by collecting the oldest Greek manuscripts, which he compared with the Old Latin versions, and translated the scripture into a version that is close as possible to the original meaning.<ref name=":0" /> 

Jerome did not invent the concept of sense-for-sense translation. It is believed that it was first proposed by [[Cicero]] in ''[[De optimo genere oratorum]]'' ("The Best Kind of Orator"). In this text, he said that in translating from Greek to Latin, "I did not think I ought to count them out to the reader like coins, but to pay them by weight, as it were."<ref>Robinson, ed., ''Western Translation Theory'', 9.</ref> Cicero did not mention sense-for-sense in his works but it is considered to be a type of "segmental" theory, which is attributed to him and Horace. This translation approach is based on segmentation, which considers the how long a segment (word, phrase, or sentence) is before moving on to the next.<ref>((Cite book|title=Translation and Empire|last=Robinson|first=Douglas|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781900650083|location=Oxon|pages=50))</ref> 

Jerome was not the originator of the term "word-for-word" either. It has possibly also been borrowed from [[Cicero]] as well, or possibly from [[Horace]], who warned the writer interested in retelling ancient tales in an original way ''Nec verbo verbum curabit reddere / fidus interpretes'': "not to try to render them word for word [like some] faithful translator."<ref>Robinson, ed., ''Western Translation Theory'', 15.</ref>

Some have read that passage in Horace differently. [[Boethius]] in 510 CE and [[Johannes Scotus Eriugena]] in the mid-9th century read it to mean that translating literally is "the fault/blame of the faithful interpreter/translator," and fear that they have incurred it.<ref name=":1" /> [[Burgundio of Pisa]] in the 1170s and Sir Richard Sherburne in 1702 recognize that Horace is advising not translators but original writers, but still assume that he is calling ''all'' translation literal.<ref name=":1" /> Finally, [[John Denham (poet)|John Denham]] in 1656 and [[André Lefevere]] in 1992 take Horace to be warning translators against translating literally.<ref name=":1">For Boethius, Eriugena, Burgundio, and Denham, see Robinson, ed., ''Western Translation Theory'', 35, 37, 42, and 156. For Sherburne, see T. R. Steiner, ''English Translation Theory, 1650–1800'' (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1975), 89. André Lefevere's translation of Horace appears in Lefevere, ed., ''Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook'' (London and New York: Routledge, 1992), 15: "Do not worry about rendering word for word, faithful translator, but render sense for sense." This of course not only makes Horace's advice for the writer into advice for the translator, but anachronistically imports Jerome's coinage back into Horace's dictum, which actually preceded it by four centuries. For discussion, see also Douglas Robinson, ''Who Translates'' (Albany: SUNY Press, 2001), 170–174.</ref>

==Similar concepts==

===Paraphrase===
[[File:John Dryden by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg|thumb|200x200px|John Dryden by Sir Godfrey Kneller]]

In [[John Dryden]]’s 1680 preface to his translation of [[Ovid|Ovid's]] Epistles, he proposed dividing translation into three parts called: metaphrase, paraphrase and imitation.<ref>Lawrence Venuti, ''The Translation Studies Reader''. 3rd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2012.), page 38.</ref> [[Metaphrase]] is word-for-word and line by line translation from one language into another.<ref>Venuti, ''The Translation Studies Reader'', 3rd ed., 38.</ref> [[Paraphrase]] is sense-for-sense translation where the message of the author is kept but the words are not so strictly followed as the sense, which too can be altered or amplified.<ref>Venuti, ''The Translation Studies Reader'', 3rd ed., 38.</ref> Imitation is the use of either metaphrase or paraphrase but the translator has the liberty to choose which is appropriate and how the message will be conveyed.<ref>Venuti, ''The Translation Studies Reader'', 3rd ed., 38.</ref>

=== Leaving the reader in peace ===
In 1813, during his “Über die Verschiedenen Methoden des Übersetzens” lecture,<ref>Yves Gambier, Luc Van Doorslaer, ''Handbook of Translation Studies'', (Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub., 2010.), 40.</ref> [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]] proposed the idea where “[E]ither the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him, or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and he moves the author towards him”.<ref>Gambier, ''Handbook of Translation Studies'', 40.</ref>

=== Dynamic equivalence ===
In 1964,((cn|date=November 2019)) [[Eugene Nida]] described translation as having two different types of equivalence: [[Dynamic and formal equivalence|formal and dynamic equivalence]].<ref>Lawrence Venuti,. ''The Translation Studies Reader''. (New York: Routledge, 2000.), page 129.</ref> Formal equivalence is when there is focus on the message itself (in both form and content);<ref>Lawrence Venuti, ''The Translation Studies Reader''. (New York: Routledge, 2000.), page 129.</ref> the message in the [[Target language (translation)|target language]] should match the message in the [[Source language (translation)|source language]] as closely as possible.<ref>Venuti, ''The Translation Studies Reader'', 129.</ref> In dynamic equivalence, there is less concern with matching the message in the target language with the message in the source language;<ref>Venuti, ''The Translation Studies Reader'', 129.</ref> the goal is to produce the same relationship between [[target text]] and [[target audience]] as there was with the original [[source text]] and its audience.<ref>Venuti, ''The Translation Studies Reader'', 129.</ref>

