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((Expand language|topic=|langcode=de|otherarticle=Universität im Nationalsozialismus|date=February 2021))
((more citations needed|date=April 2014))

This article discusses universities in [[Nazi Germany]]. In May 1933 books from university libraries which were deemed culturally destructive, mainly due to anti-National Socialist or Jewish themes or authors, were [[Book burning#Jewish, anti-Nationalist Socialist and "degenerate" books (by the National Socialist)|burned]] by the [[German Student Union|Deutsche Studentenschaft (German Student Union)]] in town squares, e.g. in [[Humboldt University of Berlin#Third Reich|Berlin]], and the curricula were subsequently modified. [[Martin Heidegger]] became the rector (and later head) of [[Freiburg University]], where he delivered a number of National Socialist speeches and for example promulgated the ''[[Führerprinzip]]'' at the University on August 21, 1933.
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14598, Berlin, Opernplatz, Bücherverbrennung.jpg|thumb|Public burning of un-German writings and books on Opernplatz in Berlin. Students and National Socialists at the Unter den Linden cremation site.]]

==Well-known expelled professors==
*[[Albert Einstein]]
*[[Max Born]]
*[[Fritz Haber]]
*[[Otto Fritz Meyerhof]]
*[[Theodor W. Adorno]]
*[[Martin Buber]]
*[[Ernst Bloch (philosopher)|Ernst Bloch]]
*[[Max Horkheimer]]
*[[Ernst Cassirer]]
*[[Herbert Marcuse]]
*[[Lise Meitner]]
*[[Louis Hamilton, 1879-1948]] (not Louis Kemppel Hamilton, 1890–1957)

==Austrian universities==
The [[University of Vienna]] participated in National Socialism. [[Eduard Pernkopf]] (rector 1943–1945) compiled a "Topographical Anatomy of the Human Species". Hans Sedlmayr, a declared National Socialist, led an [[Vienna School of Art History|art institute]] throughout the war.

==Germanized universities==

The first ''Reichsuniversität'' began operations in [[Prague]] on November 4, 1939.<ref name=Wroblewska>((cite book |author=Teresa Wróblewska |title=Die Reichsuniversitäten Posen, Prag und Strassburg als Modelle nationalsozialistischer Hochschulen in den von Deutschland besetzten Gebieten |location=Toruń |publisher=Adam Marszałek |year=2000 |isbn=9788371746741 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWklAQAAIAAJ&q=4.+November |page=221 |language=de ))</ref>

The [[University of Poznań]] was closed by the German Occupation in 1939, and reopened on April 27, 1941 as Reichsuniversität Posen,<ref name=Wroblewska/> a ''Grenzlanduniversität'' aligned with Nazi ideology. Its faculty included historian <!-- and SS-Hauptsturmführer --> ((ill|Reinhard Wittram|de)) and anatomist [[Hermann Voss (anatomist)|Hermann Voss]]. The German university ceased operations in 1944, and the University of Poznań reopened in 1945.

The [[University of Strasbourg]] was transferred to [[Clermont-Ferrand]] in 1939 and [[Reichsuniversität Straßburg]] existed from November 23, 1941<ref name=Wroblewska/> until the Allied recapture of the city in 1944. It was notably the site of medical experimentation on and murder of Jews and other concentration camp inmates led by the Dean of the Medical School, [[August Hirt]].<ref>((cite journal |author=S. Hildebrandt |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64328/1/20872_ftp.pdf |title=Review, ''Anatomy in the Third Reich: An Outline, Part 1'' |journal=Clinical Anatomy |volume=22 |pages=883–93 |year=2009|issue=8 |doi=10.1002/ca.20872 |pmid=19852053 |hdl=2027.42/64328 |s2cid=38912282 ))</ref>

==See also==
*[[German Student Union]]
*[[National Socialist German Lecturers League]]
*[[National Socialist German Students' League]]
*[[Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Sources==
* ((cite book |editor1=[[John Connelly (historian)|John Connelly]] |editor2=[[Michael Grüttner]]| title = Universities under dictatorship | publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press | location = University Park, PA | year = 2005 | isbn = 9780271026954 ))
* ((Cite journal |last=Grüttner |first=Michael |year=2022 |title=The Expulsion of Academic Teaching Staff from German Universities, 1933–45 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00220094211063074 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=513–533 |doi=10.1177/00220094211063074 |s2cid=245419038 ))
*''[http://www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/burnedbooks/ When books burn]'' (web exhibit). [[University of Arizona]] Library. 2006. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
*[http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/BEITRAG/diskusio/NSZEIT/nszeit21.htm ''Historiker im Nationalsozialismus...''] by [[Ingo Haar]]
*Wechsler, Patrick (1991). ''[http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/1896/pdf/Doktorarbeit_Wechsler.pdf La Faculté de Medecine de la „Reichsuniversität Straßburg“ (1941-1945) à l’heure nationale-socialiste]'' ((in lang|fr)), dissertation, University of Freiburg. Published online, 2005. Retrieved 2019-05-07. urn:nbn:de:bsz:25-freidok-18966
* Louis Hamilton, A British Scholar in Nazi Germany, 1933–1938, in Nigel Copsey (ed.), Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies, 2016.
*[[Hentschel, Klaus]] (ed. 1996) ''Physics and National Socialism. An Anthology of Primary Sources'', Basel: Birkhäuser 1996. ((ISBN|978-3-0348-0202-4))
* Teresa Wróblewska: ''Die Reichsuniversitäten Posen, Prag und Strassburg als Modelle nationalsozialistischer Hochschulen in den von Deutschland besetzten Gebieten'', Marszalek, Toruń 2000. ((ISBN|83-7174-674-1))
* “Louis Hamilton, a British academic and Canada specialist in Germany”, in William Keel (ed.), Yearbook of German-American Studies, 2008.

[[Category:Education in Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Higher education in Germany]]
[[Category:History of universities and colleges in Germany]]


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