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((short description|Buildings constructed using modules, like shipping containers))
((more citations needed|date=August 2023))
((use dmy dates |date=March 2021))
[[File:HK HKAMS YuenWoRdFirstAidStation.JPG|thumb|right|A [[first aid]] station built using an intermodal container.]]
[[File:Repurposed Office Container by OSG Containers.jpg|thumb|A remote office constructed with a used shipping container.]]

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'''Shipping container architecture''' is a form of [[architecture]] that uses [[steel]] [[intermodal container]]s (shipping containers) as the main [[structural element]]. It is also referred to as ''cargotecture'' or ''arkitainer'', [[Blend word|portmanteau words]] formed from "[[cargo]]" and "[[architecture]]". This form of architecture is often associated with the [[tiny-house movement]] as well as the [[sustainable living]] movement.

The use of containers as building materials has been growing in popularity due to their strength, wide availability, low cost, and eco-friendliness.<ref>((Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Rachel|date=2021-11-03 |title=Are Container Homes Sustainable? ((!)) 5 Great Ways to Make an Eco-Friendly Container Home ((!)) Container Home Hub |url=https://containerhomehub.com/are-container-homes-sustainable/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |language=en-US))</ref><ref>((Cite web |last=Kiil |first=Rene |date=2021-04-11 |title=Why and How Shipping Container Houses are Environmentally-Friendly? |url=https://popuphuts.com/why-and-how-shipping-container-houses-are-environmentally-friendly/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Eco-friendly, Pre-built and Mobile Tiny House I Popuphut |language=en-GB))</ref>

==Advantages==
Due to their shape and material, shipping containers have the ability to be customized in many different ways and can be modified to fit various purposes. Standardized dimensions and various interlocking mechanisms make these containers [[Modularity|modular]], allowing them to be easily combined into larger structures that follow [[modular design]]. This also simplifies any extensions to the structure as new containers can easily be added on to create larger structures. When empty, shipping containers can be stacked up to 12 units high.

Because shipping containers are designed to be stacked in high columns and to carry heavy loads, they are also strong and durable. They are designed to resist harsh environments, such as those on [[Ocean-going vessel|ocean-going vessels]]. Shipping containers conform to standard shipping sizes, which makes pre-fabricated modules easily transportable by [[Maritime transport|ship]], [[truck]], or [[Rail transport|rail]].

Shipping container construction is still less expensive than conventional construction, despite [[metal fabrication]] and [[welding]] being considered specialized labor (which usually increases construction costs). Unlike [[Framing (construction)|wood-frame construction]], attachments must be welded or drilled to the outer skin, which is more time-consuming, and requires different job site equipment.

As a result of their widespread use, new and used shipping containers are available globally. This availability makes building [[Tiny-house movement|tiny or container houses]] more affordable. Depending on the desired specifications and materials used, a container home will often cost less compared to a traditional house<ref>((Cite web|date=2021-04-03|title=5 Reasons why Shipping Container Homes are Popular in Other countries|url=https://neuvasa.com/why-container-homes-are-popular/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=Neuvasa: Fully Furnished Luxury Container Homes|language=en-US))</ref>

Shipping container construction requires fewer resources, meaning the quantity of traditional building materials needed (e.g. bricks and cement) are reduced.  When [[upcycling]] shipping containers, thousands of kilograms of steel are saved. For example, a ((Convert|12|m|ft)) long shipping container weighs over ((Convert|3,500|kg|lb)).

== Disadvantages ==
Containers used for human occupancy in an environment with extreme temperature variations will normally have to be better [[Thermal insulation|insulated]] than most brick, [[Concrete masonry unit|block]], or [[wood]] structures because steel [[Thermal conductivity|conducts heat]] very well. Humidity can also affect steel structures, so when moist interior air [[Condensation|condenses]] against the steel, it becomes [[Humidity|humid]] and forms [[rust]] if the steel is not sealed and insulated.

