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((Short description|Using a small aircraft to fly in patterns that create writing readable from the ground))
((More citations needed|date=September 2022))
[[File:Skywriting over Airventure.jpg|thumb|Skywriting over [[Oshkosh, Wisconsin]] during [[Experimental Aircraft Association|EAA]]'s [[EAA AirVenture Oshkosh|Airventure]] in 2008.]]
'''Skywriting ''' is the process of using one or more small [[aircraft]], able to expel special [[smoke]] during flight, to fly in certain patterns that create [[writing]] readable from the ground. These messages can be [[Aerial advertising|advertisements]], general messages of celebration or goodwill, personal messages such as a [[marriage proposal]]s and birthday wishes, or acts of protest.

==Description==
The typical smoke generator consists of a pressurized container of [[viscous]] oil, such as Chevron/Texaco "Canopus 13" (formerly "Corvus Oil"). The oil is injected into the hot [[exhaust manifold]], vaporizing it into a huge volume of dense white smoke.

Relatively few pilots have the skills to skywrite legibly. Also, [[wake turbulence]] and [[wind]] disperse and shear the smoke, causing the writing to blur and twist, usually within a few minutes. For these reasons, computer-controlled "skytyping" has been developed where multiple small aircraft, flying in line abreast formation, write in [[Dot matrix printing|dot-matrix]] fashion, creating messages that can be much longer, and legible for longer periods, than those of traditional skywriting.((cn|date=July 2024))

==History==
The beginnings of skywriting are disputed. In a 1926 letter to ''The New York Times'', Albert T. Reid<!--No Wikilink because I cannot tell whether or not this is the cartoonist---> wrote:

:A newspaper paragraph says skywriting was perfected in England in 1919 and used in the United States the next year. But [[Art Smith (pilot)|Art Smith]], who succeeded [[Lincoln Beachey|Beachey]] in flying exhibitions at the [[Panama–Pacific International Exposition]] in San Francisco in 1915, after the latter had been killed, did skywriting, always ending his breathtaking stunts by writing "Good night." This was not a trial exhibition, but a part of every flight, and was always witnessed by thousands.<ref>"Skywriting in 1915," ''The New York Times,'' October 9th, 1926, p. 16</ref>[[File:Royal Aircraft Factory SE5a ‘G-EBIB’ (19066222815).jpg|thumb|right|''G-EBIB'', one of the S.E.5 former fighter aircraft used for skywriting by Major Jack Savage's company between 1922 and 1934.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/collections/74-A-23-SE5A-F938.pdf|title=INDIVIDUAL HISTORY ROYAL AIRCRAFT FACTORY SE5A F938/G-EBIC/9208M MUSEUM ACCESSION NUMBER 74/A/23|last=Simpson|first=Andrew|date=2014|website=RAF Museum))</ref>]]

Major Jack Savage, former British [[Royal Air Force]] pilot and a writer for ''[[Flight International|Flight]]'' magazine, had a successful skywriting fleet of [[Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5]] aircraft in England. He flew throughout the 1920s and 1930s, bringing the practice to America as well.<ref>((cite journal|journal=Air Trails|date=Winter 1971|page=48))</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1945/1945%20-%201929.html obituary ''Flight'' 1945]</ref> The first recorded use of skywriting for advertising purposes  was over the [[Derby (horse race)|Derby]] at [[Epsom Downs Racecourse]] in the [[United Kingdom]] in May 1922, when Royal Air Force Captain Cyril Turner wrote "''[[Daily Mail]]''" above the track.<ref>((cite web|title=S. Sidney Pike Skywriting Corporation of America Collection 1920s-1940s|url=http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=siris_arc_310262|agency=National Air and Space Museum|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|accessdate=2015-08-29|archive-date=2015-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920205555/http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=siris_arc_310262|url-status=dead))</ref> In the [[United States]], the first use of skywriting in advertising followed on  November 28, 1922, over [[Times Square]] in [[New York City]] during a visit of Savage and Cyril Turner.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/big-questions/how-big-are-skywriting-letters/2006/11/30/1164777710309.html|title=How big are skywriting letters?|publisher=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|author=Harriet Veitch|date=2006-12-02|accessdate=2008-09-17))</ref>  Turner, a Royal Air Force pilot, spelled out "Hello USA", followed by "Call Vanderbilt 7200" (the telephone number for the [[4 Park Avenue|Vanderbilt Hotel]], which received 47,000 phone calls in the next three hours. <ref> ((cite web|url=http://www.awb.com/dailydose/?p=695|title=November 28, 1922: First Skywriting Ad over New York's Times Square|accessdate=2015-08-29))</ref><ref>((cite journal|journal=New York Times|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/11/30/107085963.pdf|title=Repeat his "Sky Writing"|date=2015-11-22|accessdate=2015-08-30))</ref>

Commercial skywriting in the United States developed in 1932 by Sid Pike, president of the Skywriting Corporation of America. One of their first major clients was [[Pepsi|Pepsi-Cola]], which used skywriting to reach a mass market. Pepsi contracted a tremendous number of flights, including 2,225 in 1940.<ref>((cite web|title=S. Sidney Pike Skywriting Corporation of America Collection 1920s-1940s|url=http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=siris_arc_310262|agency=National Air and Space Museum|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|accessdate=17 April 2014|archive-date=20 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920205555/http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?object=siris_arc_310262|url-status=dead))</ref>

Artists have also used skywriting as a visual medium. Skywriter Wayne Mansfield created aerial messages for John Lennon and Yoko Ono, and appeared as a sky artist over the Biennale in [[Venice, Italy]]. Artist [[Vik Muniz]] used skywriting for his "Pictures of Clouds" project.

== Skytyping <span class="anchor" id="Skytyping"></span> ==
[[File:Bling-Bling Skywriting David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|[[Dot matrix]] skywriting]]
In 1946 the Skywriting Corporation purchased a fleet of surplus [[World War II]] planes and developed "[[dot matrix]] skywriting", subsequently known as ''skytyping''. The process uses five planes, flying in line abreast formation, releasing puffs of smoke under computer control, similar to characters produced by [[Dot matrix printing|dot-matrix printers]]. These messages, written at ((convert|10,000|ft|m)), can be up to ((convert|1250|ft|m)) tall and over ((convert|5|mi|km)) long. Traditional skywriting messages are limited to ((convert|3,000|ft|m)) and take much longer to write (1–2 minutes/character, vs. 2–5 seconds/character with skytyping), limiting messages to no more than a few words before the smoke disperses. ((Citation needed|date=September 2022))

== Banner towing ==
[[File:Marriage proposal banner.jpg|alt=banner-towing-marriage-proposal|thumb|Aircraft towing a banner with a marriage proposal]]
Another form of skywriting is using an aircraft to tow a banner, a medium that has been popular in the United States for decades. It is usually practiced in coastal areas, where aircraft can fly at low levels past crowded beaches. [[Banner towing]] is a popular way to make a romantic marriage proposal.((Citation needed|date=September 2022))

==See also==
*[[Aerial advertising]]
*[[Out-of-home advertising]]
*[[Pi in the Sky]]
*[[Skytypers Air Show Team]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Commons category|Skywriting))
*[https://archive.org/details/SkyBillb1935 Skywriting video.] (Internet Archive)
*[https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/skywriting.html How Do Skywriting and Skytyping Work?] (U.S. Library of Congress)

((Writing))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Occupations in aviation]]
[[Category:Advertising by medium]]
[[Category:Writing implements]]
[[Category:Aviation mass media]]
[[Category:Writing media]]
[[Category:Aviation by mission]]
[[Category:Ephemera]]

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