=== Communicative translation ===
In 1981, [[Peter Newmark]] referred to translation as either semantic (word-for-word) or communicative (sense-for-sense).<ref>Peter Newmark, ''Approaches to Translation'', (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981)</ref> He stated that semantic translation is one that is source language bias, [[Literal and figurative language|literal]] and faithful to the source text and communicative translation is target language bias, free and [[idiomatic]].<ref>Newmark, ''Approaches to Translation'', 31</ref> A semantic translation's goal is to stay as close as possible to the semantic and [[syntactic]] structures of the source language, allowing the exact contextual meaning of the original.<ref>Newmark, ''Approaches to Translation'', 39</ref> A communicative translation's goal is to produce an effect on the readers as close as possible to that as produced upon the readers of the original.<ref>Newmark, ''Approaches to Translation'', 39</ref>

=== Idiomatic translation ===
[[File:Lawrence Venuti.jpeg|thumb|190x190px|Lawrence Venuti]]

In addition to these concepts, in 1990, Brian Mossop presented his concept of idiomatic and unidiomatic translation.<ref>Brian Mossop, "Translating Institutions and “Idiomatic” Translation." ''Meta: Journal des traducteurs'' 35, no. 2 (January 1990)</ref> Idiomatic translation is when the message of the source text is conveyed the way a target language writer would convey it, rather than staying to the way in which it was conveyed in the source text.<ref>Mossop, “Translating Institutions,”, 343</ref> Unidiomatic translation is innovative and translates individual words.<ref>Mossop, “Translating Institutions,”, 343</ref>

=== Domesticated translation ===
In 1994, also in modern [[translation studies]], [[Lawrence Venuti]] introduced the concepts of [[domestication and foreignization]], which are based on concepts from Friedrich Schleiermacher's 1813 lecture.<ref name="Gambier_40">Gambier, ''Handbook of Translation Studies'', 40.</ref> Domestication is the adaption of culture-specific terms or cultural context, where as foreignization is the preservation of the original cultural context of the source text (in terms of settings, names, etc.).<ref name="Gambier_40"/> 

Venuti also described domestication as being fluent and transparent strategies that result in acculturation,<ref name="Gambier_40"/> where “a cultural other is domesticated, made intelligible”.<ref>Lawrence Venuti, "Genealogies of Translation Theory: Schleiermacher." ''TTR : Traduction, Terminologie'', Rédaction 4, no. 2 (1991)</ref> Schleiermacher's distinction between "bringing the author to the reader" (domestication) and "taking the reader to the author"<ref>Douglas Robinson, ed. ''Western Translation Theory From Herodotus to Nietzsche''. (Manchester: St. Jerome., 2002)</ref> (foreignization), dealt with a social concern and Venuti's distinction between domestication and foreignization deals with [[Ethics|ethical]] principles.<ref name="Gambier_40"/>

==References==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
* [[Edwin Gentzler|Gentzler, Edwin]] (2001). ''Contemporary Translation Theories''. 2nd Ed. London and New York: Routledge.
* [[André Lefevere|Lefevere, André]]. (1992). ''Translation/History/Culture: A Sourcebook.'' London and New York: Routledge.
* [[Peter Newmark|Newmark, Peter]]. (1988). ''A Textbook of Translation''. New York: Prentice Hall.
* [[Eugene Nida|Nida, Eugene A.]], and Charles R. Taber. (1969). ''The Theory and Practice of Translation''. Leiden: Brill.
* [[Douglas Robinson (academic)|Robinson, Douglas]]. (2001). ''Who Translates? Translator Subjectivities Beyond Reason.'' Albany: SUNY Press.
* Robinson, Douglas, ed. (2002). ''Western Translation Theory From Herodotus to Nietzsche.'' Manchester: St. Jerome.
* Steiner, T.R. (1975). ''English Translation Theory, 1650–1800''. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
* [[Lawrence Venuti|Venuti, Lawrence]]. (1995). ''The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation''. London and New York: Routledge ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110626120012/http://www.freewebs.com/dennis_rusu/the%20translator's%20invisibility.%20history%20of%20translation.pdf Read full version here])
((DEFAULTSORT:Sense-for-sense translation))
[[Category:Translation studies]]
[[Category:Translation]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Sense-for-sense translation (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Citations missing (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cleanup reorganize (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cn (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Translation info (edit)
Template:Translation sidebar (edit)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Sense-for-sense translation.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense-for-sense_translation"