While in service, containers may be damaged by [[friction]], [[Collision|handling collisions]], and the force of heavy loads overhead during ship transits. Additionally, although the two ends of a container are extremely strong, the roof is not. In the case of a ((Convert|20|ft|m))-long container, the roof is built and tested only to withstand a ((Convert|300|kg|lb)) load, applied to an area of 61 cm by 30.5 cm (2 ft by 1 ft) in the weakest part of the roof.<ref>((cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |title=Shipping containers and Building Code Requiremrnts |url=http://www.residentialshippingcontainerprimer.com/ISO%20Shipping%20Containers%20and%20Building%20Code%20Requirements%20 |access-date=August 3, 2020 |website=www.residentialshippingcontainerprimer.com |quote=The roof load test is 660 lbs over an area of 2' x 1' applied to the weakest part of the roof. The load is usually applied at the center of the containers positioned with the 2' dimension aligned longitudinally.  Thus the roof is able to support an imposed load of a minimum of 330 lbs/sq. ft. The design is easily capable of supporting the basic snow loads of 30 lbs per sq. ft. evenly distributed.))</ref> Companies inspect containers, and condemn them if they present cracked welds, twisted frames, or pin holes, among other faults.

Shipping containers possess the capacity to be organized into modular arrangements, thereby creating expansive structures. Nevertheless, deviating from the established standard dimensions, typically ((Convert|20|ft|m)) or ((Convert|40|ft|m)) in length, can engender inefficiencies in terms of both temporal and financial resources. Containers surpassing the ((Convert|40|ft|m)) length threshold may encounter challenges during navigation within residential vicinities. 

The transportation and construction of shipping container structures can be expensive due to size and weight, and often require the use of [[Crane (machine)|cranes]] or [[Forklift|forklifts]]. This is in contrast to more traditional construction materials like brick or [[lumber]], which can be handled manually and used for construction even at elevated heights.

Obtaining [[Planning permission|building permits]] for shipping container homes can be troublesome in regions where municipalities are not familiar with shipping container architecture, because the use of steel for construction is usually for industrial rather than residential structures. In the [[United States]], some shipping container homes have been built outside of various city zoning areas, where no building permits are required.

=== Chemicals ===
To meet [[Australian Government|Australian government]] shipping quarantine requirements, most container floors are [[Wood preservation|treated]] with [[insecticide]]s containing [[copper]] (23–25%), [[chromium]] (38–45%) and [[arsenic]] (30–37%) when manufactured. Chromium and arsenic are known [[Carcinogen|carcinogens]]. If shipping containers are repurposed for human habitation, these floors should be safely removed, disposed, and replaced. Because shipping containers can carry a wide variety of industrial cargo, spillages or [[contamination]] may also occur inside the container, and will have to be cleaned before habitation. Before human habitation, ideally all internal surfaces should be [[abrasive blasting|abrasive blasted]] to bare metal, and re-painted with a non-toxic paint system. [[Solvent|Solvents]] released from paint, and [[Sealant|sealants]] used in manufacture, might also be harmful to human health.

==Examples==
[[File:Container Wall.jpg|thumb|right|Shipping containers stacked to form a semi-permanent wall at an iron ore mine in Western Australia]]

The use, size, location and appearance of structures based on shipping containers vary widely.

When [[Futures studies|futurist]] [[Stewart Brand]] needed a place to assemble the material he would use to write ''[[How Buildings Learn]]'', he converted a shipping container into an office space in the early 1990s. The conversion process is described in ''How Buildings Learn'' itself.

[[File:Container City massing model.svg|thumb|left|300px|Illustration of the structure of Container City showing how the containers are stacked.]]
In 2000, the firm Urban Space Management completed a project called ''[[Container City|Container City I]]'' in the [[Trinity Buoy Wharf]] area of [[London]]. The firm has gone on to complete additional container-based building projects, with more underway. In 2006, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] company Tempohousing finished, in [[Amsterdam]], the biggest container village in the world: 1,000 student homes from modified shipping containers from China.<ref>((cite news|author=Cookson|first=Robert|date=January 21, 2009|title=Hotel changes the landscape of building|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b9aad44a-e7f1-11dd-b2a5-0000779fd2ac|access-date=May 5, 2021))</ref>

