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((Short description|Attempts by the Democrats to retake the South Carolina legislature by intimidating black voters))
((refimprove|date=December 2007))
((Campaignbox Reconstruction Era))

The '''South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876''' were a series of [[race riot]]s and civil unrest related to the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]'s political campaign to take back control from [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] of the [[South Carolina General Assembly|state legislature]] and [[South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1876|governor's office]] through their paramilitary [[Red Shirts (United States)|Red Shirts]] division. Part of their plan was to disrupt Republican political activity and suppress [[Black suffrage in the United States|black voting]], particularly in counties where populations of whites and blacks were close to equal. Former [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] general [[Martin W. Gary]]'s "Plan of the Campaign of 1876" gives the details of planned actions to accomplish this.<ref name="foley2">[http://www.screconstruction.org/Reconstruction/Citations_files/GaryCampaign.pdf Ehlen K. Foley, "Sites of Violence: Cainhoy Riot," Citations: "Plan of the Campaign of 1876"] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105180816/http://www.screconstruction.org/Reconstruction/Citations_files/GaryCampaign.pdf |date=2014-11-05 )), Papers of Martin Witherspoon Gary, South Caroliniana Library, Columbia, South Carolina, accessed 26 October 2014</ref>

The following incidents took place mostly in [[List of counties in South Carolina|counties]] where blacks were in the majority, but not significantly. [[The Upstate]] counties had majorities of whites and racial disturbances were uncommon, whereas the [[South Carolina Low Country|Lowcountry]] counties had an overwhelming black population. White militias were not so active there. In the [[Midlands, South Carolina|Midlands]], Edgefield District and [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] area, Democrats exerted considerable effort to step up the Democratic vote and suppress black Republican voting by intimidation and violence, including outright murder and assassination of a black state representative.

In 1875 Charleston had a population that was 57% black, with a Charleston County population that was 73% black. Having had a tradition of a well-established class of free people of color in the city, African Americans organized to defend themselves during this volatile period.<ref name="meeks"/>

By suppressing the black majority in Edgefield County and election fraud (2,000 more votes were counted than the total number of registered voters in the county), the Democrats elected [[Wade Hampton III]] as the Democratic candidate by a narrow margin of slightly more than 1100 votes statewide. They also carried the state legislature.

==July==

===Hamburg massacre===
((Main|Hamburg massacre))
Located across the [[Savannah River]] from [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]], the small majority-black town of [[Hamburg, South Carolina|Hamburg]] in Aiken County was the site of a confrontation on Independence Day between white slaveholders and a unit of the Hamburg National Guard, made up of freedmen, who were parading. The slaveholders went to court to complain of being blocked on the street; their attorney demanded the militia give up their arms, which they refused to do. Trying to escape that night, two freedmen were killed by white paramilitary. The whites captured about two dozen blacks and formed a Dead Ring. They murdered four blacks outright that night on July 8 and wounded several more. [[Ben Tillman]] led one of the paramilitary groups and established renown for promoting [[white supremacy]].<ref name="NYTimes.com">[https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/05/21/reviews/000521.21dewlt.html Kantrowitz, Stephen. "Book Review of ''Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy''"], ''[[New York Times]],'' 21 May 2000, includes Chapter One online of the book.</ref> Word of the events at Hamburg traveled throughout the state. A Coroner's jury indicted 94 white men in the attack, including "[[Matthew Calbraith Butler|M. C. Butler]], [[Benjamin R. Tillman]], A. P. Butler<ref>This refers to Colonel A.P. Butler (1826-1902), seated as State Senator from Aiken County in 1877, not U.S. Senator [[Andrew Butler]]</ref> and others of the most prominent men in Aiken and Edgefield Counties, South Carolina, and Richmond County, Georgia"<ref name="toole">[http://genealogytrails.com/scar/aiken/aiken_hx2.htm Gasper Loren Toole II, ''Ninety Years of Aiken County Memoirs of Aiken County and Its People''], Chapter IV: The Red Shirts and Reconstruction", 1958, hosted at Genealogy Trails, accessed 27 October 2014</ref> but it appears they were never prosecuted.

