Some employers offer a employee benefit which constitutes a guarantee from them that employees may work on their personal projects during some part (usually a percentage) of their time at work.[1][2] Side project time is limited by two stipulations: what the employee works on is the intellectual property of their employer, and if requested, an explanation must be able to be given as to how the project benefits the company in some way, even tangentially.[3][4]
Google is credited for popularizing the 20% concept.[5] It led to the development of products such as Gmail and AdSense.[6][7] Though the program's continuity has been questioned[8] Google states it remains an active program.[9]
Other major companies that have at one time or another offered some or all of their employees the benefit include the BBC (10%),[10] Apple (a few contiguous weeks yearly),[2] and Atlassian (20%).[5] Some, such as LinkedIn, have trialed more restrictive versions of such initiatives in which employees must first pitch their project and have it approved by their manager to work on it during company time.[5]
Side project time has been criticized by some academics, such as Queens College sociology professor Abraham Walker, as "exploitative" due to how it grants employers the intellectual property rights over the personal business ideas of their employees that the employer would have never requested to be worked on otherwise.[11]
The 15% project was an initiative established by corporation 3M. At the time of this program's implementation, the United States' work force was composed of highly inflexible employment opportunities in rigid business structures.[12][13] After WWII ended, 3M developed an ethos: Innovate or die, which provided enterprise for the company and inspired the launch of this program.[citation needed] This original project has had some widely successful outcomes, as it was during this side project time that Arthur Fry invented the Post-It Note.[12]
Since before its IPO in 2004[14] the founders of Google have encouraged the 20% project system. Within Google, this initiative became known as the "20% Project."[5] Employees were encouraged to spend up to twenty-percent of their paid work time pursuing personal projects. The objective of the program was to inspire innovation in participating employees and ultimately increase company potential. Google's 20% Project was influenced by a comparable program, launched in 1948, by manufacturing multinational 3M which guaranteed employees "15% time"—to dedicate up to 15 percent of their paid hours to a personal interest;[15][13] For Google's part, Gmail and AdSense both arose out of side projects.[6][7]
As recognition of the clear benefits of retaining such a scheme grew, schools have replicated this system for their students in the classroom environment. The production of such creatively stimulated, ungraded work allows for peers to experiment with ideas without fear of assessment and increases their involvement in their general studies.[16] Some Google employees state that the company has discontinued 20 percent time entirely, or had it reworked from its original concept.[8][17] However, the company states that 20 percent time still exists.[9]
The 20% Project is responsible for the development of many Google services. Founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page advised that workers "spend 20% of their time working on what they think will most benefit Google".[18] Google's email service 'Gmail' was created by the developer Paul Buchheit on his 20% time. In his project "Caribou", Buchheit used his knowledge from university software experience to create the service. The freedom to use his time in such a way allowed him to ultimately develop a fundamental Google service.[vague] Buchheit's colleague, Susan Wojcicki, utilised her time to create their product AdSense.[19] Finally, developer Krishna Bharat created Google News as an individual pursuit and hobby.[citation needed]
Australian enterprise company Atlassian has been using the 20% project since 2008.[20] Co-founder Mike Cannon-Brookes stated that "innovation slows as the company grows".[21] And as such the scheme was introduced to re-inspire innovation. The induction of the system was a six-month trial, granting $1 million to engineers and allowing them to work on private projects based on personal interests.[22] Part of this 20% time is their annual "Ship It'"day, where employees are challenged with a task to create any product and then ship this item within 24 hours.[23] Workers created products which ranged from refined beer to 'Jira' software updates.
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Main article: Google AdSense |
The 20% Project aided in the development of AdSense, a program where publishers can produce media advertisements for a targeted audience. This service allows website publishers to generate revenue on a per-click basis. This service was publicly released on June 18, 2003. This service was envisioned by Gmail's founder Paul Buchheit, who wanted appropriate ads to run throughout the Gmail service, but the project was pursued by Susan Wojcicki, who curated a team of developers who created the platform in their dedicated 20% time.[citation needed] After two years of its inception, the service was generating 15 percent of the company's revenue.[citation needed] The service can now offer ads in the form of simple text, flash video or rich media.
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Main article: Google News |
The news aggregator Google News is another result of the 20% Project. Google News was released in 2006, though the beta was introduced in September 2002. The creator of this service was Krishna Bharat, who developed this software in his dedicated project time. The service sources from 20,000 different publishers, providing articles in 28 languages. Now, the service has many new features, including Google News Alerts, which emails "alerts" on chosen keyword topics.[citation needed]
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Main article: Dremel (software) |
Dremel was conceived at Google in 2006 as a "20 percent" project by Andrey Gubarev.[24]
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Main article: Atlassian |
In 2008, Atlassian announced its "20% Time Experiment", a six-month trial that was later extended to a full year.[25][26] After six months of the project initiating, the company saw major improvements to Jira, Bamboo and Confluence. The Bamboo team introduced Stash 1.0 in May throughout the dedicated project time.[21] Throughout two designated 'Innovation Week' workshops, the company shipped 12 features. At the end of the experiment, surveyed developers expressed that the biggest problem they faced was scheduling time for 20% work on top of the pressure to deliver new features and fix bugs. As a result, based on the number of developers who actually participated, the time allocated was closer to "1.1% Time."[26]
A related initiative is Atlassian's quarterly 24-hour "ShipIt" hackathon, which allows employees to pursue any project. In the past, employees have used this time to refine Jira Service Desk[27] and improve the Jira software for loading screens.[citation needed]
The 20% Project is designed to let employees experiment without the pressure of company decline or the threat of unemployment. For companies that thrive from the conception of services and products, innovative and entrepreneurial thought is vital to success.[15]
However, for an operating business, productivity can be negatively affected by the 20% Project. The loss of time previously spent on major company-aligned projects can negatively affect a company's overall performance.[28]
The allocation of this project time is not consistent. Former Google employee and Yahoo! CEO Marissa Mayer once stated "I've got to tell you the dirty little secret of Google's 20% time. It's really 120% time."[18]
Chris Mims mentioned that the 20% Project was "as good as dead".[6] This is a concern as it suggests that this project is destructive over long-term periods. In Google executive Laszlo Bock's book, Work Rules!, he mentions that the concept has "waxed and waned." He states that workers in fact dedicate 10% of their time on personal projects, increasing focus time after the idea begins to "demonstrate impact." He mentions that "the idea of 20 per cent time is more important than the reality of it." Workers should always be driven towards individual innovation, yet it should operate "somewhat outside the lines of formal management."[citation needed]
Atlassian Co-Founder Mike Cannon-Brookes implemented the 20% Project as a test to see if it produced any notable improvements or detriments to the company's output. They funded a six-month trial with one million Australian dollars. During this process, workers tackled inherent structural difficulties within the scheme. An employee mentioned that it was difficult to balance this 20% time "amongst all the pressures to deliver new features and bug fixes.";[22] the program introduced more deadlines for their employees. As a result, the company found that this 20% Project in fact became 1.1% of their working time.[22] Another issue faced was the difficulty in the organisation and team-work involved in the projects. As employees would organise groups to create new software, they would struggle to work with employees who had other commitments and alternate time schedules.[29] The company blogs have included fewer references to the 20% Project over the last decade with references that this scheme loses effect in long-term practices.[18] The company's 'Ship It' day still highlights the prosperity of time dedicated to employee-based innovation.[23]