In 2002, standard ISO shipping containers began to be modified for use as stand-alone [[Onsite sewage facility|on-site wastewater treatment]] plants. This use of containers creates a cost-effective, modular, and customizable solution to on-site wastewater treatment, eliminating the need for construction of a separate building to house the treatment system.<ref>((Cite web |title=US Patent for System and method of manufacturing transportable buildings Patent (Patent # 10,633,877 issued April 28, 2020) - Justia Patents Search |url=https://patents.justia.com/patent/10633877 |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=patents.justia.com))</ref>

In 2006, Southern California Architect [[Peter DeMaria]] designed the first two-story shipping container home in the U.S., as an approved structural system under the strict guidelines of the nationally recognized [[Uniform Building Code]] (UBC). Named the Redondo Beach House, it inspired the creation of [[Logical Homes]], a cargo container–based pre-fabricated home company. In 2007, Logical Homes created its flagship project, the Aegean, for the Computer Electronics Show in [[Las Vegas]], Nevada.

In 2006, Village Underground constructed a series of [[Not-for-profit arts organization|not-for-profit]] artists' workspaces in [[Shoreditch]], London. Developing the concept further, Auro Foxcroft constructed recycled shipping container architecture that incorporated retired [[London Underground]] carriages.

In 2007, entrepreneur Brian McCarthy developed prototypes of shipping container housing for [[maquiladora]] workers in Mexico.<ref>((Cite web |date=September 24, 2008 |title=Shipping containers could be 'dream' homes for thousands |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/09/24/container.homes.ap/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212021037/http://edition.cnn.com:80/2008/LIVING/wayoflife/09/24/container.homes.ap/index.html |archive-date=December 12, 2008 |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=[[CNN]]))</ref>

=== Application in the Live Event & Entertainment Industry ===
In 2010, German architect and production designer Stefan Beese used six ((Convert|12|m|ft))-long shipping containers to create a large viewing deck and VIP lounge area for the [[Voodoo Music + Arts Experience|Voodoo Music Experience]], [[New Orleans]], as a substitute for typical grand stand [[scaffolding]]. The containers double as storage space for other festival components throughout the year. The two top containers are [[Cantilever|cantilevered]] ((Convert|2.7|m|ft)) on each side, creating two balconies that are prime viewing locations. Each container was perforated with cutouts spelling the word "VOODOO".
[[File:Stefan Beese's Eco Shipping Container Lounge by Melissa Carrier.jpg|thumb|right|Grand Stand and VIP Lounge made from Shipping Containers for the 2009 and 2010 Voodoo Music Experiences, City Park, New Orleans.]]

In the United Kingdom, walls of containers filled with sand have been used as large [[sandbag]]s to protect against flying debris from exploding ceramic insulators in [[Electrical substation|electricity substations]].

In October 2013, [[Google barges|two barges]] owned by [[Google]] with superstructures made out of shipping containers received media attention amid speculation about their purpose.<ref name="cnet1">((cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57608585-93/is-google-building-a-hulking-floating-data-center-in-sf-bay/ |title=Is Google building a hulking floating data center in SF Bay? |author=Daniel Terdiman |date=October 25, 2013 |website=[[CNET]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131030061400/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57608585-93/is-google-building-a-hulking-floating-data-center-in-sf-bay/ |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

=== Markets ===
[[File:E7920-Dordoy-Bazaar-electronics.JPG|thumb|Brisk trade in Bishkek's [[Dordoy Bazaar]].]]

[[File:Container Shop in Joe Slovo Park.JPG|thumb|Shipping container store in [[Joe Slovo Park]], [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]].]]
Empty shipping containers are commonly used as [[Market stall|market stalls]] and [[Warehouse|warehouses]] in the countries of the [[Post-Soviet states|former USSR]]. 

The biggest [[shopping mall]] or organized market in Europe is made up of [[Alley|alleys]] formed by stacked containers, on ((convert|69|ha|acre)) of land, between the airport and the central part of [[Odesa]], [[Ukraine]]. Informally named "[[Tolchok]]", and officially known as the [[Seventh-Kilometer Market]], it has 16,000 [[Vendor|vendors]] and employs 1,200 [[Security guard|security guards]] and maintenance workers.

In [[Central Asia]], the [[Dordoy Bazaar]] in [[Bishkek]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] is almost entirely composed of double-stacked containers. It is popular with travelers coming from [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Russia]] for the cheap prices and plethora of [[Counterfeit consumer goods|knock off]] designers.