==September==

===Charleston===
By September, Charleston seethed with political activity. Following two Democratic meetings earlier in the week in which blacks explained why they had left the Republican Party, on the night of September 6 in [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], a [[African American|black]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] club held a meeting at Archer's Hall on King Street. Two black speakers, including J.R. Jenkins, criticized the Republicans, including an insult to black women. After the meeting white Democrats escorted the last speaker from the meeting, and they were followed by Republicans who had heard the speech.<ref name="meeks"/> The whites fired a pistol above the heads of gathering black Republicans but that attracted more African Americans, and fighting started. US troops escorted the black Democrats to safety, but the whites and police were outnumbered and could not quell the mob. Blacks continued to roam, looting on King Street and nearby, as the outnumbered police (a mixed group racially) could not quell their activity. They were escorted safely to [[The Citadel (military college)|The Citadel]] grounds at Marion Square.<ref name="meeks">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27567894 Melinda Meeks Hennessy, "Racial Violence During Reconstruction: The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cainhoy"], ''South Carolina Historical Magazine,'' Vol. 86, No. 2, (April 1985), 104-106 ((subscription required|via JSTOR))</ref> Unusually, more whites than blacks were injured in this riot; the one white death was attributed to a mistaken shot by a white man.<ref name="meeks"/>

No Democratic rifle clubs intervened that evening after consultation with the police; they feared provoking a larger riot.<ref name="meeks"/> Their officers met the next day, making a plan to have rifle clubs available at short notice every night when political meetings were held. Tensions remained high in the city but their officers met the next day, and guns for sale in the city were quickly gone. Two nights later the Democrats met at Hibernian Hall without incident.<ref name="meeks"/> The inability of Governor Chamberlain and the local law authorities to preserve the peace convinced the people of the state of the failure of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] rule. Southerners portrayed the actions of freedmen as menacing, trying to win over public opinion in the North.<ref>Williams, p126</ref> Northerners found the continuing insurgency in the southern states to be disheartening. Historian Ehren K. Foley noted that the event "demonstrated the continued mobilization and strength of both the Republican party and the African American community in the low country of South Carolina. The event also demonstrated the willingness of both sides to deploy force for political ends."

===Ellenton Riot===
((main|Ellenton riot))
In September 1876 the Ellenton riot occurred. It started September 15 and lasted to the 21st. The initiation of the Ellenton riot began when a white posse attempted to serve warrants of arrest issued by an African-American Magistrate Prince Rivers[1] for two people suspected of breaking and entering. The events escalated until two white men and 39 African-American were killed. The most notable being Simon P. Coker who served as a member of the Legislature from Barnwell[2][3]

==October==

===Cainhoy===
In Charleston County, leaders of the political parties arranged some of what they called discussion meetings, as the Democrats were still seeking Republican audiences, and both parties would have speakers. Given the tensions and violent incidents, they agreed that attendees should not bring arms (rifles and shotguns) into the meetings.<ref name="meeks"/> A Republican Party meeting was scheduled at the [[White Church, Cainhoy|White Church]] in [[Cainhoy, South Carolina|Cainhoy]] on October 16, about 12 miles from Charleston.  Learning of this, Democrats from Charleston chartered the steamer ''Pocosin'' and about 150 white men went to Cainhoy for the meeting. The meeting had an audience of about 500, mostly black.<ref name="meeks"/>

In the South, men of both races regularly carried pistols, which were not counted as "arms."<ref name="meeks"/> The leaders had asked the men to leave those weapons behind, and many blacks had stashed their weapons in the swamp and an old house near the church. When some young whites found the rifles, they approached the meeting. One gun discharged accidentally and the crowd began to disperse; one of the whites shot an elderly black man, who was killed. Blacks raced to retrieve their arms and pursued the retreating Democrats, who had only pistols and were outnumbered.

The incident at Cainhoy resulted in the death of one black man and five to six whites, plus wounding of an estimated 16 to 50.<ref name="meeks"/><ref name="Reynolds, p380">Reynolds, p380</ref> It was the only one of these political incidents in 1876 in which more whites were killed than blacks. According to Reynolds, the black Republicans avoided being taken by surprise by the Democrats and succeeded in running them off.<ref name="Reynolds, p380"/> Most historians note that the Democrats were put off balance by the black resistance. With the threat of retaliatory attacks by the whites, Governor [[Daniel Henry Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] sent a [[Company (military unit)|company]] of [[Union Army|Federal troops]] to the town to prevent any more bloodshed.

