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((Use American English|date = March 2019))
((Short description|Type of jurisdictional court authority))
((Use mdy dates|date = August 2012))
[[File:United States Bankruptcy Court Seal.png|thumb|Seal of the United States [[United States bankruptcy court|Bankruptcy Court]], which has subject-matter jurisdiction over bankruptcy cases]]
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'''Subject-matter jurisdiction''', also called '''jurisdiction ''ratione materiae''''',<ref>((Cite web |title=European Union Terminology ((!)) subject-matter jurisdiction |url=https://iate.europa.eu/entry/result/767457/en |website=IATE))</ref> is a legal doctrine holding that a [[court]] can only hear and decide cases of a particular type (i.e., cases relating to a specific subject matter). The subject matter jurisdiction of a court may be described as either [[limited jurisdiction]], meaning it is able to hear only certain types of cases, or [[general jurisdiction]], meaning it is presumed able to hear and decide all types of cases. For instance, a [[bankruptcy court]] only has the authority to hear [[bankruptcy]] cases.

Subject-matter jurisdiction must be distinguished from [[personal jurisdiction]], which is the power of a court to render a judgment against a particular defendant, and [[territorial jurisdiction]], which is the power of the court to render a judgment concerning events that have occurred within a well-defined territory. Unlike personal or territorial jurisdiction, lack of subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be waived.<ref>William Marshall, ''The "Facts" of Federal Subject Matter Jurisdiction'', 35 DePaul L. Rev. 23 (1985).</ref> A judgment from a court that did not have subject-matter jurisdiction is forever a nullity.<ref>((ussc |name=Rhode Island v. Massachusetts |volume=37 |page=657 |year=1838))</ref><ref>((ussc |name=Joyce v. United States |volume=474 |page=215 |year=1973))</ref> To decide a case, a court must have a combination of subject (''subjectam'') and either personal (''personam'') or territorial (''locum'') jurisdiction.

Subject-matter jurisdiction, personal or territorial jurisdiction, and adequate [[notice]] are the three most fundamental constitutional requirements for a valid judgment.

==United States==
===General jurisdiction vs. limited jurisdiction===
The subject matter jurisdiction of state courts and federal courts in the United States often overlaps. Many types of cases can be heard either in state or federal courts. However, the federal courts are all courts of [[limited jurisdiction]], while most states have both courts of limited jurisdiction and courts of [[general jurisdiction]]. 

===State courts===
Most [[U.S. state]] court systems include a [[superior court]] that has "general" jurisdiction; that is, it is competent to hear any case over which no other state or federal court has [[exclusive jurisdiction]].  (Superior Courts might nonetheless organize themselves into specialized departments or divisions, the court as a whole still has general jurisdiction.)  Because the percentage of claims over which the United States federal courts have [[exclusive jurisdiction]], such as [[copyright]] disputes, [[patent]] disputes, and [[United States bankruptcy court]] disputes, makes up a small percentage of overall cases, state courts have the authority to hear the vast majority state and federal of cases.

===U.S. federal courts===
Subject-matter jurisdiction is significantly more limited in [[United States federal courts]]. The maximal constitutional bounds of federal courts' subject-matter jurisdiction are defined by [[Article III of the United States Constitution|Article III Section 2]] of the [[U.S. Constitution]]. Federal courts' actual subject-matter jurisdiction derives from Congressional enabling statutes, such as ((UnitedStatesCode|28|1330|1369)) and ((UnitedStatesCode|28|1441|1452)). The [[United States Congress]] has not extended federal courts' subject-matter jurisdiction to its constitutional limits. For example, the [[amount-in-controversy]] requirement for [[diversity jurisdiction]] is based on ((UnitedStatesCode|28|1332)), not a constitutional restriction. Moreover, Congress could constitutionally overrule the complete diversity rule in diversity cases, which predominantly holds that each plaintiff must be a citizen of a different state than each defendant.<ref>((UnitedStatesCode|28|1332))</ref>

The two primary categories of federal subject-matter jurisdiction in civil cases are [[federal question jurisdiction]] and diversity jurisdiction. The enabling statute for federal question jurisdiction, ((UnitedStatesCode|28|1331)), provides that the district courts have original jurisdiction in ''all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States''. As mentioned before, this jurisdiction by default is not exclusive; states can also hear claims based on federal law. The enabling statute for diversity jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1332, grants the district courts jurisdiction in a most types of actions, so long as they meet two basic conditions:

*''Complete diversity requirement''. No defendant is a citizen of the same state as any plaintiff.
*''Amount in controversy requirement''. The matter in controversy exceeds $75,000.

Federal courts separately may exert diversity jurisdiction over [[class action]] cases so long as they meet the jurisdictional requirements of the [[Class Action Fairness Act of 2005]], namely:

*''Minimal diversity''. At least one member of the class is a citizen of a different state than at least one defendant.
*''Amount in controversy requirement''. The matter in controversy exceeds $5 million.<ref>((UnitedStatesCode|28|1332(d)(2)))</ref>

Federal courts also have [[removal jurisdiction]], which is the authority to try cases removed by defendants from state courts. The contours of removal jurisdiction are almost identical to those of original jurisdiction.

According to Rule 12(b)(1) of the [[Federal Rules of Civil Procedure]], a federal court has the authority to dismiss a case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction upon motion of a party or ''[[sua sponte]]'', upon its own initiative.[https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/Rule12.htm]

In federal criminal cases (offenses against the laws of the United States), the federal district courts of the United States have subject matter jurisdiction granted under ((UnitedStatesCode|18|3231)).

==See also==
* [[General jurisdiction]] ([[Ordinary court]])
* [[Limited jurisdiction]] ([[Specialized court]])

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

[[Category:Civil procedure]]
[[Category:American legal terminology]]
[[Category:Jurisdiction]]

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