In 2011, the [[City Mall, Christchurch|Cashel Mall]] in [[Christchurch]], [[New Zealand]] reopened in a series of shipping containers, months after it had been destroyed in the [[2011 Christchurch earthquake|earthquake]] that devastated the city's central business district.<ref>((cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10762489 |title=Container mall open for business |date=October 29, 2011 |newspaper=[[New Zealand Herald]] |author=Matthew Backhouse))</ref> [[Starbucks|Starbucks Coffee]] has also built a store using shipping containers.<ref>((cite web | url=http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/solving-cities/starbucks-opens-store-made-from-recycled-shipping-containers/ | title=Starbucks opens store made from recycled shipping containers | publisher=SmartPlanet | date=17 January 2012 | access-date=19 May 2014 | author=Falk, Tyler))</ref> A [[Pop-up retail|pop-up shopping mall]] called [[Boxpark]] was also created in [[Shoreditch]], London, in 2011, followed by other locations in the [[Greater London]] area.<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-38742250 |title=Boxing clever: The firms based in shipping containers |first= Simon |last=Fry|date=26 January 2017 |publisher=BBC ))</ref> A pop-up shopping mall, Common Ground, was created in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] in 2016.<ref>((cite web |url=https://inhabitat.com/worlds-largest-shipping-container-shopping-mall-pops-up-in-seoul/ |title=World's largest shipping container shopping mall pops up in Seoul |date=8 November 2016 |first=Lucy |last=Wong|work=inhabitat))</ref>

=== Other Uses ===
[[File:IBMPortableModularDataCenter.jpg|thumb|right|A ((Convert|40|ft|m)) [[Portable Modular Data Center]].]]
[[File:The Container.jpg|thumb|Shipping container as a roundabout artwork]]

