You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 52.91.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪JJMC89‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 05:26, 2 September 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 04:57, 27 November 2021
- Expiry of block: 04:57, 27 November 2024
Your current IP address is 52.91.194.66. The blocked range is 52.91.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Human occupation))
((about|a human occupation|computer systems|speech recognition|and|predictive text))
((Multiple issues|((tone|date=August 2009))
((Globalize|article|United Kingdom|2name=the United Kingdom|date= March 2023
|discuss=Talk:Speech-to-text reporter#Globalize))
((primary sources|date=March 2017))
((More citations needed|date=May 2022))))

A '''speech-to-text reporter''' ('''STTR'''), also known as a '''captioner''', is a person who listens to what is being said and inputs it, word for word ([[wikt:verbatim|verbatim]]), as properly written [[Writing system#Text, writing, reading and orthography|texts]]. Many captioners use tools (such as [[Chorded keyboard|shorthand keyboard]], [[speech recognition software]], or a [[Transcription software|CAT (Computer Aided Transcription)]] software system) which commonly converts [[Communication#verbal|verbally communicated]] information into written words to be composed as a text.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.captions.org/2006/02/captioning-students-thoughts.html |title=Closed Captioning Web |publisher=Captions.org |date=2006-02-13 |access-date=2009-06-11))</ref> The reproduced text can then be read by [[deaf]] or [[Hearing loss|hard-of-hearing people]], [[Language learning|language learners]], or people with [[Specific developmental disorder#Comparison and conditions|auditory processing disabilities]].

== History ==
STTRs often start their careers as [[court reporter]]s, utilizing their skills to capture proceedings and provide transcripts upon request. The expertise acquired in court reporting has made them crucial in providing communication access for deaf or late-deafened individuals, especially through [[Communication access real-time translation|Communication Access Realtime Translation (CART)]].((citation needed|date=May 2022))

== Methods ==
Real-time captioning encompasses [[stenographic]], voice writing, and [[automatic speech recognition]] methods. Trained and experienced real-time writers, whether using stenographic or voice writing, can achieve accuracy rates exceeding 98% at speeds of up to 300 words per minute. An STTR typically aims for consistent accuracy levels of 98.5% or higher.((citation needed|date=May 2022))

=== Voice writing ===
Voice writers echo [[Spoken word|spoken]] language into a [[stenomask]] or voice silencer, which consists of a hand-held mask equipped with microphones and voice-dampening materials. This setup connects to an external [[sound]] digitizer, a laptop, and utilizes both speech recognition and CAT software.((citation needed|date=May 2022)) The words spoken by a voice writer are channeled through the mask, converted by the computer's speech recognition engine into streaming text, and can be disseminated in various formats including [[internet]] streaming, subtitling, or direct displays for end-users.

=== Stenography ===

==== Palantype and stenotype ====
Two major chorded keyboards used in speech-to-text reporting are the Palantype and stenotype systems. While both systems are used in the UK, the US predominantly employs the 23-key, advanced technology, computerized stenotype machine. STTRs might also be termed palantypists or stenographers. Instead of pressing each letter individually like on a [[QWERTY]] keyboard, these systems use chords, where multiple keys are pressed simultaneously in a "stroke" to represent syllables, words, or phrases.

==== Software ====
Stenographers utilize specialized [[computer software|software]] to convert [[Phonetics|phonetic]] strokes from their keyboards into English text. This software employs a context-specific vocabulary and algorithms to match syllable clusters to written forms. Errors may arise from STTRs mishearing words or from ambiguities in the statement that are only clarified by subsequent context.((citation needed|date=May 2022))

== What will a service user see on the screen? ==
Every word that is spoken will appear on the screen in an accessible format, although one can request a change in the color and font size. In addition to every word spoken, the words "NEW SPEAKER:" or ">>" will typically appear to denote when the speaker changes. If one sends the STTR (voice writer/palantypist/stenographer) the names of people attending the conference or meeting before the event, they too can be programmed into the computer, making it easier for one to recognize who is speaking. Other phrases, in brackets, may also appear, such as {laughter} or {applause}, to denote relevant environmental sounds.((citation needed|date=May 2022))

Occasional [[mondegreen]] errors may be seen in closed-captions when the computer software fails to distinguish where a word break occurs in the syllable stream.  For example, a news report of a "grand parade" might be captioned as a "grandpa raid". Mondegreens in this context arise from the need for captions to keep up with the fast pace of live communication.((citation needed|date=May 2022))

== Training ==
To become an STTR requires rigorous training. For Palantype/Stenography, it involves two years of formal training on the relevant hardware and software, followed by another two years of on-the-job experience focusing on speed, vocabulary, accuracy, and context handling. Voice writing training has a similar structure but is slightly shorter in duration. Only after this comprehensive training are candidates eligible to undertake USA and/or UK certification exams. Numerous levels of certification exist, with bodies like NCRA and NVRA offering specific certifications to showcase a professional's proficiency and skill level.

==See also==
((Columnslist|colwidth=30em|
* [[Closed captioning]]
* [[Voice writer|Voice writing]]
* [[Same language subtitling]]
* [[Sign language on television]]
* [[Subtitle (captioning)]]
* [[Surtitles]]
* [[Transcription (linguistics)]]
))

==References==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
*[http://www.avsttr.org.uk Association of Verbatim Speech-to-Text Reporters (AVSTTR)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080122093723/http://www.rnid.org.uk/information_resources/factsheets/communication/factsheets_leaflets/working_with_a_speech_to_text_reporter.htm Royal National Institute for the Deaf (RNID)]
*[https://mictotext.com/ Speech To Text] Chrome STT Demo.
*[https://www.ncra.org/discoversteno National Court Reporters Association (NCRA) DiscoverSteno] 
*[https://www.ncra.org/certification National Court Reporters Association (NCRA) Certifications]
*[https://nvra.org/cart--captioning National Verbatim Reporters Association]

((Keyboard layouts))

[[Category:Oral communication]]
[[Category:Transcription (linguistics)]]
[[Category:Deafness]]
[[Category:Language interpretation]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Speech-to-text reporter (edit)
Template:About (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Columns-list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Columnslist (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Div col (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Div col/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Globalize (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Globalize/name (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Interlanguage link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Keyboard layouts (edit)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Primary sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Separated entries (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Tone (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:About (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Speech-to-text reporter.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech-to-text_reporter"