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This is a list of genera in the plant family Apocynaceae. As currently circumscribed, the family contains over 5000 species in more than 350 genera.[1] In the most recently published comprehensive taxonomy,[2] which is followed here, 366 genera are distributed in five subfamilies, 25 tribes and 49 subtribes, the first time in over a decade that subtribes are recognized. This classification, although its authors do not acknowledge it, is not strictly phylogenetic, as two of its largest subfamilies (Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae) are paraphyletic stem groups.[3][4][5] It is in fact impossible to divide the family into strictly monophyletic groups above tribal level.[N 1]
Genera
Unless otherwise stated, distribution and species number data are derived from the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (except for Asclepiadoideae), and type species information is taken from Index Nominum Genericorum. Numerous typographic errors in dates and page numbers by Endress & al. have been corrected.[2] When describing distributions, archipelagos and islands (e.g. the Caribbean, the Comoros, the Mascarenes, Madagascar) are excluded from Africa and Tropical America unless otherwise specified.
^See in particular the phylogenetic trees of the family in Rapini (2012)[5] and Nazar et al. (2013).[1]
^A second date given in parentheses indicate the printed date on the work, when that date differs from the actual date of publication. This may occur because the work was distributed at a different date, or because a book was printed in multiple issues bound together at a later date.
^The place of publication is usually ascribed to Plantas Novas do Brasil.:707, a small collection of plates with description, mostly reprinted from Archivo Medico Brasileiro (Stafleu & Cowan, Taxon. Lit., ed. 21:30, supp. 1:69-71).
^The correct name is Geissospermum laeve (Vell.) Miers.
^ abcdefgAlthough a preprint of Brown's paper was made available alongside his Prodromus the year before (Stafleu & Cowan, Taxon. Lit., ed. 21:366), it is cited here from its intended place of publication for convenience.
^Alstonia without Tonduzia (which WCSP includes in it) is a paleotropical genus.
^Now treated as a synonym of Tonduzia longifolia (A.DC.) Markgr.
^Kosteletzky based his new genus on material from the Hortus Malabaricus which William Roxburgh had preciously described as a species of Echites (Suresh & Nicolson Taxon35(2):354-355, 1986). The correct name is Kamettia caryophyllata (Roxb.) Nicolson & Suresh.
^This is usually cited in abbreviated format from Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, which was integrated in the Ceylon Journal of Science in 1924 without changing its numbering.
^Link is from a 1812 reprint in Memorias da Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa.
^A typographic error lead to the name being originally published as "Parahancornea". THis was corrected in an errata.
^Marcel Pichon (1953; Mém. Inst. Franç. Afrique Noire35:211) originally published this genus as Orthandra but such a name already existed (Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin–Dahlem15:13. 1940; =Mortoniodendron) for a genus of Malvaceae.
^This would have been Trichosiphon, based on Marcel Pichon's Molongum sect. Trichosiphon, were it not for a preexisting overly similar genus of Sterculiaceae, Trichosiphum (Melet. Bot. :34, 1832; =Brachychiton).
^The species correct name isCrioceras dipladeniiflorus (Stapf) K.Schum.
^ abcThouars did not describe any species of his new genera, which Römer and Schultes were the first to do, automatically establishing it as lectotype.
^This species is now known as Diplorhynchus condylocarpon
(Müll.Arg.) Pichon.
^Not to be confused with the 1832 edition, which removed material by Wallich.
^A replacement name for Britton's earlier Bracea (Bull. New York Bot. Gard.3:448; 1905), which George King had already used 10 years earlier (J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist.64:101) for a genus now treated under Sarcosperma (Sapotaceae).
^A species now known as Macropharynx spectabilis (Stadelm.) Woodson.
^The genus is in all likelihood polyphyletic and will be split when its next monograph is published (Morales, Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid67(1):13-21, 2010; Phytotaxa29:28–32, 2011)
^This genus was inadvertently defined with the same type species as Forsteronia, rendering it illegitimate. This small group of species cannot be segregated from that genus without conservation of Forsteronia with a different type.
^This species' accepted name is Vallaris glabra (L.) Kuntze.
^Erroneously given as "Apocyinae" in Endress & al. (2014).
^ abSometime cited as Pierre alone. The correct place of publication is possibly Spire's Ph.D. thesis published the year before (Contr. Apoc.:43), but is cited here from a more accessible, frequently cited source for convenience.
^ abNazar, Nazia; Goyder, David J.; Clarkson, James J.; et al. (2013). "The taxonomy and systematics of Apocynaceae: where we stand in 2012". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (3): 482–490. doi:10.1111/boj.12005.
^ abEndress, Mary E.; et al. (2014). "An updated classification for Apocynaceae". Phytotaxa. 159 (3): 175–194. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.159.3.2.
^Stevens, Peter F. (2001-). "Gentianales". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, version 13. Retrieved 25 February 2014. ((cite web)): Check date values in: |date= (help)
^Lens, Frederic; Endress, Mary E.; Baas, Pieter; et al. (2008). "Wood anatomy of Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae): a search for meaningful non-DNA characters at the tribal level". American Journal of Botany. 95 (10): 1199–1215. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800159. PMID21632325.
^ abRapini, Alessandro (2012). "Taxonomy "under construction": advances in the systematics of Apocynaceae, with emphasis on the Brazilian Asclepiadoideae". Rodriguésia. 63 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1590/S2175-78602012000100007.
^Allemão, Francisco Freire (1845). "Geissospermum Vellosii (Genus Novum)". Archivo Medico Brasileiro (in Latin and Portuguese). 2 (4): 73–79. Retrieved February 25, 2014.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ abBlume, C.L. (1823). Catalogus van eenige der Merkwaardigste Zoo in- als Uitheemse Gewassen te Vinden in 's Lands Plantentuin te Buitenzorg (in Latin). s.l.: s.n.