Shipping containers have also been used as:
* [[Affordable housing]]<ref>((cite news|author=Constantineau|first=Bruce|date=July 31, 2013|title=Vancouver social housing built from shipping containers|newspaper=[[Vancouver Sun]]|url=https://vancouversun.com/News/Metro/vancouver-social-housing-built-from-shipping-containers|access-date=May 5, 2021))</ref>
* [[Press box|Press boxes]]
* [[Emergency shelter|Emergency hurricane shelters]] for [[Thoroughbred|thoroughbred horses]]
* [[Concession stand|Concession stands]]
* [[Firefighting|Fire]] training facility<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.firerescuemagazine.com/articles/print/volume-8/issue-9/training-0/building-a-fire-training-facility.html|title=Building a Fire Training Facility|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-20))</ref>
* [[Military training]] facility
* [[Emergency shelter]]s
* School buildings<ref>((Cite web|url=http://inhabitat.com/costa-mesa-waldorf-school-is-made-from-32-recycled-shipping-containers/|title=Costa Mesa Waldorf School is Made From 32 Recycled Shipping Containers|last=|first=|date=30 September 2014|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-20))</ref>
* [[Apartment]] and [[office]] buildings
* Artists' [[Studio|studios]]
* [[Retail|Stores]]<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-new-use-for-shipping-containers-stores-1414965266|title=A New Use for Shipping Containers: Stores|last=Garone|first=Elizabeth|date=2014-11-03|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2016-12-20))</ref>
* Moveable exhibition spaces on [[Railway track|rails]]
* [[Telecommunications company|Telco]] hubs
* [[Bank vault]]s
* [[Shipping container clinic|Medical clinics]]
* [[Radar]] stations
* [[Shopping mall]]s<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/this-mall-in-seoul-is-made-of-recycled-shipping-containers-2016-7|title=This shopping mall in Seoul is made entirely of shipping containers|newspaper=Business Insider|access-date=2016-12-20))</ref>
* Sleeping rooms
* [[Recording studio|Recording studios]]
* [[Abstract art]]
* Transportable [[factory|factories]]
* [[Modular data center]]s (e.g. [[Sun Modular Datacenter]], [[Portable Modular Data Center]])
* Experimental labs
* [[Combatant]] temporary containment (ventilated)<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/05/19/184846121/escape-from-an-eritrean-prison|title=Escape From An Eritrean Prison|newspaper=NPR.org|access-date=2016-12-20))</ref>
* [[Bathroom|Bathrooms]]
* [[Shower|Showers]]
* Starbucks stores (e.g. 6350 N. Broadway, Chicago, IL 60660 USA)<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.starbucks.com/store-locator/store/1006011/broadway-devon-6350-north-broadway-chicago-il-60660-us|title=Broadway & Devon: Starbucks Coffee Company|website=www.starbucks.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-30))</ref>
* [[Workshop|Workshops]]
* Intermodal sealed storage on ships, trucks, and trains
* House foundations on unstable [[Seismic zone|seismic zones]]
* [[Elevator]]/stairwell shafts
* [[Roadblock|Block roads]] and keep [[Protest|protesters]] away, as photo journalized during the [[Pakistan Long March]]
* [[Hotel|Hotels]]<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/shipping-container-hotel/|title=Shipping Container Hotel|website=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=2016-12-20))</ref>
* [[Construction trailer]]s
* [[Mining|Mine]] site accommodations
* Exploration camp
* Aviation maintenance facilities for the [[United States Marine Corps]] when loaded onto the [[SS Wright (T-AVB-3)]] or the [[SS Curtiss (T-AVB-4)]]
* [[Recreational vehicle|RV campers]]
* [[Food truck|Food trucks]]
* [[Hydroponics]] farms
* Battery storage units
* [[Drunk tank|Temporary prisons]]<ref>((cite news |last=Aaltonen |first=Riikka |date=2017-07-14 |title=Tältä näyttää Suomen ensimmäinen siirrettävä moduulivankila – Oulun poliisilaitoksen väistötilat saivat käyttöönottoluvan torstaina|url=https://www.kaleva.fi/uutiset/oulu/talta-nayttaa-suomen-ensimmainen-siirrettava-moduulivankila-oulun-poliisilaitoksen-vaistotilat-saivat-kayttoonottoluvan-torstaina/765347/ |work=Kaleva |location=Oulu, Finland |language=fi |access-date=2018-09-27 ))</ref>
* [[Intensive care medicine|Intensive-care]] units in temporary hospitals during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/mar/27/architect-in-italy-turns-shipping-containers-into-hospitals-for-treating-covid-19 |title=Architect in Italy turns shipping containers into hospitals for treating Covid-19 |first=Oliver|last= Wainwright|date=27 March 2020|work=The Guardian ))</ref>

==Alternative Housing & Architecture==
[[File:Students_Live_in_Floating_Shipping_Containers.webm|thumb|right|250px|thumbtime=00:04|News report from [[Voice of America]] about shipping container housing for students in [[Copenhagen]].]]
[[File:ShippingContainerCottage.jpg|thumb|Shipping container cottage.]]
[[File:Container_housing.jpeg|thumbnail|right|53-foot [[Refrigerated container|reefer container]] home]]
[[File:20 foot reefer container home.webp|thumb|20 foot [[Refrigerated container|reefer container]] home]]

The abundance and relative cheapness of these containers during the last decade comes from the deficit in manufactured goods coming from [[North America]] in the last two decades. These manufactured goods come to North America from Asia and, to a lesser extent, Europe, in containers that often have to be shipped back empty, or "deadhead", at considerable expense. It is often cheaper to buy new containers in Asia than to ship old ones back. Therefore, new applications are sought for the used containers that have reached their North American destination.

Containers have been utilized by architects and individuals to build diverse structures, including [[Home|homes]], [[Office|offices]], [[Apartment|apartments]], [[School|schools]], [[Dormitory|dormitories]], artists [[Studio|studios]], and [[Emergency shelter|emergency shelters]]. Additionally, containers have found use as [[Swimming pool|swimming pools]] and temporary secure spaces on construction sites and other venues.

CONEX containers were developed by [[Malcom McLean]] to standardize the intermodal shipping unit. CONEX containers may or may not meet the requirements of local building codes. As they are not field erected, a registered engineer or architect must verify that the containers comply with the structural requirements of the building code. The 2021 ICC<ref>((Cite web |title=2019 ICC G5 GUIDELINE FOR THE SAFE USE OF ISO CONTAINERS ((!)) ICC DIGITAL CODES |url=https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/ICCG52019/appendix-3-new-provisions-for-shipping-containers-in-the-2021-ibc-to-be-published-in-2020- |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=codes.iccsafe.org))</ref> code was amended to address CONEX containers.  