===Edgefield===
On October 17, a group of six white men of the [[Red Shirts (South Carolina)|Red Shirts]] were leaving a Democratic meeting in [[Edgefield, South Carolina|Edgefield]] and were ambushed by two black brothers from a cotton patch about three miles outside the town. One of the white men was shot and killed, and the other departed to fetch the coroner and some reinforcements. Several other black men joined the brothers in the cotton field and fired their rifles, wounding the coroner in the leg. The Red Shirts threatened retaliation, but were restrained by General [[Martin Witherspoon Gary|Martin Gary]] and [[Wade Hampton III|Wade Hampton]] because the black men were on state property. A total of five black men were arrested for the assault.((citation needed|date=October 2014))

===Mt. Pleasant===
At [[Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina|Mt. Pleasant]] in [[Charleston County]] on the night of October 23, an armed mob of blacks occupied the town and threatened to kill all the inhabitants. The white citizens congregated in a single house and a mixed force of white and black Democrats were posted as sentries through the night. The black mob left in the morning and stated their intentions to return and terrorize the population.((citation needed|date=October 2014))

==November==

===Charleston===
In Charleston on the afternoon of November 8, [[Edmund William McGregor Mackey|Edmund W. M. Mackey]], a white Republican leader, read aloud the election results from [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] newspapers to a crowd of blacks at the corner of Meeting and Broad streets. As he walked down Broad street to the office of the ''[[The Post and Courier|News and Courier]],'' a drunk white man struck Mackey's face with his hat and in the ensuing scuffle, a gunshot went off. The blacks at the outskirts of the crowd yelled that Mackey had been killed and rushed to him. White men fired at them, and both groups dispersed after arrival of police.

A number of the black policeman joined the rebellion instead of restoring order.<ref name="NewberryHerald" /> A white man who asked for assistance from a black police officer was clubbed, and the black policeman fired their guns indiscriminately at any white person they saw. A call to action went out to all the rifle clubs and [[Red Shirts (South Carolina)|Red Shirts]] in Charleston; more than 500 paramilitary white men assembled by five o'clock. Two [[Company (military unit)|companies]] of [[Union army|federal troops]] approached the rifle clubs to get them to back down and reestablish order. The whites suffered one killed and twelve wounded,  while the blacks had one killed and ten wounded.<ref name="NewberryHerald">((cite news | location = Newbury S.C. | url = http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026909/1876-11-15/ed-1/seq-2.pdf | title = The Charleston Riot | date = 1876-11-16 | newspaper = The Newberry herald | page = 2 | access-date = 2015-02-06 ))</ref>

===Beaufort===
During election night of November 7 in [[Beaufort, South Carolina|Beaufort]] after the closing of the polls, a black Democrat was assaulted and beaten by black Republicans. The next day he went to report the beating to a trial justice. He sent Constable J. H. Shuman on November 14 to make arrests, but was killed when the black Republicans violently resisted arrest. Outraged [[Red Shirts (South Carolina)|red shirts]] across the [[South Carolina Low Country|Lowcountry]] gathered and restored order in the area while heeding calls from [[Wade Hampton III|Wade Hampton]] to limit bloodshed and show mercy.((citation needed|date=October 2014))

==See also==
*[[South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1876]]
*[[History of South Carolina]]

==Notes==
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
((Reflist))

==References==
*((cite book | first = Edmund L. | last = Drago | title = Hurrah for Hampton!: Black Red Shirts in South Carolina during Reconstruction | year = 1998 | publisher = University of Arkansas Press | isbn = 1-55728-541-1 ))
*((cite book | first = Walter | last = Edgar | title = South Carolina A History | year = 1998 | publisher = University of South Carolina Press | isbn = 1-57003-255-6 ))
*((cite book | first = John S. | last = Reynolds | title = Reconstruction in South Carolina | url = https://archive.org/details/reconstructioni01reyngoog | year = 1969 | publisher = Negro University Press | isbn = 0-8371-1638-4 ))
*((cite book | first = Alfred B. | last = Williams | title = Hampton and his Red Shirts; South Carolina's Deliverance in 1876 | year = 1935 | publisher = Walker, Evans & Cogswell Company ))
*((cite book | first = Stephen | last = Budiansky | title = The Bloody Shirt: Terror After the Civil War | url = https://archive.org/details/bloodyshirtterro0000budi | url-access = registration | year = 2008 | publisher = Penguin Group (USA) Inc. | isbn = 978-0-670-01840-6 ))

Congressional Serial Set U.S. Government Printing Office, 1877


[[Category:History of the Southern United States]]
[[Category:1876 in South Carolina]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder during the Reconstruction Era]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in South Carolina]]
[[Category:History of racism in South Carolina]]

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