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((Refimprove|date=September 2023))
((Infobox country
|native_name            = ''Reichsstift Thorn'' <small>([[German language|de]])</small><br>''Rieksstif van Thoear'' <small>([[Limburgish language|li]])</small><br>''Rijksabdij van Thorn'' <small>([[Dutch language|nl]])</small>
|conventional_long_name = Imperial Abbey of Thorn
|common_name            = Thorn Abbey
|era                    = Middle Ages
|status                 = Imperial Abbey
|empire                 = Holy Roman Empire
|government_type        = Elective principality
|title_leader    = Abbess

|year_start             = 1292
|year_end               = 1794

|event_pre              = Founded
|date_pre               = c. 975
|event_start            = Gained [[Imperial immediacy]]
|date_start             = <!--- Optional: Date of establishment, as 1 January 1801--->
|event1                 = Joined [[Council of Princes]]
|date_event1            = 1793
|event_end              = [[French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1795|Occupied]] by [[First French Republic|France]]
|date_end               = <!--- Optional: Date of disestablishment --->
|event_post             = [[Congress of Vienna|Awarded]] to [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
|date_post              = June 9, 1815

|p1                     = Bishopric of Liège
|image_p1               = [[File:Armoiries Principauté de Liège.svg|20px|Bishopric of Liège]]
|s1                     = Meuse-Inférieure
|flag_s1                = Flag of France.svg

|image_coat             = Thorn gemeentewapen.svg
|image_map              = File:Drie Eigen.png
|image_map_caption      = Territory of the Abbey of Thorn (purple), around 1700.
|image_map2        = 
|image_map2_caption =

|capital                = Thorn (Netherlands)
|common_languages       = [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
))
'''Thorn Abbey''' or the '''Imperial Abbey of Thorn''' was an [[Princely abbeys and imperial abbeys of the Holy Roman Empire|imperial abbey]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in what is now the [[Netherlands]]. It was founded in the 10th century and remained independent until 1794, when it was occupied by French troops. The self-ruling abbey enjoyed [[imperial immediacy]] and belonged to the [[Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle]].

At the time Thorn Abbey was invaded by the [[French Revolution|French revolutionaries]] in 1794, its territory was composed of three non-contiguous parts totaling 52.1&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. In addition, the abbess shared rule over nearby areas totaling 35&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. The abbey's territory was divided into four "quarters", each administered by two mayors. The population in 1796 was 2,975 inhabitants.

In 1797, the abbey was officially dissolved by the French. The Baroque interior survived the restoration but the spire was replaced with a massive neo-Gothic bell tower.<ref>[http://abdijkerkthorn.nl/historie/ Abdijkerkthorn.nl: Historie]</ref>

== Foundation ==
[[File:Abdijkerk Thorn - Ramen H-Ansifridus H-Hilsonidis.jpg| thumb | left | [[Ansfried of Utrecht]] and his wife Hereswint are regarded as the founders of the Abbey of Thorn]]
A [[Benedictines|Benedictine]] double monastery was founded by Count [[Ansfried of Utrecht]] and his wife Hereswint, countess of Strijen, in the late tenth century on land owned by Hereswint at [[Thorn, Netherlands|Thorn]].<ref name=van>[https://www.hartvanlimburg.nl/en/locatie/archaeological-site-thorn-abby-thorn "Archaeological site Thorn - The Abby of Thorn", Hart van Limburg]</ref> Hereswint was to be the first abbess but died on her way there; and Benedicta took her place.<ref>[http://www.heiligen.net/heiligen/05/03/05-03-1010-ansfried.php van der Akker SJ, Dries. "Ansfried of Utrecht", Heiligen.net]</ref>

== Abbey structure ==
[[File:Abdijkerk Thorn - Maquette.jpg|thumb|left | Model of the abbey district]]
The community of women came only from the high nobility.<ref name=van/> The Abbey served as a convent school for daughters of the nobility. It is likely that Thorn had belonged to the Benedictine order originally. It probably changed, however, in the 12th century, to a free community of secular canonesses ([[Damenstift]]). In 1310, the members of the abbey stressed their secular status and claimed never to have been Benedictine.
[[File:Hochblick_auf_Abteikirche_St._Michael_in_Thorn_von.jpg|thumb|View of the south side of St. Michael's Church]]
In the 18th century, the collegiate ladies, or canonesses, were, in principle, required to reside in the abbey all year, except for at most six weeks per year. However, for 600 [[Florin|florins]], ladies could buy themselves freedom; although in theory they were still required to provide six weeks of choral service, this was not always observed in practice. This possibility of buying freedom appears to have been used frequently. Some ladies belonged to several abbeys. Maria Josepha of Hatzfeld and Gleichen, for example, was a member of the abbeys at Thorn and [[Essen]] for 46 years. During this time, she resided in [[Essen Abbey]] for four years, but never in Thorn.

The abbey district contained a curia building for the deaconess and five houses for the ladies; some built themselves houses outside the abbey precincts. In the 14th century, a new [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] church was built.

== History ==
The imperial immediacy of the abbey was confirmed in 1292 by King [[Adolf, King of Germany|Adolf of Nassau]]. Under Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], the abbey was under the special imperial protection. In the imperial matriculation register at [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], the abbey was recorded as ''[[reichsunmittelbar]]''. The matriculation duties, however, were transferred to the Counts of [[Principality of Lippe|Lippe]].

The abbey was a member the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle and the [[Rhenish College of Imperial Prelates]].

