Sunuwar
Jenticha script, Kõits script
Sunuwar-script.png
Script type
Alphabet
CreatorKrishna Bahadur Jenticha
Created1942
Time period
1942 to present
DirectionLeft to Right
Official scriptYes
RegionNepal, Sikkim
LanguageSunuwar language
Related scripts
Parent systems
Original invention.
  • Sunuwar
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Sunu (274), ​Sunuwar
Unicode
To be added.
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Sunuwar Alphabet (previously the Jenticha script, occasionally Kõits script) is an alphabet developed by Krishna Bahadur Jentich in 1942,[1] to write the Sunwar language, a member of the Kiranti language family spoken in Eastern Nepal, as in Sikkim. It is recognised in Sikkim and used as an official writing system.[2] The alphabet has 33 letters, 10 numerals and 1 'auspicious sign'. [1]

It is a grammatological isolate,[3] though some symbols bear recognition to the Limbu and Latin scripts.[4] The script is written left to right. The writing system currently has no official standard.

When first created, the script was a pure alphabet: however, the language has come to include a default non written /a/, giving the script features of an abugida.

History

When Jentich first created the alphabet, it was limited to 22 letters, in addition to the 10 digits. Vowel length was not written, letters could also represent their retroflex consonant equivalent, and aspirated consonants were written as digraphs, using the letter hamso. The letter na was used to represent both nasal consonants and vowel nasalisation, also through the use of digraphs. The velar nasal [ŋ] was shown with a digraph of the consonants na and gil, as in English /ng/. Tones were also not shown in the orthography, despite Sunwar being a tonal language. The letter secha was used to show both the voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʃ] and the voiceless alveolar sibilant [s].

During the tail end of the 20th century, users of the language added a further 11 letters into the script:

Due to the lack of a set standard, the orthography can be vague, with digraphs still being used occasionally, and consonants still being used to denote retroflexives.[1]

Soon after the creation of the script, conferences were held in villages in Dolakha District, to promote it, and help shape its future.[5]

Letters

Image Letter Name Transcription IPA Devanagari Non-original?
Sunuwar Letter Aal 01.png
𑯖 Aal aa [a] Yes
Sunuwar Letter Appho.png
𑯈 Appho a [ə]
Sunuwar Letter Awa.png
𑯕 Awa [ɓ]
Sunuwar Letter Bur.png
𑯎 Bur b [b]
Sunuwar Letter Charmi.png
𑯌 Charmi ch [tʃ]
Sunuwar Letter Aal Chhelap.png
𑯝 Chhelap chh [tʃh] Yes
Sunuwar Letter Dewi.png
𑯀 Dewi d [d] द, ड
Sunuwar Letter Ḍonga.png
𑯗 Ḍonga ɖ
Sunuwar Letter Eko.png
𑯂 Eko e [e]
Sunuwar Letter Gil.png
𑯊 Gil g [g]
Sunuwar Letter Hamso.png
𑯋 Hamso h [h]
Sunuwar Letter Imar.png
𑯃 Imar i [i]
Sunuwar Letter Jurmi.png
𑯏 Jurmi j [d͡ʒ]
Sunuwar Letter Kha.png
𑯛 Kha kh [kh] Yes
Sunuwar Letter Kiki.png
𑯆 Kiki k [k]
Sunuwar Letter Loacha.png
𑯐 Loacha l [l]
Sunuwar Letter Mama.png
𑯇 Mama m [m]
Sunuwar Letter Na.png
𑯍 Na n [n] न, ण
Sunuwar Letter Ngar.png
𑯚 Ngar ng [ŋ] Yes
Sunuwar Letter Otthi.png
𑯑 Otthi o [o]
Sunuwar Letter Phar.png
𑯙 Phar ph [f] Yes
Sunuwar Letter Pipi.png
𑯉 Pipi p [p]
Sunuwar Letter Reu.png
𑯄 Reu r [r] र, ड़
Sunuwar Letter Secha.png
𑯜 Secha s [s]
Sunuwar Letter Shyer.png
𑯒 Shyer sh [ʃ] श, ष Yes
Sunuwar Letter Tasla.png
𑯁 Tasla t [t] त, ट
Sunuwar Letter Ṭentu.png
𑯞 Ṭentu [ʈ] Yes
Sunuwar Letter Thari.png
𑯘 Thari th [th] Yes
Sunuwar Letter Ṭhele.png
𑯟 Ṭhele ṭh h] Yes
Sunuwar Letter Utthi.png
𑯅 Utthi u [u]
Sunuwar Letter Warchi.png
𑯓 Warchi, Varca w [w], [v]
Sunuwar Letter Yat.png
𑯔 Yat y [j]
Sunuwar Symbol Kloklo.png
𑯠 Kloko ' [ʔ] अ ◌् Yes
The Character Pwopwo.
The Character Pwopwo.

The laissi symbol (:) is used to extend vowel length. It is a non-original character.

The symbol pwopwo is used to mark the Voiceless bilabial implosive /ƥ/. It is referred to as an 'auspicious symbol'. In spoken Sunuwar, the consonant is often said twice, and is often found in salutations and well wishes.

Numbers

Sunuwar uses a set of ten numerals, in base 10, derived from Arabic numerals. They were also created by Jentrich.

Sunuwar
Sunuwar Numeral Kaa.png
Sunuwar Numeral Niasi.png
Sunuwar Numeral San.png
Sunuwar Numeral Le.png
Sunuwar Numeral Nga.png
Sunuwar Numeral Raku.png
Sunuwar Numeral Chani.png
Sunuwar Numeral Sasi.png
Sunuwar Numeral Yan.png
Sunuwar Numeral Sum.png
Name kaa niasi san le nga raku chani sasi yan sum
Arabic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Devanagari

Technological Support

On 3 December 2021, ISO 15924 registered the Sunuwar Alphabet under the code 'sunu'.[6]

On Jan 26, 2022, the Unicode Consortium announced via Twitter that a decision had taken place to include all 44 of Sunuwar's characters in a future version of Unicode[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c Pandey, Anshuman (September 10, 2021). "Proposal to encode the Sunuwar script in Unicode" (PDF). Unicode.
  2. ^ "Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them". Retrieved 2022-10-19.
  3. ^ "Sunuwar alphabet". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
  4. ^ "ScriptSource - Sunuwar". scriptsource.org. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
  5. ^ Sunuwar, Dev Kumar. "Digitizing the script of Koĩts Sunuwar Indigenous Peoples". www.devkumarsunuwar.com.np. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
  6. ^ "ISO 15924 - Notice of Changes". unicode.org. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  7. ^ "Unicode Consortium on Twitter:". Twitter. Retrieved 2022-10-20.