Phillip C. Clark filed for a United States [[patent]] on November 23, 1987, described as "Method for converting one or more steel shipping containers into a habitable building at a building site and the product thereof".  This patent was granted August 8, 1989 as patent 4854094. The patent documentation shows what are possibly the earliest recorded plans for constructing shipping container housing and shelters by laying out some very basic architectural concepts. Regardless, the patent may not have represented novel invention at its time of filing. Paul Sawyers previously described extensive shipping container buildings used on the set of the 1985 film [[Space Rage|Space Rage Breakout on Prison Planet]].

Other examples of earlier container architecture concepts include a 1977 report entitled "Shipping Containers as Structural Systems",<ref>((Cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA042179 |title=Shipping Containers as Structural Systems. |language=en))</ref> investigating the feasibility of using ((Convert|20|ft|m)) shipping containers as structural elements by the [[United States Armed Forces|US military]].

During the [[Gulf War|1991 Gulf War]], containers saw considerable nonstandard uses, not only as makeshift shelters, but also for housing of US soldiers. The shipping containers were equipped with air conditioning units and provided shelter as well as protection from artillery shelling.   

It has been rumored that some shipping containers were used for transportation of Iraqi [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]], with holes cut in the containers to allow for ventilation. Containers continue to be used for military shelters, often additionally fortified by adding sandbags to the side walls, to protect against weapons such as [[Rocket-propelled grenade|rocket-propelled grenades]] ("RPGs").

== Media ==
Shipping container architecture has inspired the [[reality television]] series Containables ([[DIY Network|DIY]]) and Container Homes ([[HGTV]]), in addition to being featured in episodes of [[Grand Designs]] ([[Channel 4]]) and [[Amazing Interiors]] ([[Netflix]]).

== See also ==
((portal|Housing))
((div col|colwidth=20em))
* [[Affordable housing]]
* [[Alternative housing]]
* [[Containerized housing unit]]
* [[Tiny house movement]]
* [[Shipping container clinic]]
* [[Containerization]]
* [[Modular building]]
* [[Prefabricated building]]
* [[Upcycling]]
* [[Off-the-grid]]
 ((div col end))

==References==
((Reflist))

== Further reading ==
; Books
*Kotnik, Jure (2008). Container Architecture. p.&nbsp;240. ((ISBN|978-8496969223))
*Sawyers, Paul (2005, 2008). Intermodal Shipping Container Small Steel Buildings. p 116. ((ISBN|978-1438240329))
*Bergmann, Buchmeier, Slawik, Tinney (2010). Container Atlas: A Practical Guide to Container Architecture. p.&nbsp;256. ((ISBN|978-3899552867))
*Minguet, Josep Maria (2013). Sustainable Architecture: Containers2.  p.&nbsp;111. ((ISBN|978-8415829317))
*Kramer, Sibylle (2014). The Box Architectural Solutions with Containers. p.&nbsp;182. ((ISBN|978-3037681732))
*Broto, Carles (2015). Radical Container Architecture. p.&nbsp;240. ((ISBN|978-8490540558))

; Journals
* ((cite book | last=Broeze | first=Frank | title=The Globalisation of the Oceans | publisher=Liverpool University Press | date=2000-12-01 | isbn=978-0-9730073-3-6 | doi=10.5949/liverpool/9780973007336.001.0001))
* Helsel, Sand 'Future Shack: Sean Godsell's prototype emergency housing redeploys the ubiquitous shipping container' Architecture Australia, September–October 2001 
* Myers, Steven Lee 'From Soviet-Era Flea Market to a Giant Makeshift Mall', The New York Times, May 19, 2006

((Commons category|Container architecture))((Intermodal containers))

((DEFAULTSORT:Shipping Container Architecture))
[[Category:Architectural styles]]
[[Category:Building engineering]]
[[Category:Intermodal containers]]
[[Category:Prefabricated buildings]]

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