In the 17th century the governorship of the [[Spanish Netherlands]] sought to restrict the imperial immediacy. The abbesses resisted these attempts successfully. In the 18th century, the abbess held the title of Princess. Several abbesses were concurrently heads of [[Essen Abbey]].

The territory was occupied by French troops in 1794 and later annexed by France. In 1815, the [[Congress of Vienna]] awarded the territory to the [[Kingdom of the United Netherlands]]. The abbey property, the monastery, the palace of the abbess and the other buildings were confiscated and sold to the highest bidders and usually demolished for construction material, with only the abbey church surviving.<ref name=van/> The abbey Church of St. Michael became a parish church.

== Abbesses ==
* 982–?: Hilsondis (or Hilswinde?)
* 1010–?: Benedicta
* ?–?: Godchildis
* ?–?: Adelaide
* Before 1217: Elizabeth
* 1217–?: Jutta
* 1231–1269: Hildegond de Born
* 1273–1304: Guda von Rennenberg
* 1310–1337: Margaret of Bautersheim I.
* 1337: Isonde of Wied
* 1337–1378: Margaret II of Heinsberg
* 1389–1397: Margaretha III of Horne Perwez
* 1404–1446: Mechtilde of Horne
* 1446-1454: [[Jacoba of Loon-Heinsberg]]<ref>((cite book|last=Derolez|first=Albert|title=Corpus Catalogorum Belgii: Counts of Flanders, Provinces of East Flanders, Antwerp and Limburg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCjhAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Paleis der Academiën|pages=201–202|isbn=9789065696779))</ref><ref>((cite book|last=Verspaandonk|first=J. A. J. M.|title=Het hemels prentenboek: Devotie- en bidprentjes vanaf de 17e eeuw tot het begin van de 20e eeuw|year=1875|publisher=Gooi en Sticht|location=Hilversum|isbn=9030400641|page=9))</ref>
* 1454–1473: Else of Buren
* 1473–1486: Gertrude de Sombreffe
* 1486–1531: [[Eva of Isenburg]]
* Disputed claim during this period
* 1531–1577: Margaretha IV of Brederode
* 1577–1579: Josina I of Manderscheid
* 1579–1604: Josina II of the Mark
* 1604–1631: Anna of the Mark
* 1631–1632: [[Josina Walburgis of Löwenstein-Rochefort]]
* 1632–1646: Anna Eleonora of Staufen (simultaneously also Abbess of [[Essen Abbey|Essen]])
* 1646–1647: Anna Catherina of Salm-Reifferscheid
* 1647–1690: [[Anna Salome of Manderscheid-Blankenheim]] (from 1690 to 1691 she was abbess of Essen)
* 1690–1706: Eleanor of Löwenstein-Rochefort
* 1706–1717: Anna Juliana of Manderscheid-Blankenstein
* 1717–1776: [[Countess Palatine Francisca Christina of Sulzbach]] (she was also Abbess of Essen)
* 1776–1795: [[Maria Kunigunde of Saxony]] (she was also Abbess of Essen)

== References ==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* Berkvens, Louis (2015): ''Staatkundige en institutionele geschiedenis van de Limburgse territoria, 1548-1797''. In: P. Tummers et al. (eds.): ''Limburg. Een geschiedenis, deel 2, 1500-1800'', pp. 19-115. LGOG, Maastricht ((ISBN|9789081960229))
* Bijsterveld, A.J. (2015): ''Machts- en territoriumvorming: van Karolingsche kernregio tot territiriale lappendeken, 900-1200''. In: P. Tummers et al. (eds.): ''Limburg. Een geschiedenis, deel 1, tot 1500'', pp. 207-240. LGOG, Maastricht ((ISBN|9789081960229))
* Crusius, Irene (ed.): ''Studien zum Kanonissenstift'', Göttingen, 2014
* Flament, A.J. (1899): ''Opgezworen kwartierstaten van 36 kanonikessen der vorstelijke rijksabdij Thorn, met den inhoud der opzweringen en de beschrijving der zegels van de opzweerders''. 's Gravenhage, Algemene Landsdrukkerij
* Forschelen, J. (ed.): ''De Abdijkerk'', tourist brochure in the series ''Grote monumenten in Thorn''. Publ. Stichting Limburg Natuurlijk (n.d.)
* Köbler, Gehrard (1988): ''Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart'': ''Thorn (Abtei, Frauenstift)'', pp. 166-167 and 852. C.H. Beck, München
* Koch, E.M.F. (1994): ''De kloosterpoort als sluitpost? Adellijke vrouwen langs Maas en Rij'n tussen huwelijk en convent, 1200-1600''. Eisma, Leeuwarden/Mechelen
* Taddey, Gerhard (1983): ''Reichsstift Thorn'' in: Ders (ed.): ''Lexikon der deutschen Geschichte. Ereignisse – Institutionen – Personen. Von den Anfängen bis zur Kapitulation 1945''. Kröner-Verlag, Stuttgart ((ISBN|3520800020))

== External links ==
* [http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Netherlands_Ecclesiastical.htm List of Abbesses]

((Rhenish College))
((Authority control))
((Coord|50|10|N|5|50|E|type:country|display=title))

[[Category:Former Christian monasteries in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Monasteries dissolved during the French Revolution]]
[[Category:Christian monasteries in Limburg (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:Former polities in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle]]
[[Category:Maasgouw]]
[[Category:History of Limburg (Netherlands)]]
[[Category:Southern Netherlands]]

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