^Milbraed, J. (1926). "Plantae Tessmannianae peruvianae III". Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem (in German). 9 (89): 964–997, 981. doi:10.2307/3994448.
^ abPichon, Marcel (1953). Monographie des Landolphiées: Classification des Apocynacées, XXXV. Mémoires de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire, 35 (in French). Dakar: IFAN.
Chamaeclitandra, p. 202
Saba, p. 302
^ abHooker, William Jackson, ed. (1849). Niger Flora, or, An enumeration of the plants of western tropical Africa, collected by the late Dr. Theodore Vogel. London: Hippolyte Bailliere.
^Palisot-Beauvois, A.M.J.F. (1803). Flore d'Oware et de Bénin, en Afrique. Paris: Bleuet. p. 54.
^Huber, H. (1962). "Tropical African Plants: XXV. West African apocynaceae". Kew Bulletin. 15 (3): 437–438. doi:10.2307/4115617.
^ abStapf, Otto (1902). "Apocynaceae". In Daniel, Oliver; Dyer, William Turner Thiselton (eds.). Flora of Tropical Africa. Vol. 4(1). London: L.Reeve & Co. pp. 24–230.
^Pichon, Marcel (1948). "Classification des Apocynacées: I. Carissées et Ambelaniées". Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, série B, Botanique (in French). 24: 111–181, 167.
^ abcSchummann, K. (1895). "Apocynaceae" and "Asclepiadaceae". In Engler, Adolf; Prantl, Karl (eds.). Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (in German). Vol. 4(2). Leipzig: Engelmann. pp. 109–306.
^Pierre, L. (1897). "Sur le genre Crioceras, de la famille des Apocynacées". Bulletin mensuel de la société Linnéenne de Paris (in French). 1 (165): 1310–1312.
^Baillon, H. (1889). "Sur l'Obouété du Gabon". Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Paris (in French). 1 (95): 782–783.
^ abcGenera Nova Madagascariensia (in Latin). s.n.s.l. 1806.
^ abRömer, Johann Jacob; Schultes, Joseph August (1817–1830). Caroli a Linné Equitis Systema vegetabilium. Stuttgart: J.G. Cottae.((cite book)): CS1 maint: date format (link)
^ abcdWoodson, Robert E., Jr. (1932). "New or Otherwise Noteworthy Apocynaceae of Tropical America. II". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 19 (1): 45–76. JSTOR2394172.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Stapf, Otto (1903). "Eucorymbia". Hooker's Icones plantarum. 28 (3): pl. 2764.
^"December 7th, 1899". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. 112 (1): 2–3. 1900.
^Pichon, M. (1952). "Classification des Apocynacees XXXIV, les Malouetiinae d'Afrique". Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l'État à Bruxelles (in French). 22 (1/2): 115–135, 131. JSTOR3666655.
^Baillon, H. (1889). "Types Nouveaux d'Apocynacées". Bulletin mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris (in French). 1 (97): 772–775.
^Woodson, Robert E., Jr. (1932). "New or Otherwise Noteworthy Apocynaceae of Tropical America. III". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 19 (4): 375–387. JSTOR2394127.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Guillaumin, A. (1941). "Matériaux pour la Flore de la Nouvelle-Calédonie. LIX. Révision des Apocynacées". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France (in French). 88 (2–3): 358–359. doi:10.1080/00378941.1941.10834233.
^Middleton, D.J. (1996). "Ecua, a new genus of Apocynaceae from Malesia". Blumea. 41 (1): 33–35.
^Humboldt, Alexander von (1819). Nova Genera et Species Plantarum. Vol. 3 (quarto ed.). Paris: Librariae Graeco-Latino-Germanico. ((cite book)): Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^Bentham, George (1841). "Contributions towards a Flora of South America: Enumeration of Plants collected hy Mr Schomburgk in British Guiana". Journal of Botany (Hooker). 3: 212–250, 242.
^Endress, M.E.; Hansen, B.F. (2007). "Pinochia, a new genus of Apocynaceae, Apocynoideae from the Greater Antilles, Mexico and Central America". Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 63 (2): 269–274. doi:10.1017/S0960428607000959.
^Burman, Nicolaas Laurens (1768). Flora Indica (in Latin). Amsterdam: Johann Schreuder. p. 51.Fl. Indica: 51 (1768).
^Pitard, J. (1933). "Apocynacées". In H. Lecomte (ed.). Flore générale de l'Indo-Chine (in French). Paris: Masson. p. 1087-1262;1228.
^Markgraf, F. (1927). "Apocynaceae". Nova Guinea. 14: 278–291, 287.
^Pichon, Marcel (1948). "Classification des Apocynacées: XIX. Le rétinacle des Echitoïdées". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France (in French). 95 (5–6): 211–216, 215. doi:10.1080/00378941.1948.10834697.
^Middleton, David J.; Livshultz, Tatyana (2012). "Streptoechites gen. nov., a new genus of Asian Apocynaceae". Adansonia, sér. 3. 34 (2): 365–375. doi:10.5252/a2012n2a10.
^ abWight, Robert (1848). Icones plantarum Indiae Orientalis. Vol. 4, part 2. Madras: J.B.Pharoah.
^Pierre, Jean Baptiste Louis (1898). "Sur le genre Amalocalyx des Echitidées". Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris, nouvelle série (in French). 1 (4): 28–29.
^Middleton, D.J. (1995). "Baharuia, a new genus of Apocynaceae from Malesia". Blumea. 40 (2): 443–447.
^Miquel, F.A.W. (1856). Flora van Nederlandsch Indië (in Dutch and Latin). Vol. 2. Leipzig: Fried. Fleischer. p. 456.((cite book)): CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)